HY 102 Exam 2

Herbert Spencer, "Social Darwinism"

"survival of the fittest" tried to apply to humans competition=progress compassion=cultural decay anti-semitism (hostility/prejudice against jews) racial radicalism class explotation Belief that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection/evolution was applicable to human societies and justified the right of the ruling classes or countries to dominate the weak

Rudyard Kipling

"white man's burden" became a powerful argument in favor of imperial expansion throughout Europe writer about the British imperial experience in India which was the idea that the imperialists had the duty to civilize and educate lesser nations

Potato Revolution

(1695-1845) potatoes were a universal (could be cooked for many diff ways) crop that could take place the (expensive) bread Potatoes were a cheap alternative that provided just as much nutrients as bread for the poor and struggling

Frankfurt Assembly

(1789) The german reformers organized the election of 800 delegates (Prussia, Austria, and small german states) to an all german assembly in Frankfurt to discuss creating a liberal unified German nation They wanted the majority german Austria withdrew The created a small Germany leaving out Hasburg empire Prussian king Frederick William IV was crowned

Napoleon Bonaparte/First Empire

(1804-1814) accomplished a orderly and generally fair system of taxation established public education and central banking system He was a more accomplished ruler than any other He rose to power due to his reputation First modern dictator He left Egypt to go to Paris where he declared "temporary consul" for the directory First Empire- was the empire Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Its name was a misnomer, as France already had colonies overseas and was short lived compared to the Colonial Empire.

Benjamin Disraeli

(1804-1881) conservative arguing that political life would be improved not disrupted by including the "aristocrats of labor" (higher members of working class) member of the British parliament who, betting that the working class would vote conservative if given the right to do so, pushed the 1867 Reform Bill through Parliament; this bill gave the right to vote to men who paid certain rates for rent; it also redistributed seats, giving the large northern cities an advantage

Congress of Vienna/Klemens von Metternich

(1814-1815) Congress of Vienna = when the European powers met in Vienna in 1814 in order to reinforce Europe's monarchical regimes against the powerful social and political forces that had been unleashed since 1789 Concerned with two basic powers.... balance of power: take major countries and give them all the same power; France upset balance by modernizing legitimacy: only rulers from aristocrat families could rule & securing peace Klemen von Metternich= (1773 - 1889) Austrian foreign minister who was anti-revolution and whose primary goal was bolstering the legitimacy of the monarchs after Napoleon; his central concerns in the Congress of Vienna were checking Russian expansionism and preventing social and political change; harsh tactics (secret police, spying); he is mainly responsible for the peace that lasted until WWI

Sara Stickney Ellis, The Cult of Domesticity

(1838) stated that although women do not dominate, their influence is heavily weighted as it is the moral compass of the household she argued women are no less important than men This framework heavily emphasized a woman's role within the home in order to shape new ideas of femininity based around four chief virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Quaker turned congregationalist. Wrote about women role in society. The Cult of Domesticity is an opinion about women's role in society in the 1800s through the 1950s.

Opium Wars

(1839-1842 and 1856-1860) wars fought between the british and qing-era China to protect British trade in opium; the wars resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British

Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto

(1848) Statement created by Marx of the Communist League's principles laid out Marx's theory of history... predicted recurring economic crises caused by capitalisms unending need for new markets and the cyclical instability of overproduction, bringing capitalism to collapse Class conflict is the motor of history Revolution would abolish division of labor and class conflict, therefore, history Capitalism which laid out Marx's theory that world history passed through three major stages characterized by conflict between social groups (1) master and slave, (2) lord and serf, and (3) bourgeois and proletariat; admired the revolutionary accomplishments of capitalism, but argued that the revolutionary character of capitalism would undermine the bourgeois economic order; The Communist Manifesto predicted that eventually, capitalism would collapse due to the unending need for new markets and overproduction

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte/Second Empire

(1852) overthrows the second republic was the only President of the French Second Republic and the Emperor of the Second French Empire.

