International Studies Final

Universal Norms

human rights as delineated in the Universal Declaration that most countries can agree upon

Supranational Entities

international organizations that operate beyond the national boundaries of their member states

Supranational entities

international organizations that operate beyond the national boundaries of their member states

Gross national Product (GNP)

the quantification of the value of all the goods and services produced in an economy, plus the value of goods and services imported, less the goods and services exported

Balfour Declaration

the 1917 British plan calling for the eventual creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine

Camp David Accords

the 1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel

Oslo Accords

the 1993 Israeli/Palestinian agreement that was designed to et the stage for a comprehensive and permanent peace

Road Map for Peace

the 2003 plan that established the framework for a two-state solution to the Israeli/Palestinian conflict

Enculturation

the process by which a society learns its culture

Nations that sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty

-Agree not to develop nuclear weapons -Are allowed to develop peaceful nuclear power technology -Agree not to facilitate the spread of nuclear weapons technology to non-nuclear countries

In the U.S., Arab Americans have been categorized in relations to race in a variety of ways. How are Arab Americans categorized?

-Arab Americans were originally classified as Asian, Turkish, Syrian, white, or black. There was no Arab category for race. -Today, Arabs are classified as white after they went to court to fight the Asian categorization, because for a period of time, Asians were not allowed citizenship in the US. There is still no Arab category for race.

Why is it in our interest to address issues of global health?

-Because health epidemics and problems cannot be isolated to a single country. Diseases spread easily through contact and due to the increase in globalization that has occurred in recent years. Therefore, it is beneficial for every nation to participate in the race to end disease not only without our borders, but globally as well.

Be able to compare and contrast international health and global health

-Both international and global health deal with the issue of the health of people around the world. However, International health is the more narrow approach of the two. It focuses on "us," the well off, helping "them," the lesser off. International health wants to take care of individuals, not communities. In contrast, global health transcends national boundaries, it focuses on global cooperation and health for all nations and people. It is both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary.

Concept of Manifest Destiny, and why is it relevant to indigenous people?

-Christians from European countries destined by God to expand across the North American continent. Used god as a way to justify genocide of the indigenous people of North America -"Indigenous peoples in the Americas lost 90% of the population from first contact to the early 19th century"

Paul Collier: The Four "traps" that keep some countries in poverty

-Countries considered undeveloped a century ago are now considered much more developed -The bottom billion are still trapped in poverty despite international support-have to figure this out before they can develop -"Traps" 1) Conflict (drains resources), natural resources 2) Natural resources: fight over, leads to conflict category, less vigilant about taxing people/having accountable government-syphoning wealth 3) Landlocked-unable to link with global economy, no optimal trading partners -Poor governance: corrupt officials, country is prevented from growing.

Out of respect for its members' national sovereignty, the UN usually does not send peacekeeping troops to

-Stop civil war-type conflicts between internal factions in a member state. -Stop open war between member states -Stop human rights violations withing member or non-member states.

Two perspectives on just how universal human rights are? Is culture relevant to universal human rights?

-Critics in some countries feel that human rights are "too western" and should not apply to them -however, rights are adopted virtually everywhere -All UN members participated in drafting a declaration, a collaborative effort -At first universal rights served asians/africans struggling for self-determination in the 1950s, began criticizing in the 1990's the expanding human rights agenda Relativists: -Culture is ultimately the source of validity for moral standards and rules Universalists: -Culture is not relevant to the validity of moral standards and rules

Globalization vs. Migration

-Darker side to globalization -Globalization facilitates trafficking (as consumers, what we eat and wear plays into globalization) -Globalization has made people aware of other options and the ability to migrate -Migration drives globalization-spreads culture

What is the "nutrition transition" that is being experienced by the developing world today, and what are some health outcomes we can expect to see?

-Developing world is transitioning to a "Western diet" which includes consuming more processed foods and fewer traditional vegetables and more animal proteins. -Health outcomes expected to occur include higher rates of obesity, diabetes mortality, and cardiovascular mortality in poorer countries. -Increase in tobacco usage is expected

What should the global health system include for all people? What are the roles of organizations in the global health system?

-Disease prevention, quality care, equitable acess, provision of health security -Involves constellation of actors (individuals; and or/organizations) -May operate at local, national, or global levels -Objectives: promote, restore, or maintain health

How do indigenous people understand themselves? How can this be contrasted with how they are understood by others?

-Dominant states view indigenous people as "hold-overs" from previous times where Indigenous people view these states as "settler" cultures due to prior habitation

Constructivism

-Has to do with their vision of the world -Ideas and norms can permeate through the international system -States and leaders want to follow norms, no one wants to be seen as bad -Not about power, promoting values of democracy, people identify with democracy-more likely to solve things peacefully

Hollywood's expansion to secure an international market

-Hollywood has dominated since WWI -Secured European dominance after WWII -Continues to dominate screens across the world Hollywood's economic advantage -Economic vs. aesthetics-size of country is altered to reflect gross national product (money) -Large audience=giant media market -Hollywood can invest more in films because there is more potential to make money back-draw biggest stars because of their large power -Hollywood sets standards for what looks normal (big budget films) -Hollywood expanded horizontally to secure international markets -remake is not new, invented same time cinema was invented MAP: who pumps out the most media-U.S. is biggest, we spit out the most media

What are the trends in weather-related insurance losses in the US?

-Immense increase in storm damage and flooding

What are two criteria that help us identify people as indigenous, in spite of the fact that there is no single, internationally agreed upon definition?

-Indigenous people are descended from pre-invasion or pre-colonial inhabitants of a specific region, and have suffered from economic/political marginalization as a minority group

Child soldiers: How has the context for security changes and what have been some outcomes?

