Human Performance Phys Exam 1

relative risk

Relative risk = (rate in exposed group)/(rate in unexposed group) • Thus, RR is a rate ratio o Allows us to compare groups and likelihood of something occurring

What hypothesis was formed by the London Bus Driver Study?

"men in physically active jobs suffer less coronary - ischemic - heart disease than comparable men in sedentary jobs, such disease the active do develop is less severe and strikes at later ages."

What is the most important molecule produced by the Krebs Cycle in terms of ATP Production?

NADH

Why is NADH an important end product of glycolysis?

NADH is an energy shuttle which delivers high energy electrons to begin the process of the electron transport chain where they will eventually power the production of 2 to 3 ATP molecules ETC creates ~34 ATP

Activation of the Electron Transport Chain would be caused by an ___

NADH molecule being oxidized (NADH → NAD + H + 2e)

If the rate of liver cancer in a non-pilates goer (exposed group) is .45 and the rate of liver cancer in a pilates goer (unexposed group) is .15, what is the relative risk of liver cancer in the non-pilates goer versus the pilates goer group?

.45/.15 = 3x

Conversion of glycogen to glucose 6 phosphate takes ___ ATP.

0

A single neuron can innervate anywhere from ___ to ____ muscle fibers

1 to 1000

The demand of ATP during exercise is:

1,000-fold increase in the rate of ATP demand compared with rest

A person is engaging in an explosive, short duration exercise lasting less than 30 seconds. Which system is being utilized?

Phosphagen and glycolytic

What is the correct order in which each metabolic system is the primary source of energy during exercise?

Phosphagen, Glycolysis, Oxidative, Lipolysis, Proteolysis

What is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (step 3 of glycolysis)

What energy system(s) is/are being used during a 100m sprint?

Phosphogen system, and the glycolytic is starting to kick in

According to the Bouchard-Shepherd Model, genetics plays a role in which of the following?

Physical activity (exercise) Health-related fitness Health outcomes

exercise

Planned, structured, repetitive physical activity that improves or maintains fitness

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence - the total number of events or total rate of events in society Incidence - the number of new cases

If you wanted to calculate the rate ratio in the following scenario, which group would be considered the non-exposed group? What is the rate of cardiovascular disease in people that eat fast food twice a week compared to people that do not eat fast food at all?

Ratio of rates indicates risk factors based on relative risk. Relative Risk=rate in exposed group/rate in unexposed group. Exposed group is the group of people who have the characteristic and unexposed group is the group of people who do not have the characteristic. If this question had numbers the rate of the unexposed group (people who did not eat fast food at all) having cardiovascular disease would be lower than the exposed group.

What has to happen to an antagonist muscle for smooth, controlled, and coordinated movement to occur in muscle coupling?

Reciprocal inhibition→ as the agonist motor neuron is activated, the antagonist motor neuron is inhibited (example: biceps activated, triceps relaxed for elbow flexion)

products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

how long do the effects of DOMS occur?

24-48 hours post exercise that is peak. DOMS can last 72 hours or more

Approximately when does delayed onset muscle soreness reach it's peak?

24-48 hours post-workout

A study separated 12,000 people into two groups of 6,000, one group of non-exercisers (exposed) and one of exercisers (unexposed). Data collected from this study showed that 1,500 of the subjects in the exposed group developed CHD, while only 750 of the subjects in the unexposed group developed CHD. How many times more likely is the exposed group at risk for developing CHD compared to the unexposed group?

2x

Put these cross bridge cycle steps in order: 1) new ATP attaches to the myosin head and the cross bridge detaches, 2) myosin cross bridge attaches to the actin filament, 3) ATP is split into ADP and inorganic phosphate; cocking of the myosin head occurs, 4) the myosin head pivots and bends as it pulls the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line.

3 2 4 1

products of citric acid cycle

3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, 1 CO2

For an appropriate dose-response study of exercise and disease, how many levels of exercise should be recorded as a minimum?

3?

How many actin surround a single myosin?

6

True/False: 75% of aerobic fitness adaptations are genetically determined.