Crimean War

(1853) Cause: decline in ottoman empire and eastern question; religion (french/Russia claim to protect religious minorities & holy places) 3-way quarrel between Russia, France, and Turkey Russia confronted Turkey Britain sided with Turkey and they declared war on Russia Russia was successful while Turkey was defeated France/Britain declared war on Russia- they landed on the Crimea peninsula in Russia and headed for the naval base France, Britain and the Ottomans were joined

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) revolt of indian soldiers in the british army began in Delhi when the military disciplined a group of indian soldiers for refusing to use rifle cartridges greased with pork fat (unacceptable to muslims/hindus) social, economic, political grievences indian peasants attacked courts, burned tax rolls, protested debate and corruption The indians were killed and executed by the British

Ems Dispatch/Franco-Prussian War

(1870) Benedetti made a point to meet Wilhelm I at a resort spa in Ems to discuss Spanish succession Benedetti asked Wilhelm I to seize the opportunity for his cousin (the Hohenzollern family) to rise to power of Spain However, Bismarck intervened and edited Wilhelm's telegraph to make it appear as though the Prussian king rejected the French ambassador France immediately calls for war against Prussia

Max Schneckenburger

(1870) The Watch on the Rhine German poet wrote the poem that the Germans sang as they went into battle during the Franco-Prussian war The Rhine was the natural border between France and Germany according to France Germans feared France would take over the Rhine

Boer Wars

(1898-1902) (boer=farmers) conflict between the British army and ethnically European Afrikaners in South Africa, with terrible casualties on both sides Cecil Rhodes tried to provoke this war to gain control of the Afrikaners diamond mines result: apartheid

Taiping/Boxer Rebellions

(1900) the boxers were a secret society of young men trained in Chinese martial arts and believed to have spiritual powers anti-foreign and anti-missionary attacked foreign engineers, tore up railway lines, marched on Beijing, and laid siege to the foreign legations many of Europe's great powers and rivals everywhere else drew together to tear China apart.

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1903) founded a new group (WSPU) Women's Social and Political Union which adopted militant tactics and civil disobedience chained themselves to visitor's gallery in Parliament, slashed museum paintings, burned politician's houses, smashed dept. store windows

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-05) war between Russia and Japan (Russian expansion came up against Japanesse expansion) which Russia lost (Japan was better equipped and trained); Russia's loss highlighted the regime's inefficiency and was one of the causes of the First Russian Revolution of 1905 led to the American brokered peace treaty in 05

Demographic Transition Theory

(DT) Refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

What were some of the causes and consequences of the "New Imperialism?"

Causes- Jingoism (glory) was one cause of new imperialism. (arrogant foolish national pride) It was a way of manipulating people based on public opinion/emotion. Business integration (gold) was another cause. Captive markets flourished as people couldn't make their necessities but had to purchase them from European markets. Another cause of new imperialism was The White Man's Burden and moral justification. Consequences- It affected the way people and countries interact. It fired up the first true arms race. Implied threats and greater tension between countries occurred. People could only buy from captive markets (solve European economic issues) and could no longer make their own necessities. This improved European markets. Vertical/horizontal integration came to be known. Forced trade intentionally getting people hooked so they would keep buying. People had the right to go in and remove others from their land with the moral justification that god-fearing people should take over. Master/superior races Imperialism harms/poisons behavior.

Count Cavour/Giuseppe Garibaldi

Cavour- (1810-1861) promoted economic expansion (modern transportation, infrastructure, reformed currency) and sought to raise international relations; he enticed France to help fight against Austria; eventually his idea for the conservative unification of Italy won Garibaldi- his volunteer fighters helped with the Italian unification as he looked to Rome... collided with Cavour as Cavour feared he would bring French/Austrian intervention. Cavour asked him to give up and he did leaving Cavour to win his vision of Italian nationhood.

Seneca Falls Declaration

EC Stanton drafted the declaration at seneca falls which demanded woman's rights/equality Uses the Declaration of Rights Men have made women submit to laws with no voice, withheld the rights that men have from women, deprived them from first right of a citizen, made dead in eyes of marriage and can own property Women must go through men to do anything legally/morally The declaration anticipates misconception, misrepresentation, ridicule for women This document helps expand liberalism in the 19th century The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, two American activists in the movement to abolish slavery called together the first conference to address Women's rights and issues Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848

Who were some of the key personalities and ideas behind the "New Consciousness?" How did this movement challenge previous assumptions about Western culture?