-Nature of conflict is no longer state to state, global. EX: ISIS-religious battle versus territorial -Children used to prolong a war, more wars, children don't know what they're fighting about -Not about a safe state-children rights are totally gone, roped into conflicts they have nothing to do with

Pros and cons of media involvement in the humanitarian field

-News cycle broadcasts with speed and efficiency has profoundly influenced foreign policy and decisions about humanitarian action Positive Effects: -Stimulates policy dialogue -Impetus to send aid Negative Effects: -ignores local actors: unrealistic, the vast majority of humanitarian work being done by the local people -interferes with impartiality-go to freshest crisis instead of severity of need, forget about crises that are really important because media does not sustain attention -promotes competition *Positives outweigh the negatives?

How is human security different from traditional notion of security?

-No state alone can protect it's citizens -The authority of the state should derive from it's ability to defend citizens -Shift focused from state to individual -Risks individuals face are so broad -RISKS: food, health, environmental, personal, economic, terrorism, crime, violence, poverty, famine, trafficking, child soldiers -Not only an individuals physical security. UN has been trying to implement this idea-come up with a lot of criticism -Being more aware of our human security versus the nation's security as a whole -Many individuals are victim of internal security means, within their state, versus outside forces

The general objective of the Fair Trade movement is to:

-Offset the negative effects of multinationals and Neoliberal policies. - Ensures small farmers are adequately paid for their products. - Promote improvements of basic services like healthcare and schools.

If we look at the under-5 mortality rate between 1990 and 2013, what has changed and what has not changed?

-Overall, the under 5 mortality rate has dropped from 1990 to 2013

When a country borrows money from the world bank and international monetary fund, they are expected to:

-Pay the money back in a timely fashion -Institute "Structural Adjustments" in their economies and governments -Make progress toward the development of industry .

During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union avoided using their nuclear arsenals on each other primarily by:

-Pursuing creative and aggressive diplomacy - The policy of Mutually Assured Destruction -Signing a series of arms reduction treaties

The Silk Road:

-Represents one of the earlier manifestations of globalization in the Old World. -Connected East Asia with Europe and North Africa for the first time - Was actually a network of trails, roads and sea-based trade routes.

Why did Australia and the U.S. take children and destroy family units of indigenous people?

-The United States and Australia wanted enculturate children into settler ways. This was a way of preventing the indigenous culture spreading and continuing in future generations.

What can the google Ngram viewer tell us about the human rights regime?

-The viewer tells us that prior to the 1940's, there were no international laws to protect rights -Ngram=occurrence of words "human rights" in public nations-exponential rise in use of term and concern -Agenda spread rapidly around the world, expanded in scope, started with torture but arrived at controversial topics like rights for same-sex couples -Expansion of ideas -Human rights regime that we know today is new

When do Arab-Americans downplay their Arabness?

-They downplay their Arabness in "crisis" moments. They say they are Mediterranean. They try to disassociate from Islam. And they frequently change their names/nicknames.

Why are the millennium development goals significant?

-They have a simple motive: increasing living standards at a global level -Set of goals, which promote the basic human rights that all people deserve -Holistic set of goals: gender equality, empowering women, sustainability, education -Very measurable indicators, forces us to be accountable -Consensus about our priorities

Specific examples of how Arab-Americans maintain identities that are "transnational"

-They maintain identities by holding on to their culture in other countries, such as the types of food they eat. They establish Arab-American markets or maintain a sense of community by living in close proximity to together Arab-Americans such as communities in East Dearborn.

What are some specific ways that Arabs have been simplified or stereotyped? By contrast, what are a few of the many ways that many Arab Americans self-identify?

-They tend to be stereotyped as terrorists, they are always seen as Islamic people even though many are from non-Islam countries. -They self-identify as Iraqi-Iranian, in order to claim they are Mediterranean and not Islamic.

Primary purpose of cultural orientation that takes place prior to arrival

-To become acquainted with the new culture and to provide information on how to function in the new country, in terms of public transportation, finding employment, how to get to school, where to find health care, etc. -Undergo brief, 1-5 days, intensive, task-oriented to the culture of the group -Primed in what to expect

The United States has not signed on to the International Criminal Court because:

-To do so would mean surrendering sovereignty to an international body. -The US government does not believe the ICC has the power to enforce its decisions -The US fears that its leaders would be prosecuted, justly or unjustly, for perceived wrongs around the world.

Responsibilitization and drawbacks

-We are used to thinking of refugees in camps as helpless victims -Shifting social problems (like unemployment) and risks (ill health, poverty) into a real in which the individual is responsible -Social problems and risks with this, every individual will respond differently -Atomization, stress, social problems, lowered potential

Human trafficking vs. Smuggling

-You can be trafficked in your own country -Smuggling=consensual, fee for service, relationship ends when you reach your destination -There's coercion involved, never consented or consent is irrelevant -Smuggling is violation of state laws while trafficking is a crime against a person

2 Perspectives on why there are still so many human rights abuses in the world today

1) "It's getting better"-institutions created to protect human rights abuses are imperfect, question of time before culture of human rights that each individual has inherent dignity and worth -Institutions will reflect this notion and actually be able to defend 2) "Problem from hell"-argue that western governments promoted human rights not for human rights purposes but to cover up geographical strategies-a form of western imperialism -often, institutions act too little too late

What changes did Alexander's conquests bring in their wake?

1.Alexander's conquests led to the widespread syncronizatoin of Greek culture into Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. The major avenue for this spread lay in the many cities established by the Greeks throughout the Hellenistic world.

In what cultural context did human rights initially develop, according to Lynn Hunt?

1) "Views of my Body" -People capable of moral autonomy, separation of individual bodies and ownership of individual bodies -French families wanted separate rooms, with separation/ownership of bodies came notion of shame -Sense of body decorum -Clearer lines of demarcation-people rowdy before advent of human rights 2) "Rise of novels" -Take off as genre -Written from first perspective, imagine world through eyes of protagonist in the story, characters like the writers -Sense of empathy to shift paradigms -See those who are different as equals 3) "Ideas about torture" -pretty extreme forms of punishment, even for minor offenses, would be publicly humiliated -A lesson learning experience to society -Once there is empathy and the notion of the body, torture becomes intolerable

Main contributions of the UDHR

1) Aftermath of WWII -Sentiment of "never again" -WWII left virtually no country unscathed, an array of human rights abuses that had taken place 2) UN Charter -drafted in San Francisco-called for creation of commission to draft declaration -Eleanor Roosevelt-prevented process from derailing 3) Collectively authored -important to appreciated that it was collectively authored document-people who came from very different philosophies/faiths

What are the drawbacks of legal equality?