?????

what are some true statements about glycolysis

A 10-step enzymatic process (rapid glycolysis: non-oxidative) Phase 1: Preparation: ATP Costly Phase 2: Regeneration: ATP Producing Starting from glucose: uses 1ATP at step one and another at step 3 (rate limiting step) - Preparation Phase Starting from glycogen: only uses 1 ATP at step 3 (rate limiting step) - Preparation Phase Summary: Glycolysis From glucose → 2 ATP Glycolysis From glycogen → 3 ATP Lactate, pyruvate, NADH - all given off as well

Identify the substance that facilitates the "power stroke" of the sliding filament theory.

ADP+P release causes head to change position and actin filament to move

When both high energy bonds of ATP's phosphates are broken ______ is formed.

AMP + PP + Energy

Which of the following is the best statement regarding energy systems for an individual running a mile?

ATP stored in muscles: Immediate 1 (0-3 seconds) Phosphagen: Immediate 2 (0-10 seconds) Glycogen-lactic acid system Non-Oxidative (60-90 seconds) Aerobic Respiration: Oxidative (exercise past 60-90 seconds) He will end up utilizing all of his energy systems. Spending most of his time in oxidative energy system (aerobic respiration) as his other ones are depleted

what is directly caused by ATP

Action potential along the sarcolemma, allowing an influx of sodium which produces and action potential down the T-tubule Or The release of the myosin from the actin, synthesizing of the ATP to ADP and Pi to produce the power stroke

when does acute exercise become chronic

Acute = one bout Chronic = prolonged; repeated • It is only chronic if the body is having meaningful adaptations o Usually occurs around 2 weeks into acute exercise

Which of the following is a chronic adaptation to aerobic training:

Adaptations of aerobic training promote increases in- Capillary density- greater exchange of oxygen due to greater surface area Mitochondrial number and size Myoglobin content- more storage and supply of oxygen to the muscles Oxidative enzymes- faster ATP production

When ATP is broken down it can be resynthesized into ATP and reused. What is required for this reaction to occur?

Adelyntic kinase

What type of neuron does the stretch of a muscle spindle activate?

Afferent sensory neuron

When is fat used as a primary source of energy during aerobic exercise?

After approximately 90-120 minutes when your glycogen storages are depleted

When do you typically have the highest levels of ATP?

After eating a meal (high glucose levels) carb loading

What energy system(s) is working when running a marathon:

All of them are working but the biggest energy supply is from oxidative (your glycogen storages run out at around 2 hours and then your body switches to lipolysis)

What process is responsible for converting lactate back to pyruvate, converting pyruvate back to glycogen or glucose which can then be stored or used in the bloodstream for glycolysis?

The Cori Cycle

The Williams study looked at physical fitness and physical activity as separate heart disease risk factors. The study compared 23 sex-specific cohorts of physical activity or fitness. Which of the following answer choices below did the results of this study reveal?

The big reveal of the study was that the basis of the Surgeon General's report's activity recommendation, which was intended to get people to that big drop in all risk mortality, was wrong. The recommendation was physical activity (something you can do), but the correlation of the big drop in risk is based on fitness (an attribute only loosely correlated with PA). The recommendation should be simply that the more physical activity you do, the lower your risk of all cause mortality. Dr. Motl emphatically stated, "I don't care about fitness!"

Repeated stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber causes a sustained contraction (tetanus). What ion is responsible for the depolarization of the cell that propagates an action potential down the axon?

The influx of sodium that causes the threshold to become more positive leading to an action potiential

What would be the best macronutrient for an athlete to ingest after a bout of resistance training to aid in recovery?

The primary goal of post-exercise nutrition is to optimize recovery and re-establish energy stores depleted during the training segment or competitive event. Carbohydrate intake should be the primary focus after any form of training as carbohydrates are the chief fuel source for all mechanical work. Intake after prolonged endurance or resistance training should occur immediately after the event, optimally within 45 minutes, as active tissues are particularly receptive to nutrient absorption during that window of time

Matt is a former gold medalist in the mile who is currently training to defend his title at the next Olympic Games. He is taking his dog on a leisurely walk for the first time, which is causing him to work at 1.25 METs. Matt is engaging in ______________ .

Therapeutic Exercise. 1.25 METs is not classified as physical activity. 1 MET = resting energy expenditure. Physical activity has to be 2-3 times resting energy expenditure. (lecture 1)

What does the Bouchard-Shephard Model seek to explain?

This model shows how exercise influences fitness which influences health related outcomes and vice versa. It also shows how a person's health status/outcomes can influence their health/exercise behavior. Basically every component impacts the others in relation to health & exercise.