Friedrick Nietszche- overman to destroy the society then to rebuild the society in his image. Everyone is created equal but not everyone believe this. Nietsche says that we are immoral animals and need to let go, we need to reject imposed values and only trust ourselves. Would not work with democracy its a dictatorship

Goethe/Beethoven

Goethe: influence on romantic movement; wrote The Passions of Young Werther Beethoven: classical music composition marked transition from 18th century artistic movements providing harmony to the disruptive emotions of the 19th c artists/writers. Their works embraced individual heroism, nature, seeing, hearing new way of expressing emotion

Francis Galton/Eugenics

Greek term meaning "good birth" referring to the project of breeding a superior human race late 19th century and early 20th century believed it would save the European population from a decline in their vitality and biological fitness

Charles Dickens

He wrote stories that told of the hardships of the industrial revolution These stories let the upper class know how bad it felt to be lower class stories about middle class Oliver Twist A Christmas Carol Another Famous Story

Impressionism/Expressionism

Impressionism = realists who were more interested in the science of perception than with the questions of accurate reproduction of objects in the world (ex: Monet, Renoir) Expressionism = insisted on the expressive capacity of paintings in vivid works that refused conventional techniques of perspective and composition (ex: Van Gogh, Picasso)

Monroe Doctrine

Issued by James Monroe (1823) declared European meddling in the Americas would be seen as a hostile act unenforceable without British support

King Leopold and the Congo

King Leopold privately financed the groups of Belgians who colonized the valleys around the Congo River; he also set up the commercial company- Civilization of the Congo (1876) signed treaties with local elites, opening the whole Congo river basin to commercial exploitation (palm oil, rubber, minerals)

William Sherman

Letter to the Leaders of Atlanta (1864) Sherman explaining to the leaders of Atlanta why he will not revoke his orders of removing all inhabitants from Atlanta He wants to end war- the only way to do this is to admit it began in error and perpetuated in pride military justification for his orders> obeying laws and constitution War with early success led a destructive march to the sea that cut the confederacy in two

How did the industrial revolution help to modify both the Modes of Production and Reproduction? Be able to provide specific examples of how the Industrial Revolution particularly affected the ideals, identities, politics, and activism of middle and working class men and women.

MOP- Before the IR most people farmed and produced their own necessities. The IR told them to produce other things forcing them to buy their necessities from European markets. People could no longer work on their own time, but a scheduled time. People became more obsessed with buying things they didn't need to make them look better or higher class. Labor was divorced from needs. Women (labor activism), like Annie Besent, began strikes as working conditions declined. MOR- the death rate declines because of improvement in agriculture and advanced ways; women are still having the same number of babies because society is saying they need to have babies to survive -- eventually woman have money and can work for themselves, see themselves as more valuable now. They begin investing more into the few kids. People also begin marrying for love.

Be able to briefly describe the key points, origins, and implications of the theories of Karl Marx and Charles Darwin. Why were these ideas "revolutionary" in the mid-19th century?

Marx- class conflict is beneficial and is what creates history dialectical materialism- political/historical events are a result of conflict of social forces Marx marked history when history was going to come to an end (society of equality) and he feared self interest Revolutionary because he spoke of the end of history and class conflict will most likely always be present. Gender, religion, and nationality is what divides people. Darwin- "believed in natural selection- species adapt to their environment by mutation Origin of Species (1859) which did not mention humans but ALL living things The Descent of Man (1871) did mention humans putting us in the same class as everything else- product of the same force Revolutionary because it was unheard of to think we weren't made by God and we were to exist for only mechanical reasons Herbert Spencer turned this idea into social darwinism

New Middle/Working Classes

Middle Class = included shopkeepers, lawyers, doctors, professionals, and well-off factory owners; very few people moved from working class to middle class, but it was possible to move up within the middle class; a very common theme was pursuing status or mobility through marriage; the family and home were a central aspect of middle-class life; women were responsible for the moral education of her children and the running of the household; generally, the middle class lived away from the city in nice homes Working Class = included workers, both skilled and unskilled; housing was unhealthy and unregulated; women had to work for wages and take care of the house as well;

