HUN1201-Chapter 6

A recipe mixes 1/4 cup of oil with 3/4 cup of milk. What common food could you add to keep the oil and milk emulsidied?

Egg yolk or whole egg

Phospholipids

are partially water soluble.

Hydrocarbon chain

chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

Lipids

class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water

Arteriosclerosis

condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility

Pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Bile

emulsifier that aids lipid digestion

Lipoprotein lipase

enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides

Lipases

enzymes that break down lipids

Adipose cells

fat cells

Saturated fatty acid

fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms.

Monosaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain.

Unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain

Thrombus

fixed bunch of clots that remains in place

Hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fat

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels

Cholesterol is

harmful to health.

Myocardial infarction

heart attack

Emulsifier

substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other.

Embolus

thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include

tobacco use.

Lipoproteins

transport lipids in the bloodstream.are toxic to cells.

Phospholipid

type of lipid needed to make call membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells

Omega-3 fatty acid

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid

Sterols/stanols

types of lipids made by plants

Trans fats

unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond

Choline

water-soluble compound in lecithin

Lipoprotein

water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream

Trans fatty acids are

a by-product of the hydrogenation process.

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

a major form of CVD

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist

Fats in foods

add taste and contribute to "mounth feel."

Describe Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommendations concerning saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat intakes for adults.

Adults should consume less than 10% of their total calories from saturated fatty acids, limit their cholesterol intake to 300 mg/day, and keep trans fats as low as possible.

After her collage graduation party, Jade's BAC was 0.16%. This level is ___ times the legal limit.

2 .

Idenitfy the two essential fatty acids.

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are essential fatty acids.

Define embolus

An embolus is a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream.

What is an omega-3 fatty acid?

An omega-3 fatty-acid has the first double bond in the polyunsaturated fatty acid's carbon chain appearing at the third carbon, when you start counting carbons at the omega end of the molecule. Alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 fatty acids.

Define atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

Bernard's total blood cholesterol level is 195 mg/ml, and his HDL cholesterol level is 62 mg/ml. Based on this information, does bernard have a high risk or low risk of CVD? Explain your answer.

Bernard has a low risk of CVD because his HDL cholesterol level is high

Homocysteine

amino acid that may play a role in the developement of atherosclerosis

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A saturated fatty acid has each carbon within the fatty acid chain completely filled with hydrogen atoms. An unsaturated fatty acid has two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms.

What is a statin?

A statin is a prescription drug that reduces elevated blood lipid levels. Statins interfere with the liver's metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and/or trigylceride levels as a result.

Define thrombus

A thrombus is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place.

Alpha-linolenic acid

an essential fatty acid

Linolenic acid

an essential fatty acid

What role does homocysteine play in the development of heart disease?

Elevated blood levels of homocysteine levels may injure arterial walls and contribute to atherosclerosis. However, more research is needed to clarify the role of this compound and the development of atherosclerosis.

Increasing your intake of trans fat will reduce your risk of heart disease.

False

On average, Americans consume 60% of their calories from fat.

False

To lose weight, use regular, stick margarine instead of butter because it has 25% fewer calories per teaspoon.

False

List at least three major risk factors for atherosclerosis that are nonmodifiable.

Family hisotry of CVD (especially before 60 years of age), Male sex, and Race/ethnic background

Fat contributes what percentage of total energy in the typical American's diet?

Fat contributes 34%

According to the Nutrition Facts panel, a serving of potato chips supplies 150 kcal, and fat contributes 100 of the total kcal in the serving of chips. calculate the percentage of energy from fat in these chips.

Fat contributes about 66% of the energy in the chips (100 Kcal divided by 150 Kcal.) 67

Identify at least one food that is a rich souce of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat.

Fish/shellfish

List at least five major risk factors that are modifiable.

Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Elevated blood cholesterol (LDL), Excess body fat, and Tobacco use

What is the AMDR for fat?

It is 20 to 35% of total calories.

Define arteriosclerosis

It is a condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility.

Describe what happens to the fat in a piece of fried chicken as it undergoes digestion and absorption in your intestinal tract.

Large fat droplets enter the small intestine, biles salts emulsify fats into smaller particles, Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed by villi and then re-form into triglycerides, triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipid to form chylomicrons.

What are the major lipids in food and the body?

Major lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

What is the difference between a monounsaturated and a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Monounsaturated fattu acids have one double bond within the carbon chain; polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds within the carbon chain.

Suggest at least four ways people can reduce their intakes of saturated and trans fats and increase their intakes of unsaturated fats.

Reduce intakes of meats; foods made from whole milk and crackers, cakes, cookies, pies, and other high-fat processed foods. Increasing intakes of most nuts, fatty fish, and sources of polyunsaturated oils can increase intakes of unsaturated fats.

Identify foods that are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids and foods that are rich sources of omega-6 fatty acids.

Sources of omega-3 fatty acids are fish/shellfish, oils-flaxseed, walnut, canola, soybean, nuts and seeds-walnuts, flaxseeds, and seaweed Omega-6 are vegetable oils, whole grains

What is "hs-CRP? What can you learn about your risk of heart disease and stroke from having a lipoprotein profile performed on your blood?

The liver releases high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in response to infection and inflammation. Elevated CRP may be a marker for atherosclerosis, which means it may be an early warning sign for the condition. A lipoprotein profile can provide information about blood levels of HDL, LDL, and triglycerides.

What structural characteristic distinguishes a trans fatty acid from a cis fatty acid?

Trans fats are unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one trans double bond. The trans shape enables the hydrocarbon chain to be relatively straight. Foods that are rich sources of trans fat contain partially hydrogenated fat, such as shortening, and stick margarine.

Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

True

Egg yolks are a rich source of cholesterol.

True

Taking too many fish oil supplements may be harmful to health.

True

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

Alcohol metabolism is not influenced by a person's

level of caffeine consumption.

What is the American Heart Association's recommendation concerning the percentage of total calories from trans fat per day?

limit total fat intake to 25 to 35% of total calories and reducing trans fat intake to less than 1% of total energy.

Cholesterol

lipid found in animal foods and precursor for steriod hormones, bile, and vitamin D

Triglyceride

lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

Essential fatty acid

lipids that must be supplied by the diet

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

lipoprotein that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaque build up inside arterial walls

A saturated fatty acid has

no double-bond within the hydrocarbon chain.

Hydrophilic

part of molecule that attracts water

Hydrophobic

part of molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids

Homocysteine is (n)

possible marker for cardiovascular disease.

Enterohepatic circulation

process that recycles cholesterol (bile sals) in the body

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker for CVD

Solid fats generally have a high proportion of _____ fatty acids.

saturated

Monoglyceride

single fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone

The primary site of trigylceride digestion and absorption is the

small intestine.