1) Because states are sovereign, they are only bound to obligations they accept-they don't have to help any other states 2) Can refuse to accept parts of international law- human rights, unwilling to pay the cost of global public goods 3) Issues with treaties-weak universal treaties, or smaller, strong treaties between nations

Strategies for Development

1) Better Trade 2) Good governance: 3) Microfinance: offering loans for entrepreneaurs who do not qualify for traditional loans 4) Gender Equality: millenium goals-inequality prevents countries from developing

Three most significant challenges humanitarian action faces

1) Coordination -Smooth coordination can reduce the attention on an IGO or NGO, both of which want to be in the limelight to get funding, grants, etc. Smooth coordination carries costs in time and energy for NGO's. "Gold Rush" occurs with NGO's trying to get more funding and too many organizations end up getting involved. Lack of coordination during the Siege of Sarajevo. The UN set up humanitarian corridors to sent in food and water and the UNHCR gave ID cards so humanitarian workers could safely get in and out of conflict zones. However, UNCHR lost it's oversight of who it issues IDs to and soon many people had obtained IDs to get into and out of the conflict zones. 2) ACCESS -Notion that the Un should not intervene in matters that are of domestic matter for other countries-violating sovereignty. Countries don't protect population, and don't allow access to outsiders. EXAMPLE: Russia has stated that the UN does not have the right to intervene in the issue of Chechnya. However, a response to this challenge of access is militarization-on the part of the UN-to protect human rights of local civilians and aid workers. Humanitarian assistance can often help combatants, which in turn could create more victims. 3) Development -Important to find a link between relief and development. Humanitarian action is short term, while development is long term. Finding different sources of funding and forming collaborative relationships with governments. Often, these relationships include more shaming and adversarial implications.

Two alternatives to national identity and allegiance

1) Cosmopolitanism -We have two communities (local and community) -The expansion of our sense of belonging from family, religion, ethnicity, nationality to "global humanity" "Citizen of the world" -Instead of belonging to our own group, we belong to the global humanity -ALL TALK NO ACTION, all talk no love tho WE HAVE TWO THINGS 2) Global citizen -we should all care about everything "individuals see themselves as members of a global community, confront challenges from a global perspective) -understand how the world works Criticism: vague, lacks institutional support (no concrete way to uphold these values), ethnocentric(based on moral values common to whom?), states still the major players in international relations

Two questions that interests economists who study the EU

1) Do you benefit if you eliminate tariffs on everyone? Or do you only benefit differently? Selective removal of tariffs 2) Why do some different people use the same money and why do others use different money? Under what circumstances would it be good to use the same money vs. different money?

2 Types of National

1) Ethnic -Based on lineage and ancestry. There is such a thing as a "clearly defined, pure ethnic group." -Serb nationalism-ethically cleanse the territory where people who were mixed or different. 2) Civic -Based on political participation. Gandhi's ideas for Indian nationalism were very sophisticated, should transcend and be inclusive of people of different faiths and ethnicities. Goes against our stereotype of nationalism. Can be a very stabilizing force in politics. -People transfer allegiance from clan or charge to a larger entity. -Foundation for democracy

Political Hat: Two major principals or feature of both the US and European Union Systems

1) Federalism -Government at national and state levels (certain powers at each) -Individual nation states, but European Union is above that -European Union powers vs. individual state's power 2) Separation of Powers -Important in EU -Principle of Supremacy: incompatibility between constitution and federal constitution, it is the state constitution that must give way -Every country

Three perspectives on Globalization

1) Globalizers: the ones who believe globalization is a profoundly transforming process. They are optimistic about the outcomes of globalization. 2) Rejectionists: they believe the globalizers are exaggerating and inaccurate in their praises of globalization. 3) Skeptics: believe globalization is beneficial buy may step back to reexamine the true effects. Rejectionists are incorrect-globalization is real and happening WE ARE LESS GLOBALIZED THAN WE THINK

Primary emphasis of training and community orientation that refugees undergo after arrival in the U.S.

1) Grow an awareness of the importance of personal responsibility for success 2) Enhance the habit of assuming good will 3) Increase skills for controlling personal thoughts an moods 4) Provide must-have tools for creating success -Language more "americanized"

How did the collapse of empire play out differently in the Roman world and in China?

1.All China collapsed and only the western half of Rome fell, Byzantium remained 2. Nomadic peoples helped cause the collapse oof both empires. 3.However, the nomads who successfully invaded and settled in north China assimilated and eventually restablished the dynastic system, whereas in western europe they didn't, leading to the political fragmentation of Europe

What are the origins of human rights in the West? Recognize and describe 3 antecedents to the regime we know today, using complete sentences.

1) Hugo Grotius: He had the idea that rights were things people could use independent of religions to establish contractual foundation -Natural rights, based on the universe, not on law 2) American Revolution -The shock forced us to arrive at the modern conception of human rights -Thomas Jefferson placed responsibility for Virginia declaration on philosophers, politics to philosophy -King George III failed to protect people in colonies, justification for new government -Ability of government to maintain protection of rights 3) French Revolution -doesn't apply to just French people, should apply to everyone -Terms like natural law and natural right taken to be self-evident

Main UN bodies for protecting human rights. Role of responsibility of at least one part of the human rights "machinery"

1) Human Rights Council a) Universal Periodic Review -reformed commission into council-best success is UPR, every single UN member has had record reviewed -special procedures could be special interest groups of the country's situation 2) HRC -monitoring compliance with civil and political rights-countries who have signed that treaty are obligated to report activities, conversations are open 3) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) -Plays coordinating role with other institutions -works directly with governments to think through how they might address violations in their country 4) International Criminal Court -2002, GOAL: end impunity for perpetrators of most serious crimes, -independent court but not completely independent of the United Nations -22 cases, 9 situations, 2 convictions

3 factors contributing to the waning power of the nation-state

1) International Trade: even though a nation-state will have it's own individual economy, our economies are move sensitive to each other 2) Power Blocs: NATO and the European Union. Nation states are willing to relinquish some of their autonomy in the decision about things in the choice of a weapon system and the choice of a strategy 3) The rise of International Law-power of state over citizens

Four characteristics of the soverign state system.