Code Napoleon

Napoleon's state marked the transition for absolutism to modern state Most significant contribution to the modern state... civil code creating one uniform law. Stated the husband as the natural supremacy in marriage; divorce was legal under unequal circumstances; no paternity suits; confirmed abolition for all feudal privileges Napoleon developed legal codes for commercial law, civil law/procedures, crime, punishment Education system Equality before the law, freedom of religion, separation of church/state, protecting middle class, leading call for reform

Charles Darwin/Natural Selection

On the Origin of Species (1859): species adapt to their environment by mutations (natural selection) The Descent of Man (1871): we are a part of nature placed in humanity in the same class as everything else; everything humans have is from the same force as other living things

How did revolution, nationalism, and war in the mid-1800s alter the governments and societies of countries such as Italy, Germany, France, and the U.S.?

Realpolitik: political strategy based on advancing power for own sake moral/practical/realistic doesn't matter, but power and self interest does- what will put you on top. Nationalism rose because of the fear of outsiders taking away rights

Revolutions of 1848/Second Republic

Revolution of 1848 middle class wants to overthrow the gov't/king but they need the working class (which they betrayed and eliminated in 1830) middle class promises the working class republican gov't tried to make life better for the poor but the poor couldn't pay taxes leaving the middle class to pay for it the poor took over Paris and declared it and formed an alliance middle class goes in and kills the poor France becomes a republic Italian unification fails

The Great Famine

The potato crops fail years of malnutrition and epidemic diseases affecting both plants/animals disruption of trade and shortage of staple goods (1845-49) when a fungus hit the potato crops in Ireland first in 1845 and agin in 1847, no alternative foods were at hand and at least one million Irish died; this illustrated just how vulnerable the nineteenth-century countryside remained to bad harvests and shortages

Vertical/horizontal integration

Vertical Integration = one company controling every step of production, from the acquisition of raw materials to the distribution of finished products Horizontal Integration = several companies in an industry coming together to form a cartel in order to fix prices and control competition

Friedrich Neitzsche

a German philosopher who believed the middle class culture was dominated by illusions and self deception and he sought to unmask them he thought the bourgeois faith was a search for security and truth personal liberation ideal individual was one who abandon the burdens of cultural conformity and created a independent set of values based on character individual struggle against universe=salvation for western civilization nihilism

Alfred Dreyfus

a Jewish captain in the French army who was falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany and imprisoned for life; it was found out that the documents were forged, but the War Department refused to grant Dreyfus a new trial; "The Dreyfus Affair" divided French society; some were outraged, some supported the military's decision not to grant him a new trial

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

a book forged and published by the Russian secret police that imagined a Jewish plot to dominate the world and held Jews responsible for the French Revolution and the dislocating effects of industrialization

Paris Commune/3rd French Republic

after the collapse of the Second Empire, the 3rd Republic was declared; there were profound divisions between political leaders and social classes during this time; the Commune was a municipal government set up by militants in Paris during the War of 1870 that refused to surrender to the German troops who besieged the city; the national government sent troops to disarm the Commune, and a fifty day class war ensued, killing over 20,000 Parisians

Liberalism/Conservatism

at its core was a commitment to individual liberties and rights; called for equality under the law, stated that the government needed to be based on political rights and the consent of the governed, and believed that individuals should be free to engage in economic activities without interference from the state conservatism- the holding of political views that favor free enterprise, private ownership, and socially conservative ideas.

Suez Canal

built under Napoleon III's government advanced travel making quicker time (people, cargo, mail) canal that opened in 1869 that linked the Mediterranean and Red Seas; this showcased the ability of western power and technology to transform the globe; made possible by the convergence of technology, money, politics, and a global strategy of imperial control

What did Napoleon mean when he said "The Revolution is over....I am the Revolution"? Be able to explain how Napoleon became and remained popular. What were his major accomplishments?

created stability, education and banking reform and supported scientific/technological innovations. started the revolution to create a better society sees himself as starting/ending the revolution ended it by conquering territory and crowning himself emporer He saw the revolution as all of his doings/ideas unlike rulers before him he accomplished a lot he overthrew and controlled the directory Napoleonic code which aided in call for reform

