Human Tissue Biology: Block 1
In the disease pemphigus vulgaris, autoantibodies bind to desmoglein 3 and disrupt desmosome function. What type of protein is desmoglein 3?
adhesion molecule
You want to stain the elastic fibers in connective tissue. What is the best stain to use?
aldehyde fuchsin
The ribosome 60s forms the bond between ______________ and nascent ___________.
amino acid, protein
Centrosomes are composed of ______________ and ______________.
an amorphous region, two centrioles
A membrane bound organelle is defunct and needs to be broken down. Who do you "call"?
autophagic lysosome
The basement membrane serves as a semi permeable barrier between the epithelia and connective tissue. The key component of it is collagen IV that is found in the _________.
basal lamina
For a carcinoma to spread from epithelia metastases it must first break through this layer.
basement membrane
The basic structure of membranes; contains two layers of lipids with hydrophobic side chains facing inward.
bilayer
All other organelles and vesicles in the cell are lined by ___________________.
bilayer membranes
Where would you find the typical large umbrella-shaped cell on the apical portion of a stratified epithelium?
bladder
Peroxisomes are responsible for
breaking down long-chain fatty acids and toxic substances
Where would the 45s ribosomal RNA gene be located within a cell that is assembling and secreting protein?
center of the nucleolus
A lipid that does not form a bilayer, but imbeds into the bilayer and controls fluidity.
cholesterol
The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria are called
cristae
What best describes the staining of heterochromatin in routine H&E stained paraffin sections?
dark intense labeling with hematoxylin
Which of the following terms describes the majority of cells in epithelia that carry out physiological functions?
differentiated
Which term relates to secretion through the basement membrane?
endocrine secretion
You find a cell with leakage of cellular content. This is most likely due to?
external injury from a toxin
If you had a box full of slides with tissues that had not been stained, which of the following providing it came from a non-albino would contain a substance that could be visualized with a bright field microscope?
eye
What is the name the cell that produces ground substance in developing connective tissue?
frbroblast
The outer membrane is responsible for
free movement of protein
The two types of polyribosomes are __________ and ________.
free, ER associated
Which junction could transfer changes in the concentration of a specific ion in the cytoplasm to an adjacent epithelial cell?
gap junction
You are tired from pulling an all-nighter and accidentally knock over the boxes with old histology slides. All of the slides are labeled but one. Being an outstanding citizen, you do not just drop it a random box. Instead, you take out a microscope and see that it a H&E stain with a brush boarder. Which box should you put it in?
gastrointestinal
A molecule formed by a lipid covalently linked to a sugar.
glycolipid
What is used for staining in the transmission electron microscope?
heavy metals
If you were looking at a differentiated cell such as cardiomyocyte (heart cell) where would the gene for opsin pigments that are exclusively expressed in retinal cells of the eye be located?
heterochromatin
Functions of glycocalyx (carbohydrate)
i. control of cell permeability ii. protection and lubrication of the cell surface iii. cell-cell recognition and interaction iv. location of extracellular enzymes
The functions of the cytoskeleton are
i. maintain cell shape ii. mechanical integration iii. cell movement iv. organelle movement
Actin Filaments/Microfilaments functions
i. mechanical support of the membrane ii. reinforce adherent junctions iii. generate contractile forces iv. produce transient membrane growths v. stabilize microvilli
The three types of cytoskeleton are
i. microfilaments/actin ii. microtubules iii. intermediate filaments
Plasma membrane functions
i. semi-permeable barrier ii. regulate transport across iii. communication iv. adhesion
Microtubules are responsible for
i. separation of chromosomes during mitosis ii. transport and positioning of vesicles and organelles iii. basis of organelles of motility (cilia)
Mitochondria have _______ and ______ membranes.
inner, outer
Proteins that are imbedded in the lipid bilayer
integral membrane proteins
The space within the membrane is called
inter membrane space
The cytoskeleton component that connects to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes is _________.
intermediate filaments
You are at the optometrist with your friend Joe after one of his tigers scratched the outer portion of his eye. What is the most likely type of epithelium that will show damage on the fluorescein eye stain?
squamous stratified non-keratinized epithelium
Intermediate filaments are made of a protein called ___________-
tetramer
Centrosomes are found _____________.
the nucleus
What is the difference between tracheal and esophageal epithelium?
Trachea is PCCE while esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium
Which labeling method is useful in extrapolating if a patient has a specific splice variant of an mRNA that may correlate with a disease?
In situ hybridization
The ultrastructural features of a serous cell from a gland would include
abundant RER
Intermediate filaments are found directly associated with _______________.
adhesion junctions
Where is the thickest layer of keratin on top of stratified squamous epithelia on your body?
soles of your feet
Why is Type I collagen more readily stained by H&E stain than Type II and Type III collagen.
It is not as extensively glycosylated
Who has the highest percentage of brown fat?
8 lb baby
Mitochondria contain their own ______ and _______________.
DNA, control machinery
The process of tubulin dimers spontaneously polymerizing (growing) and depolymerizing (shrinking) is called ______________.
Dynamic instability
Which of the following cell cycle terms describes a cell that is quiescent?
G0
What is the basic dye in the H and E staining combination?