1) Legal equal entity-everyone is equal 2) Autonomy-self-govern. Internal (answer to yourself) and external sovereignty (relationship between sovereign power and other states). 3) Territorial definition of politics 4) Mutual Recognition: we both states.

Three ways indigenous cultures have been marginalized:

1) Loss of territory-trail of tears and ethnic cleansing 2) Destruction of family units-in Australia children of aborigines were legally removed from their families 3) Loss of language and culture: In U.S., children of Native Americans were forced to attending boarding school where they were only allowed to speak English. Indigenous language was not passed on.

What were "two mistakes of the past?" Who proposed the solutions and what were they?

1) Making the Loser Pay: if you win the war, you dictate the terms. You exact your revenge. Solution: winners pay. John Maynard Caines: just going to create anger and more wars between Germany and France 2) Even when one withdrew from the other country, the winner still wanted more. Tried to gain more territory. Having a war on European Soil Solution: ECSC-in order to prevent another war from springing up. Started sharing resources, could monitor what was being used and how much of it.

Three approaches or schools of thought in economics that influenced notions of development

1) Mercantilism -16th century -Aggressive pursuit of export outlets and protection of domestic markets -Government control of the economy to gain power 2) Economic Liberalism -18th century -Adam Smith, David Ricardo -Minimal state intervention -"Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith-father of modern economics, development as field rooted in economics -Argued rational self interest and competition would lead to prosperity, less state intervention -optimal for growth -Economic liberalism developed as critique of mercantilism 3) Planned Economics -Karl Marx and Engels -Advocated for common ownership of the means of production -Private ownership of means of production is explotative, leads to conflict -All economic activities are planned by the government -Interested in more equal relations -There was a lot of thinking about how to organize an economy before we even got the idea of development

Three options for dealing with climate change

1) Mitigation: addressing the causes of climate change. Implementing alternative energy options such as using less carbon-based energy, carbon capture and storage, and developing alternative energy (biofuels, carbon, etc) 2) Adaptation: addressing the consequences of climate change. Taking action such as leveling the playing field by raising the price of carbon, climate engineering to reflect sun reaching Earth, changing crops you plant, building sea walls, reduction in water usage, and CO2 management 3) Ignoring climate change: pretending nothing is going that badly, that it won't reflect us personally.

Three conditions that contributed to development of Nationalism in Western Europe in late 18th Century

1) Mobility: people started moving from villages and towns to cities. Agricultural work to factory jobs. Started to identify with a larger entity. 2) Mass Literacy: as people became more literate, newspapers came to be published in a vernacular-a national language. People could communicate better across regions. Imagine yourself as a bigger group of people. 3) Religion-more tolerant to people of different religions

Myths Surrounding Human Trafficking

1) Most trafficking is for the purpose of prostitution False-Internationally 78% of trafficking is thought to be labor and the remainder is for sex-within the U.S. about 46% is trafficking for sex, the rest for labor 2) In order to end human trafficking, law enforcement authorities, customs officials and border guards need educating. MYTH, yes they need educating, but that's not necessarily enough. Has to be prosecution on top of education. 3) The women who are trafficked for sex work hope to be returned and reintegrated into their families and communities. MYTH: Family loyalty is a big barrier to reintegration-if family gives daughter to employer and that girl is trafficked, reluctant to intervene -Trust is built, begin to identify with trafficker -Gender inequality-often women last hired and first fired 4) Human trafficking is a problem in other parts of the world, not the United States. MYTH

Factors contributing to the successful integration of refugees into a country. Know three

1) Opportunities in local economy 2) Degree of linguistic/ethic/cultural similarity -3) Legislation to provide official status-important to work, purchase property, etc.

Three words the newly resettled Burmese would describe us by:

1) Ownership 2) Responsibility 3) Self-Sufficiency 4) Work 5) Rules/Regulations 6) Discipline/Self-Control

Consequences of climate change

1) Ozone Depletion 2) Loss of habitats: when sea levels rise, floods occur and permanently takeover land and space and destroy habitats, killing the biodiversity along with it 3) More drastic temperatures and more drastic natural disasters 4) more widespread diseases: when people are displaced as a result of rising sea levels, they become more densely packed in certain areas, giving more opportunities for diseases to spread 5) Rising sea levels: large populations live at coastal areas, meaning that many are affected by displacement; low-lying countries face more severe damages (i.e. Bangladesh); most of the countries that are badly affected do not have the finances/resources/ability to tack and conquer the problem 6) Ocean Acidification: much of marine biodiversity is directly affected and thus lost, but also, this affects agriculture because less land is conducive for agriculture, and water treatments must be more extensive (and more expensive) to use for agriculture 7) Rapid melting of ice (deglaciation)-dark and dirty ice absorbs more heat, which leads to more rapid deglaciation -complication: increase volcanic activity/deforestation/wildfires-->soot gets trapped in ice-->feedback loop-vicious cycle -Dryer air: cracks in ice provide pathways for melted ice to flow through them and lubricate areas of ice patches-->they break off into warm seas and melt-->sea levels rise 8) Doomsday Scenario: earth becomes too extreme to be able to maintain it's balance and replenish itself

What are some examples of climate engineering?