When is fatigue likely to happen?

When your demand is greater than your supply Accumulation of lactic acid Accumulation of H ions ATP depletion

You are working with a talented high school athlete who has some experience with weight training, who is looking to improve his performance. You are planning to teach him power cleans (technical lift) to develop his strength and speed. As a physical therapist, what should you focus on first to achieve the best neural adaptation.

You should stress form and function before focusing on structural improvements

The Krebs Cycle utilizes ____ converted from____ produced through glycolysis in order to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH to be used in the electron transport chain.

acetyle CoA pyruvate

fitness

an attribute (not behavior) reflects capacity of the body to do physical work a casual link b/w exercise and health most important for the body's overall health and longevity

physical activity

any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting values (1 MET) ex: Occupational work, commuting/transportation, household/other chores, leisure and sport, exercise

What causes myosin head to return to resting position?

binding of ATP

risk factor

characteristic, that if present, increases the probability of a disease/condition in a group of people who have the characteristic (exposed) relative to those who do not (unexposed) Example of a risk factor: Physical activity reduces the risk of all-cause mortality

What is a risk factor associated with increased risk of CHD?

cholesterol level

What is it called when both an agonist and antagonist muscle are firing at the same time (overlapping)?

cocontraction

If your hamstring is stretched too far and/or too fast, the Muscle Spindle will be activated in the hamstring and what will it cause the hamstring to ______.

contract/become tensile. The golgi tendon organ prevents the muscle from going too far too quickly. This explains Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching. This technique forces the GTO to relax and allow the stretching threshold to increase.

what pathways are involved in the production of ATP

creatine phosphate, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Having high levels of ATP will ______ the rate of glycolysis.

decrease

Prolonged exercise leads a sympathetic response and the release of what stress hormone?

epi (helps the process of breaking down triglycerides)

What determines muscle fiber type?

excitation threshold

The breakdown of this macronutrient is the ideal primary fuel for long duration, low intensity exercise:

fat

The governmental guidelines that Paul Williams disproved were based on _______________________________ rather than __________________ in relation to cardiovascular disease_:

fitness in relation to CVD rather than physical activity ***PA is behavior (that can be changed) but fitness is a characteristic (may/maynot be able to change) and they only share 35% variance meaning they are not one in the same.

What affects the fitness outcomes of exercise the most?

genetics

What hormone is responsible for the breaking down of glycogen in the liver?

glucagon

Emma, a marathon runner, paced herself at the beginning of her race in order to allow herself a speedy finish. During her speedy finish, what metabolic system(s) is she utilizing?

glycoltyic (anaerobic)

Which produces a greater net product of ATP?

glycolysis --> 36-38 *lipolysis --> 460* proteolysis --> very little

Which of these systems places the greatest demand on ATP breakdown to be activated?

glycolysis 1

A 100m sprinter was asked to fill in for the 400m sprint. He experienced extreme fatigue halfway through his race. Which one of his energy systems was he not accustomed to utilizing?

glycolytic

The Finnish Cohort of 7 Countries Study results indicated that individuals with high physical activity had _______ risk of mortality compared to individuals with low physical activity for a period of 15 years.

half the risk

BMI

healthy: 25-29.9

PA can decrease the occurrence of what in older adults

heart disease stroke HTN diabetes cancer depression

Which aspect of the Bouchard-Shepard model interrupts the inverse relationship between mortality and physical activity because of its inability to be changed?

heredity

What 2 molecules make up the high energy bond that is broken down during ATP hydrolysis (to form ADP)?

high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released by splitting these bonds ADP + inorganic phosphate

Type 1 Slow Twitch Fibers have ____ capillary density compared to Type IIb fibers.

higher

DOMS occurs....

in response to muscle tissue damanging (eccentric contractons)

What is known as the total number of new cases of a disease or condition during a specific time?

incidence

An increase in the H+ gradient in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the electron transport chain would cause a(n)__________ in ATP production. The resulting levels of ATP would then cause a(n) __________ in phosphofructokinase activity.

increase decrease

Why is physical activity associated with a reduced risk of dying at a younger age?

its effects on other systems Physical inactivity is considered a major,independent risk for CHD Related to decreased risk of stroke, diabetes, cancer, depression