Hematoxylin
Which mutation affecting what organelle causes Tay Sachs Disease
Hexoasaminidase A: Lysosome
What is mechanism that leads to scurvy?
Loss of hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen
A coroner is investigating the cause of death of a tall thin man with long arms and legs. The patient was said to have flexible joints. He appears to have died from an aortic aneurism. His genetic condition is said to involve the FBN1 mutation. What is his condition and what component of connective tissue is abnormal? (Below is the progression of his aortic aneurism using Aldehyde Fuchsin staining)
Marfan Syndrome: elastin fibers
A man goes to the Emergency department with a stab wound in his right thigh. How would the muscle cells look at that spot?
Striated with nuclei on the periphery of cell
What cell within the sebaceous gland would respond to androgen by entering the cell cycle?
TA cell
In the light microscope, the presence of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells is referred to as:
a brush border
Which of the following would not be stained in an H and E section of liver
a carbohydrate bound to arginine
During week 16 of quarantine you decide its time to get out your parents old Richard Simmons workout CD. You promptly strain your back. You purchase a massaging apparatus for your back. Which layers of the epithelia do the vibrations have to travel to get through to eventually get to a sensory receptor in the connective tissue below it?
ketain, supabasal layers, basal layer, basement membrane
If you wanted to know if a cell expressed an enzyme which was derived from a single gene product, which of the following techniques would you use
labeling with an anitbody
L5.4 Apocrine and holocrine secretion are limited to one type of secretory product. What is it?
lipid
The inter membrane space is responsible for
lipid synthesis and fatty acid metabolism
The plasma membrane is made of 49% ______, 49% ______, and 1% ______.
lipid, protein, carbohydrate
Which of the following would be removed by clearing a tissue
lipids
The ribosome 40s coordinates base pairing between ______ and ______.
mRNA, tRNA
The pinching off of the apical membrane containing a cell's secretory product can be found where?
mammary glands
The space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
matrix
Which of the following cytoskeletal filament systems is not readily visible with TEM but underlies the cellular processes such as lamellipodia, spikes, and ruffles associated with the movement of cancer cells in the process of metastasis?
microfilaments
What is responsible for contractile forces?
microfilaments/actin
What type of cytoskeleton is not visible on TEM?
microfilaments/actin
The protein is passed through the membrane multiple times at stretches of hydrophobic amino acids
multi pass
If a cell had abundant secretory granules that contained mucus (primarily carbohydrates), this would produce ________ region in the cytoplasm in an H&E labeled preparation.
non-stained
You thought that you were staining a sample with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Instead you stained it with only hematoxylin since your cat had stolen the eosin for a project. What will not stain white?
nucleic acids
Where is transcription of the 45S rRNA occurring?
nucleolus
Glycolipids are located exclusively in the ______ face of the lipid bilayer.
outer
All mitochondrial DNA is derived from the
ovum
Proteins attached to one face or another of the membrane through non-covalent interactions
peripheral proteins
The outer face of the lipid bilayer
phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (S)
The inner face of the lipid bilayer
phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
The main lipid components of membranes; contains a polar head group and nonpolar fatty acid side chains.
phospholipid
The ______ of a lipid bind to heavy metal stains.
polar head group
Which component of the membrane is responsible for the dense staining "train track" appearance of membrane bilayers observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?
polar head groups on lipids
Most functions of membranes are created by __________.
proteins
Carbohydrates are covalently attached to ______ and ______.
proteins, lipids
A cell is capable of dividing but currently is not doing so. This is ...
quiescence
You are a secretory vesicle and you must wait on signal for you to fuse with the cell membrane. What is your job description?
regulated secretion
Where is the site of synthesis of the major component of the lipid bilayer that both increases and decreases fluidity?
sER
What stain would labels type III collagen (reticulin) fibers in connective tissue?
silver stain
You find a gland under a microscope. It has one duct, 2 secretory portions, and these secretory portions appear to be the same diameter as the ducts. How should you classify this gland?
simple branched tubular
One stretch of hydrophobic amino acids crosses the plasma membrane
single pass
The adrenal cortex is composed of layers of cells that synthesize lipid-based steroid hormones that are androgens, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids. In an EM micrograph of these cells, which of the following organelles would you expect to be abundant in the cytoplasm?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
You a looking at the results of an experiment where test subject was injected with a thymidine analog BrdU 3 hrs before biopsy. BrdU antibody staining did not label some of the cells on the basal layer of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that lines the skin. What could the lack of labeling indicate?
this was a stem cell that was in G0
Stem cells derived from the early morula (around 16 cells) prior to implantation would be considered.
totipotent
Which of the following organelles would be part of a structure that looks like a stack of pancakes in the TEM and sort proteins bound for the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles/granules?
trans Golgi
You find a lightly staining section of a nucleus with an EM. How would you describe the processes occurring there?
transcriptionally active
An apical modification to epithelium that has a core that consists of 9 microtubule doublets encircling 2 central microtubules may be found on cells that have what function?
transport developing sperm
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) looks like
tubular stack of membrane
Microtubules are made of a protein called ________.
tubulin
If you do not clear the tissue with alcohols and organic solvents, what has been left in the tissue that impedes light passing through the slide resulting in a distorted image?
water and lipids
What tissue produces the hormone leptin that causes the brain to feel satiety?
white adipose tissue