1) Reflective particles in the atmosphere 2) Carbon recapture

Name and describe three forms of resistance against dominant nation-states that indigenous people have used

1) Self-Governance 2) Maintaining Spiritual Practices 3) Obtaining cultural/intellectual property rights. Any federally funded institutions are obligated to return any cultural property to descendants of indigenous peoples and tribes. 4) Involvement with International organizations: The UN has ratified the Un Declaration on Indigenous Peoples -World Council of Indigenous was created to share strategies for advancing against dominant groups and achieving self-determination

Three components of the International Bill of Human Rights

1) UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2) ICCPR: International covenant on civil and political rights 3) ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Three Phases of Addressing Gender in Development in the UN system

1) Women in Development (WID) PLUS: Recognized that women had been left out of many projects, set up special divisions to let them in MINUS: assumed Western middle class roles were the norm and ideal MINUS: Women not included in designing projects-never asked what their priorities were 2) Gender and Development (GAD) Late 1980s PLUS: rejects idea of treating women as a "special" topic, attention to double burden MINUS: still assumed Western middle class was the best model 3) Gender Mainstreaming in 1995 PLUS: All UN Agencies must incorporate gender in analyses of any project in all phases MINUS: Little training OR funding for these efforts

In the foundation period 10,000-1,000 BCE what ways did agriculture spread and where and why was it sometimes resisted?

1. Agriculture spread in two ways: through diffusion and colonization. 2. Successful resistance to the encroachment of agriculture occurred in areas that were unsuitable to farming or in regions of particular natural abundance where the population did not need to farm intensively. 3. It also helped to not be in the direct line of advance of a more powerful agricultural people.

In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns?

1.Continuance in Byzantium's roads, military structures, centralized administration, imperial court, laws, and Christian organization. 2.Byzantium diverged through the development of a reformed administrative system that gave appointed generals civil authority in the empire's provinces and allowed them to raise armies from the landowning peasants of the region.

In what ways did 3rd wave China participate in the world of Eurasian commerce and exchange, and with what outcomes?

1. China actively participated in commerce, with its export products: silk, porcelain, lacquerware. 2.The size of the Chinese economy provided a market commodities from afar: cotton textiles from SA . 3.One key outcome was the diffusion of many Chinese technological innovation: papermaking, printing, explosives, textiles, metallurgy, and naval technologies which often sparked further innovations i.e.gunpowder in Europe spurred the development of cannons. 4. China got cotton and sugar from India and gained access to new, fast-ripening, and drought-resistant strains of rice from Vietnam. pop boom. 5.Buddhism

In what ways did women's lives change during the Tang and Song dynasties?

1. Chinese women in the Tang dynasty, at least in the north, had participated in social life with greater freedom than in classical times. This was partly because of the influence of Buddhism. 2. But the revival of Confucianism and rapid economic growth during the Song dynasty resulted in patriarchal restrictions on women; foot binding. 3.In the textile industry, urban workshops and state factories replaced the work of rural women. 4.The growing prosperity of elite families funneled increased numbers of women into roles as concubines, entertainers, courtesans, and prostitutes. 5.This trend reduced the ability of wives to negotiate as equals with their husbands, and it set women against one another. 6.Some positive trends in the lives of women occurred during the Song dynasty focused on education as a way to better prepare their sons for civil service exams.

What were the impacts of the emergence of transregional networks of communication and exchange in 500 ce?

1. Diasporatic communities develop in places where long term merchant activity is common (South Asia and East Africa mostly) 2. As a result of direct contact with merchants form distant societies technology, religion, and culture are exchanged with a greater frequency and accuracy 3. Disease pools grow as merchants carry disease to all corners of the Old World.

What replaced the Roman order in Western Europe?

1. Feudalism focused on the creation of regional kingdoms ruled by Germanic warlords. 2.But these states maintained some Roman features, including written Roman law and the use of fines and penalties to provide order and justice. 3.Roman slavery gave way to the practice of serfdom. 4.The Roman Catholic Church increased its influence over society.

How did Greco-Roman slavery differ from that of other classical civilizations?

1. Greco-Roman society depended more on slaves than did other classical civilizations. 2. There were far more slaves in the Greco-Roman world than in other classical civilizations. 3. Slaves participated in a greater number and range of occupations than in other classical civilizations, from the highest and most prestigious positions to the lowest and most degraded. Slaves were excluded only from military service. 4. Greco-Roman slaves essentially served to allow the elites to specalize in warfare

In comparing the Roman and Chinese empires, which do you find more striking their similarities or their differences?

1. In general, the Chinese empire focused on cultural homogeneity and more centralized political control than Rome 2. Both invested heavily in public works designed to integrate their respective domains militarily and commercially. (roads and the great wall) 3.Both invoked supernatural sanctions to support their rule. (will of the gods) 4. Both absorbed foreign religious traditions; Rome=Christianity and China=Buddhism 5. Romans decentralized and ruled through local elites in conqured areas and China ruled directly through the Shi.

How did India's caste system differ from China's class system?

1. India's caste system gave priority to religious status and ritual purity, while China elevated political officials to the highest of elite positions. 2. The caste system divided Indian society into a vast number of distinct social groups compared to the broader categories of Chinese society. 3. The caste system defined social groups far more rigidly and with even less opportunity for social mobility than did China's class system.

Analyze the major economic impact of the increasing ammount of trade during the 3 wave civlizations?

1. It altered consumption by allowing for new luxury products that let the wealthy display their status (silk, gems, ivory, gold, slaves) 2. Encouraged specialization in the creation of new manufactured goods (silk and cotton weavers) 3.Diminished economic self-sufficiency of local societies as they became dependent on imported goods 4.Merchants often became a distinct social group within civilizations

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics?

1. It created a permanent schism within Catholic Christendom. 2.It provided the urban middle classes a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society. 3.It did stimulate female education and literacy, even if there was little space for women to make use of that education outside the family. 4.Religious difference led to sectarian violence, to war, and ultimately to religious coexistence. 5.It fostered religious individualism as people were encouraged to read and interpret the scriptures themselves and to seek salvation without the mediation of the Church.