If Pyruvate is not broken down into Acetyl-CoA quick enough, it will be turned into what?

lactate

Which law defines the primary driver of immediate energy sources in our bodies?

law of mass action such that concentrations drive the direction of reaction

What process produces the most ATP?

lipolysis BUT if it's not listed then oxidative phosphorylation- Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP

In what situation does it take actin and myosin a greater time to attach and detach?

low ATP

What is the conversion of macronutrients into biologically useable forms of energy called?

metabolism

The rate of a disease is known as what?

morbidity

What is defined as the rate of disease/dysfunction?

morbidity

How do slow twitch motor units remain activated for extended periods of time (i.e. standing all day)?

motor unit rotation

The myoplascisty of a muscle cell provides it with the ability to adapt. What most likely accounts for the myoplasticity?

multinucleation

morbidity vs mortality

o Morbidity --> the rate of disease/dysfunction o Mortality --> the rate of death

Given a rate ratio of .75/.15 from a study done on obesity which defined elevated BMI as a risk factor for hypertension:

obesity (elevated BMI) increases the risk for HTN by 5x

During which phase of an action potential do Na+ channels close and K+ channels begin to open to repolarize the cell?

overshoot

A DPT student walks around the building for five minutes (at low intensity) during her break from class. This activity utilizes what primary energy source?

oxidative

Which system yields the most ATP

oxididative

what results in muscle fatigue

oxygen debt, blood flow impairment, ion imblance, and nervous fatigue

What is the correct order for energy system predominance as time goes on?

phosphagen----glycolytic----oxidative 0-10 seconds----60-90 seconds----- greater than 60 seconds

Neuromuscular adaptions to exercise are considered to be ____________

plastic and specific

Which macronutrient only accounts for 5-10% of energy during exercise?

protein

The real productive power of glycolysis comes from _______.

pyruvate?

What is the main function of the muscle spindle?

reciprocal inhibition for muscle coupling

The rate of disease/dysfunction in a population helps you determine what?

relative risk (rate ratio) of morbidity

Which of these statements best describes why in the Finnish Cohort of 7 Countries Study the low and high activity individuals had the same survival rate after 20 years?

shows that the higher a person's activity level the lower the risk of mortality (its cut in half)..... if you are physically active for 15 yrs it will cut your risk in half, but after 20 years there was no change in the risk b/w the groups. important b/c it shows that persistent PA will slow down the effects of mortality but wont prevent mortality.

Acetylcholine binding at the motor end plate causes influx of _________, causing an action potential to continue down the T-tubules.

sodium

morbidity

the rate of disease/dysfunction expressed as prevalence and incidence rates

primary storage fuel for Type I

triglycerides

An accumulation of H+ binds to _______ and prevents Ca2+ from binding, which means that ______ continues to block the myosin binding sites, thus prolonging relaxation and delaying maximal shortening velocity in muscles.

troponin tropomyosin

Which molecule on the thin filament has a binding site for calcium?

troponin C

True/False: Pyruvate is only transformed to lactate during high intensity exercise.

true

True/false: Following anaerobic exercise, an accumulation of H+ ions yields slowing of maximal shortening velocity (of the muscle) and prolonged relaxation.

true

Which muscle fibers would play the largest role in powering the movement needed to run a marathon?

type 1

Zane started out his 800-meter race way too quickly, which caused him noticeably decrease in speed halfway through his race. As the race continues, Zane is running slower and slower. During the last 50 meters of his race, what is the primary muscle fiber type being utilized?

type I

10% (?)

what is the prevalence

Are all muscle fibers in a motor unit the same

yes

While running a 400m sprint, Adam starts to feel his legs burn and he starts to have trouble keeping pace. What is Adam experiencing?

Build up of Hydrogen ions → makes his Nociceptors more sensitive → burning/pain

How can chronic exercise training increase the rate of glycolysis?

Can increase ATP production through potential inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK- the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis)

measurements for fittness

Cardiorespiratory component:submaximal exercise capacity and maximal aerobic power. Muscular component: strength and endurance. Morphological component:body mass for height, body composition, abdominal visceral fat, bone density. Metabolic component:glucose tolerance and ratio of lipid to CHO oxidation. Flexibility/agility:speed and agility (least important component of fitness)

Which of the following factors do not exhibit a significant adaptive increase in the body's response to chronic cardiorespiratory fitness exercise?