Queen Victoria

influential monarch reigning from 1837 until her death; she presided over the expansion of the British empire as well as the evolution of British politics and social/economic reforms; was the model of feminine virtues and domesticity, and middle-class women looked to her as an example

Syllabus of Errors

issued by Pope Pius (1864); condemned what he regarded as the principal religious and philosophical errors of the time; catholic church; such as materialism, free thought, and indifferentism (the idea that one religion is as good as another)

Annie Besant

labor activism, reproductive rights, political career phossy jaw (from matches) thought the people who wouldn't change phosphorus were wrong and taking advantage of young female employees political activist took it upon herself in an age of economic turn to change things (conditions in which women worked) She was a leading speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation

W.E.B. DuBois

leading African American intellectual who was a part of the Pan-African Conference of 1900 DuBois wrote the introduction "To the Nations of the World" "The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line... In the metropolis of the modern world, in this closing year of the 19th century there has been assembled a congress of men and women of African blood, to deliberate solemnly the present situation and outlook of the darker races of mankind."

Eduard Bernstein

led a group called revisionists challenged Marxist Doctrine and called for a shift to moderate and gradual reform accomplished through electoral politics betrayed Marxist theory of revolution

Scramble for Africa/Berlin Conference of 1884

made guarantees at the conference to allow Europeans to take further steps the occupation of the Congo pressured other colonial powers into expanding... French and Portugese expanded; Italy moved into territories along the Red Sea brought more of Africa into direct colonial control (direct European control and indirect control)

Otto von Bismarck/Realpolitik

maintaining Prussia absolutism Realpolitik- practical, realistic policies; practical rather than moral Bismark- german unification; "iron chancellor" edited Wilhelm's telegraph

Johann Gottfired von Herder

most influential nationalist thinker who argued civilization sprang from the culture of the common people not learned or cultivated elite each nation should be true to its own heritage and history

Romanticism- art, poetry, ideals

movement in art, music, and literature that countered the rationalism of the Enlightenment by placing greater value on human emotions and the power of nature to stimulate creativity

Mohandas Gandhi

nationalist leader who worked for an indian law firm

Nationalism

political idea based on assumption that governments could be legitimate only if they reflected the character, history, customs of the nation- common people often associated with liberalism (promoting interests of particular nation)

Socialism

political ideology that calls for classless society with collective ownership of all property (everyone equally owns) response to intensification of labor, poverty of working class neighborhoods in cities, widespread perception that a hierarchy based on rank/privilege changed to one based on social class

Joseph Conrad, The Heart of Darkness

publicized the arbitrary brutality and the vast scale of suffering in the Congo Belgium was eventually forced to take direct control of the Congo making it into a Belgian colony (1908)

Sigmund Freud

repudation of tabula rasa (human mind before experience) individual vs society psychoanalysis Austrian physician who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis; his model of the psyche contained three elements: (1) the id, or undisciplined desire for pleasure; (2) the superego, or conscience; and (3) the ego, the area in which the conflict between the id and superego works itself out; by stressing the irrational, Freud's theories fed a growing anxiety about the value and limits of human reason

Toussaint L'Ouverture/Haitian Revolution

son of a slave who collected an army of his own training them in guerrilla warfare he became statesman of the revolution and set up a constitution abolishing slavery and establishing christianity as the state religion formation of authoritarian society collided with Napoleon Bonoparte The Haitian Revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue.

Dialectical Materialism

the Marxist theory (adopted as the official philosophy of the Soviet communists) that political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions. The conflict is believed to be caused by material needs.

Revolution of 1830 (second revolution)

when Charles X reigned he tried to reverse the legacies of the Revolution by restoring the Catholic Church not enough middle class to overthrow the king (can't create a republic) the poor demanded equality working class overthrows king reformed monarchy middle class invades and eliminates much of the working/poor class

Arthur de Gobineau

wrote The Inequality of the Races in 1850s race offered the master key for understanding human societies in the modern world argued blood was the determining factor in human history 3 races- white, yellow, black and others were mixed from this Whites- purer bloodlines; superior Yellow/black- no longer capable of civilization from science