What technological developments drove the emergence of transregional networks of communication and exchange in 500 ce?

1. Lateen sail made it possable to fight the winds allowing for a greater range of mobility. 2. The camel saddle made it possabel for the sand roads (Sahara desert) to join the trade network 3. The yoke allowed

In what ways did the environment influence the emergence of transregional networks of communication and exchange in the New World ca 500 ce?

1. North south oriented biomes made travel difficult 2. Relatively few domesticated animals made it hard to transport goods over long distances 3. The sea and current patterns of the Americas make it unfriendly to sea travel

How did the inequalities of slavery differ from those of caste?

1. Slaves possessed the status of outsiders, whereas each jati possessed a recognized position in the social hierarchy. 2.Slaves were owned and sold, unlike members of the caste system. 3.Slaves worked without pay, unlike members of the caste system. 4.Slaves lacked any rights or independent personal identity, unlike individuals in the caste system. 5.In some traditions, slaves could transform their status by being freed by their master or by purchasing their freedom. Also in some traditions, children of slaves were considered free at birth. These traditions offered more opportunities for social mobility than did the caste system.

What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilization?

1. The Agricultural Revolution allowed communities to produce sufficient food surpluses to support large populations and the specialized or elite minorities who did not themselves produce food. This in turn allowed for the development of new technologies such as writing and metallurgy which gave "civilizations" enormous advantages over hunter-gatherer societies. 2. Animal husbandry also allowed for zoonoses which gave the "civilizations" a disease edge over the HG societies as well

What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it?

1. The end of the last Ice Age around 16,000 years ago made agriculture possible with warmer, wetter, and more stable climatic conditions 2. Huamns had learned to selectivley breed wild plants to increase their yield 3. The need to increase food supplies to feed growing populations of humans also contributed to the emergence of agriculture.

Why were centralized empires so much less prominent in India than in China?

1. The frequency of invasions from Central Asia in comparison to China made centralized empire less likely 2. Most importatnly though in contrast to China, caste system made for intensely local loyalties at the expense of wider identities that might have fostered empires.

In what ways did the environment influence the emergence of transregional networks of communication and exchange in the Old World ca 500 ce?

1. The monsoon winds of the Indian sea trade network allowed much more sea travel as the winds were predictable 2. The large east west oriented biomes allowed for greater distance of travel between trade centers 3. The abundance of large domesticated animals allowed for the greater movement of goods, including foods, in the old world.

How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire?

1. The values of the Roman republic, including rule of law, the rights of citizens, upright moral behavior, and keeping one's word 2.Poor soldiers hoped for land, loot, or salaries. The well-to-do or well-connected gained great estates, earned promotion, and sometimes achieved public acclaim and high political office by participating in empire building. 3.Expansion was necessary to supply Rome with the slaves necessary to keep labor supplies high enough for Rome to function effectivly.

What was the role of cities in the classical period

1. They continued to be the place where most religious, political, and manufacturing activities took place. This role however grew as they did (the Han capital had 300,000 inhabitants) 2. As a result of the anonymity that existed in cities social status was more liquid there than in the country side 3. Disease was more prevalent and life expectancy diminished 4. They caused brain drain from the surrounding communities.

How and why did the making of the Chinese empire differ from that of the Roman Empire?

1. Unlike the Roman Empire (which was new), the Chinese empire represented an effort to revive an imperial tradition that already existed earlier dynasties. 2. As a result the process of creating the empire was quicker, though it was no less reliant on military force and no less brutal than the centuries-long Roman effort.

What were the consequences for both sides of the encounter between the Persians and the Greeks?

1. While no doubt embarrassing, the failure of the Persian invasions of Greece had very little impact on the Persian Empire. 2.Defeat of the Persian armies was a source of enormous pride for Greece. For the Greeks (especially the Athenians), it confirmed their view that Greek freedoms strengthened their will to fight 3.As a reuslt monumental buildings like the Parthenon in Athens were built, Greek theater was born, and Socrates was beginning his career as a philosopher. 4. But the Greco-Persian Wars also led to Athens and Sparts to fight for a dominant position in Greece known as the Peloponnesian War, which opened the way for Macedonia to conquer the Greek city-states.

In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000?

1.A more efficient horse collar, which probably originated in China or Central Asia, contributed to European efforts to plow the heavy soils of northern Europe. 2.Gunpowder from China, combined with cannons developed in Western Europe, gave Europeans a military edge over other civilizations. 3.Improvements in shipbuilding and navigational techniques, including the magnetic compass and sternpost rudder from China and adaptations of the Arab lateen sail, enabled Europeans to build advanced ships for oceanic voyages.

In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?

1.Africa became a permanent part of an interacting Atlantic world, both commercially and demographically. 2.The Atlantic slave trade slowed Africa's population growth at a time when the populations of Europe, China, and other regions were expanding. 3.The slave trade in general stimulated little positive economic change in Africa and led to economic stagnation. 4.Some larger interior kingdoms such as the Songhai also slowly disintegrated, in part, because of the slave trade. 5. Women, who were captured at a far lower rate than men, lost status as polygamy increased

What makes it possible to speak of the Islamic world as a distinct and coherent civilization?

1.At the core of that civilization was a common commitment to Islam. 2.No group was more important in the transmission of Islamic beliefs and practices than the ulama, an "international elite" who created a system of education that served to bind together an immense and diverse civilization. 3.The pilgrimage to Mecca (the hajj) drew many thousands of Muslims to Mecca each year from all over the Islamic world. 4.The focus on learning the Quran in Arabic allowed Islam to communicate across a wide swath of the old world.

How would you describe the social hierarchy of classical China?

1.At the top of the social hierarchy in China were emperor and the shi. 2.The shi were in large part drawn from wealthy landowning families. 3.Despite the efforts of Chinese emperors, landowners remained a central feature of Chinese society, 4.Peasants made up the largest part of the Chinese population. Over time the peasants lost their land to the landwoning families. 5.The elite in Chinese society possessed a largely negative view of merchants, who were viewed as unproductive people who made a shameful profit by selling the work of others.