Cardiorespiratory fitness is determined by the Fick equation. It is determined by cardiac output (SV x HR) and a-v O2 difference and it gives us aerobic capacity (VO2 max).

Which metabolic pathway generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH for ECT per pyruvate?

Citric Acid Cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle [TCA] or Krebs Cycle) pyruvate turns into Acetyl - CoA and then this process produces these.

which diseases does physical activity reduce the risk of?

Coronary heart disease Stroke Mild hypertension Cancer Depression

What are two enzymes that help immediately synthesize ATP through the phosphagen system?

Creatine kinase//Adenylate kinase

what is the main reason that exercise is associated with a decrease in mortality rates?

Decreases in your relative risk of morbidity Physical activity reduces the risk of all-cause mortality - your body gets better at adapting to the stress and translates into mitigating other stressors Physical inactivity is considered a major, independent risk factor for CHD

Which of the following stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides to begin lipolysis?

Depletion of glycogen, adrenaline, glucagon

The 2 most important stimulators of phosphorylase activity (causing it the increase) are...

Epinephrine and Calcium (we are also increasing our AMP stores)

Triglyceride breakdown is increased by which of the following hormones?

Epinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon, norepinephrin

What is the difference between exercise and physical activity?

Exercise is a type of physical activity, it's planned/structured/repetitive physical activity

True/False: Immediately after beginning exercise the creatine-phosphate system begins working to replenish ATP. It maintains the system for approximately 10 seconds and then turns off.

F they never "turn off"

Which aspect of the FITT training principle could be considered the least crucial in an exercise program made for an endurance athlete?

FITT= frequency, intensity, type, timing Least crucial= intensity

Firing rates of recruited motor units impact:

FORCE SPEED POWER

True/False: Skeletal muscle contraction has to be voluntary to be considered physical activity.

False. Physical activity is just any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting levels (approx. 2-3 times more).

pyruvate can be formed from which substrates

Fermentation, aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid biosynthesis

In 1984, the Finnish Cohort of 7 Countries study found that after 20 years of observation,

For about 15 years, being physically active reduces the risk of dying prematurely. After 20 years, it does not. Physical activity and exercise can only do so much - it is only one of the many factors that can change longevity Cellular aging that occurs over time will win every time - natural cellular aging - exercise cannot stop it. It can slow it down but not stop it.

Freddy began cross country skiing six weeks ago. An increase in which characteristic(s) of muscle fiber types would most greatly attribute to his increase in performance?

Freddy underwent adaptation to make his system more efficient → think that this is going to favor slow twitch fibers due to cross country skiing falling under aerobic capacity (slide 14 2nd lecture for muscular system - chart) .In slow twitch fibers there will be an increase in: capillary density, mitochondria density, myoglobin content, oxidative enzymes, and fatigue resistance.

Why does glycogen yield more ATP than glucose?

Glycogen - 3 ATP Glucose - 2 ATP Glycogen does not need ATP in the initial step like glucose does (glycogen is stored)

Which enzyme facilitates the breakdown of glycogen?

Glycogen phosphorylase

Identify the oxidative substance in skeletal muscle that is increased in response to chronic aerobic training.

Glycogen synthase; GS converts glucose to glycogen and allows for faster, more efficient aerobic glycolysis

What is the primary energy system working with exercise under 2 minutes?

Glycogen-lactic acid

What energy system is the PRIMARY system producing ATP during high-intensity interval training exercise?

Glycolysis

What is one of the primary activators of phosphofructokinase during exercise?

Glycolysis step 3 Activated if there is a decrease in ATP/ADP, increase in AMP, Epinephrine, and Pi

Based on the Williams paper discussed in class, what is the nature of the relationship between physical fitness levels and relative risk of CHD or CVD?

Great decrease in risk from the 20th to 25th percentile of fitness Relative to the least fit/active percentiles the relative risk reduction is significantly greater for fitness than physical activity Activity and fitness have 33% shared variance

Based on the Bouchard and Shpeherd model, health-related fitness is affected by which of the following?

Heredity, physical activity (exercise), health outcomes, lifestyle behaviors/personal attributes/environment

Which skeletal muscle fiber type is primarily active during long-term anaerobic activity?

IIa

Which of the following conditions best promotes the ability of the body to optimally use glucose to generate energy in the metabolic process of glycolysis?

Ideal conditions would include high intensity exercise along with a "well fed state" or "RER closest to 1.0"

Why is pacing so important during exercise?

If we started a 10K like a 100 meter sprint we would be in trouble. We would exhaust all of our systems- "descending" - we would need to start slower and let our systems build up - sustain longer systems We would not be able to keep up with the ATP demands of our body - we would run out of ATP

What is the benefit of increasing the lactic acid threshold as an adaptation to chronic training?

Improved capacity for acid-base regulation; allows muscles to perform at higher levels for a longer period of time

Which of the following statements regarding physical activity and all-cause mortality is true based on class discussion and the Lee and Skerrett and Williams papers?

Increasing physical activity (chronic exercise) reduces risk of mortality

What role does ATP play in the cross bridging cycle?

It causes the myosin head to release (from the actin) and return to its starting position

Which of the following groups of muscles most frequently uses Motor Unit Rotation?

It is used mostly during prolonged muscle activation to decrease fatigue Ex: Postural muscles, "baby arms" (ex: from class when holding a baby)

Mary is a 62 year old female who gardens, goes golfing with her friends most every weekend, and enjoys walking to knitting club 2 blocks down the street once a week. Jane is 64 year old female who participates in group exercise classes three days a week, enjoys yoga once a week with her friends, and enjoys chasing after her grandchildren on the weekends. Both are healthy individuals with no other issues. Which of these two ladies would most likely have a relative risk in all-cause mortality less than or equal to 0.7?

Jane. Mean relative risk for all-cause mortality is 2.0, therefore Jane would be at a lower risk because she is more physically active.

What happens during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

K+ (potassium) begins moving out of the cell, taking it back towards thershold

What enzyme converts lactate to pyruvate?

Lactate Dehydrogenase

In the Cori cycle, where does lactate get broken down to pyruvate and converted into glucose/glycogen?

Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.

How do you study physical inactivity as a risk factor for mortality?

Large group of people who are alive Measure of physical activity or inactivity Passage of time Cases of mortality

A soccer player sprints to the edge of the box to block a shot on goal. As she sprints, her body derives ATP from creatine phosphate. What drives this process?

Law of Mass Action System provides biological work ATP - ATPase- ADP and Energy Must replenish the ATP - done by driving creatine phosphate /ADP reaction = ATP Increases in speed or declines when ATP levels are restored

What were the results of the Eastern Finland study?

Looking at physical activity behavior and the risk/rate of death by assessing leisure time physical activity and occupational physical activity in men and women from age 30-59 over a 7-year period. There were adjustments of age, BMI, smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol shows that physical activity is independent of these other factors. Men and women with low leisure time and occupational physical activity had a higher mortality rate.

What is the ATP produced by the body used for during exercise?

Mechanical work (muscles) Chemical work (conversions of biochemical factors and processes) Transport work

components of fitness

Metabolic component- glucose tolerance and ratio of lipid to CHO oxidation Morphological component- body mass for height, body composition, abdominal visceral fat, bone density Muscular component- strength and endurance cardiorespiratory component - submaximal exercise capacity and maximal aerobic power flexibility/agility- speed and agility

What is a benefit of anaerobic training (strength) compared to aerobic training?

More likely to reach the minimal essential strain (threshold required to stimulate changes in bone mineral density)

Why is increased myoglobin content an effective adaption that occurs with chronic aerobic training?

More storage and supply of oxygen to the muscles

BMI, body composition, and bone density are attributes that fall under which component of fitness?

Morphological component (plus abdominal visceral fat)

The pathway that produces the most energy during exercise is

Oxidative If doing very prolonged exercise (longer than 2 hours) then lipolysis

What mechanism is most likely contributing the most energy for a person running a marathon?

Oxidative system Once glycogen stores have been depleted then switches to fat reserves and breaks down triglycerides through lipolysis

_____ is the most productive energy system when it comes to producing ATP and is most active during _______ intensity exercise.

Oxidative/ aerobic system , most active during prolonged exercise (low intensity)

What type of activity primarily uses Type I fibers?

Type I fibers are used in lower-intensity exercises such as very light resistance work aimed at muscular endurance and long-duration aerobic activities Ex: long distance running

In what order are muscle fiber types recruited?

Type I → Type IIa → Type IIb/x