What class conflicts disrupted classical Chinese society?

1.Between the emperor and wealthy landowners; the emperor worked to limit the accumulation of estates by large landowners, who could potentially threaten his power. 2.Shi and landowners who sought taxes and labor obligatoin from peasants. 3.As a result peasants frequently abandoned their land, forming bandit gangs or rising up against their social superiors 4. merchants against all. Despite active discrimination, merchants frequently became quite wealthy, and some purchasing landed estates and educating their sons to become shi.

In what different ways did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan experience and respond to Chinese influence?

1.Both Korea and Vietnam achieved political independence while participating fully in the tribute system as vassal states. Japan was never conquered by the Chinese but did participate for some of its history in the tribute system as a vassal state. 2.The cultural elite of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan borrowed heavily from: Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, administrative techniques, the examination system, artistic and literary styles even as their own cultures remained distinct. 3. Both Korea and Vietnam experienced some colonization by ethnic Chinese settlers. 4.Unlike Korea or Japan, the cultural heartland of Vietnam was fully incorporated into the Chinese state for over a thousand years. This political dominance led to cultural changes in Vietnam, such as the adoption of Chinese-style irrigated agriculture, the education of the Vietnamese elite in Confucian-based schools and their inclusion in the local bureaucracy, Chinese replacing the local language in official business, and the adoption of Chinese clothing and hairstyles.

What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads?

1.Buddhism appealed to Indian merchants, who preferred its universal message to that of a Brahmin-dominated Hinduism that privileged higher castes. 2.Well-to-do Buddhist merchants built monasteries and supported monks to earn religious merit. 3.In China, Buddhism remained for many centuries a religion of foreign merchants or foreign rulers. Only after classical collapse did it become popular among the Chinese themselves. 4.As it spread, Buddhism changed. In particular, the Mahayana (prayer) form of Buddhism flourished 5.Buddhism picked up elements of other cultures, many of the local gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated into Buddhist practice as bodhisattvas.

In what ways did Buddhism reflect Hindu traditions, and in what ways did it challenge them?

1.Buddhism reflected Hindu traditions in the idea that ordinary life is an illusion, in the concepts of karma and rebirth, the goal of overcoming the incessant demands of the ego, the practice of meditation, and the hope for final release from the cycle of rebirth. 2.Buddhism challenged Hindu traditions through its rejection of the religious authority of the Brahmins, and its rejection of the inequalities of a Hindu-based caste system through its belief that neither caste position nor gender was a barrier to enlightenment.

What were the major sources of opposition to Buddhism within China?

1.Buddhism was clearly of foreign origin and therefore offensive to some Confucian and Daoist thinkers. 2.For some Confucian thinkers, the celibacy of monks and their withdrawal from society undermined the Confucian-based family system of Chinese tradition. 3.After 800 C.E., a growing resentment of foreign culture took hold, particularly among the literate classes. Ultimately, a series of imperial decrees between 841 and 845 C.E. ordered some 260,000 monks and nuns to return to secular life, and thousands of monasteries, temples, and shrines were destroyed or turned to public use.

What set of ideas underlies India's caste-based society?

1.By 500 B.C.E., there was a clear belief that society was organized into four great segments (varnas), with one's position in this system determined by birth. 2.Three top segments were pure Aryans: the bottom segment was not of Aryan heritage and was known as the Sudras; they were native peoples who served in very subordinate positions. 3.In reality, there was considerable social change in ancient India. For instance, the Vaisya varna developed into a merchant class, while the Sudra varna became the peasants. A new group known as the untouchables emerged below the Sudras; they undertook the most polluting and unclean tasks. 4. This system was reinforced by laws (untouchables could be killed by a brhaman with no real penalty) and religious custom. If you don't accecpt your position in life you will be reincarnated as a lesser being (ant)

What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era?

1.Chinese empire building vastly enlarged the territorial size of China and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom. 2.It was driven largely by security concerns. Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China. 3.Chinese officials generally did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region.

What motivated Chinese maritime voyaging in the fifteenth century

1.Chinese exploration was undertaken by an enormous fleet composed of several hundred large ships 2.China, needed no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. 3.China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433; the European explorations continued and even escalated. 4.The Chinese believed in the absolute superiority of their culture, and felt that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them.

How did the Daoist outlook differ from that of Confucianism?

1.Daoists found Confucian emphasis on education and the earnest striving for moral improvement and good government artificial and useless. 2.Instead, Daoists urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural. 3.Daoists turned the spotlight onto the immense realm of nature and its mysterious unfolding patterns, while Confucians focused on the world of human relationships. 4. As such Daoism has major impacts on Chinese arts

In what ways did networks of interaction in the Western Hemisphere differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere?

1.Direct connections among the civilizations and cultures of the Americas were fewer than Afro-Eurasian region. 2.The spread of agricultural products was slower and less pronounced in the Americas than in Eurasia (maize). 3.The Americas had no equivalent to the spread of distinct cultural traditions like Buddhism, Christianity, or Islam 4.Nevertheless, the Americas did have zones of interaction, as reflected in the slow spread of goods (pottery).

What was the impact of disease along the Silk Roads?

1.Disease spread along the Roads and created a large disease pool that was shared ammongst all of the old world. 2.The worst example of this occurred in the fourteenth century, with the Black Death 3.In the long run, the exchange of diseases gave Europeans a certain advantage in the domination of the Americas

In what ways did pastoral societies interact with their agricultural neighbors?

1.Economically, nomads sought access to the foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items available only from their agricultural neighbors. 2.Politically and militarily, pastoral peoples at times came together to extract wealth from agricultural societies through trading, raiding, or extortion. 3.Culturally, members of some pastoral societies adopted the religions of their agricultural neighbors

In what different ways did 3rd wave Japanese and Korean women experience the pressures of Confucian orthodoxy?

1.Elite Japanese women, unlike those in Korea, largely escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture, such as the prohibition of remarriage for widows, seclusion within the home, and foot binding. 2.Moreover, elite Japanese women continued to inherit property, Japanese married couples often lived apart or with the wife's family, and marriages in Japan were made and broken easily.

What are the distinctive features of the Greek intellectual tradition?

1.Emphasis on argument and logic 2.Relentless questioning of received wisdom Confidence in human reason 3.Enthusiasm for puzzling out the world without much reference to the gods 4. A fcous on the finding of universal truths

Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?

1.Europe's had unusually autonomous universities in which scholars could pursue their studies in relative freedom from the dictates of church or state authorities. 2.Western Europe was in a position to draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Islamic world. 3.The Age of Exploration shook up older ways of thinking and opened the way to new conceptions of the world. 4.In the Islamic world, philosophy and natural science were viewed with great suspicion by the ulama . 5.In China, education focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism.

What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade?

1.European demand for slaves was clearly the chief cause of the trade. 2.From the point of sale on the African coast to the massive use of slave labor on American plantations, the entire enterprise was in European hands. 3.Europeans tried to exploit African rivalries to obtain slaves at the lowest possible cost, and the firearms that they funneled into West Africa may well have increased the warfare from which so many slaves were derived. 4.From the point of initial capture to sale on the coast, the slave trade was normally in African hands. Africans brought slaves to the coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified settlements.

What large-scale transformations did European empires generate?

1.European empire building caused the demographic collapse of Native American societies. 2.Combinations of indigenous, European, and African peoples created entirely new societies in the Americas. 3.Large-scale exchanges of plants and animals transformed the crops and animals raised both in the Americas and in the Eastern Hemisphere. 4.The silver mines of Mexico and Peru fueled both transatlantic and transpacific commerce. 5.The need for plantation workers and the sugar and cotton trade created a lasting link among Africa, Europe, and the Americas, while scattering peoples of African origins throughout the Western Hemisphere.

What typified and drove the European voyages of exploration?

1.European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships 2.European motivations for exploration included the desire for wealth from trade, the search for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Muslim powers. 3.The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas 4.The fragmentation of political authority in Europe, ensured that once begun, rivalry alone would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. 5.The Europeans were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power blocked easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself.

What enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands?

1.Europeans were much closer to the Americas than were their potential Asian competitors. 2.Europeans were powerfully motivated after 1200 to gain access to the world of Eurasian commerce. 3.Groups within European society, including competing monarchs, merchants, impoverished nobles and commoners, Christian missionaries, and persecuted minorities all had strong, if different, motivations for participating in empire building. 4. European states and trading companies enabled the effective mobilization of both human and material resources. 5. Disease in the Americas

What motivated Russian empire building?

1.Fear of the Mongols drove the Russians to conqure the vast siberian plain. 2.Russian expansion into Siberia was driven by demand on the world market for the pelts of fur-bearing animals, although later some agricultural settlement took place. The motivations of defending Russian frontiers, enhancing the power of the Russian state, 3.The Russians were also movitvated by bringing Christianity and attempted conversion of the native Siberians

Why were Arabs able to construct such a huge empire so quickly?

1.For the first time, a shared faith in Islam allowed the newly organized state to mobilize the military potential of the entire Arab population. 2.The Byzantine and Persian empires were weakened by decades of war with each other and by internal revolts. 3.Merchant leaders of the new Islamic community wanted to capture the profitable trade routes of the Silk Roads. 4.Individual Arabs found in military expansion a route to wealth and social promotion. 5.Expansion provided a common task for the Arab community, which reinforced the fragile unity of the umma. 6.Arabs were motivated by a religious dimension, as many viewed the mission of empire in terms of jihad, bringing righteous government to the peoples they conquered.

Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China experienced?

1.Geographic barriers, ethnic and linguistic diversity, and the shifting balances of power among Europe's many states prevented the emergence of a single European empire like that of China.

How was Mongol rule in Persia different from that in China?

1.Heavy taxation pushed Persian peasants off their land 2.The Mongol rulers in Persia were transformed far more than their counterparts in China were, as the Mongols made extensive use of the sophisticated Persian bureaucracy. 3.Unlike what occurred in China, the Mongols who conquered Persia converted in large numbers to the local Muslim faith. 4.A number of Mongols turned to farming and married local people, so when their rule in Persia collapsed, they were not driven out as they were from China.

What new emphases characterized Hinduism as it responded to the challenge of Buddhism?

1.Hindu emphasis was on devotion to one or another of India's many gods and goddesses. 2.One manifestation of this emphasis was the bhakti movement, which involved intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals associated with the many cults that emerged throughout India. The most popular deities were Vishnu and Shiva. 3.These prayers would gain you good karma and move you towards nirvana.

Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?

1.In China missionaries metopposition from a powerful and organized cnetralized authority. 2.In Spanish America ,missionaries worked among a defeated population whose societies had been thoroughly disrupted and whose cultural confidence was shaken. 3.Missionaries to China deliberately sought to convert the official Chinese elite, while missionaries to Spanish America sought to convert the masses. 4.Missionary efforts in China were less successful because the missionaries offered little that the Chinese really needed, since traditional Chinese philosophies and religions provided for the spiritual needs of most Chinese. 5.In the Americas, local gods had in part been discredited by the Spanish conquest, and in any case, Christianity was a literate world religion, something different from what had been practiced in the region before.

In what ways was European science received in the major civilizations of Asia in the early modern era?

1.In China, European scientific knowledge was sought after selectively. Qing dynasty emperors and scholars were most interested in European astronomy and mathematics. However, they had little interest in European medicine. 2.Scholars in the Ottoman Empire were broadly aware of European scientific achievements by 1650, but they took an interest only in those developments that offered practical utility, such as in making maps and calendars.

How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of southern colonies in British North America?

1.In North America, there was less racial mixing and less willingness to recognize the offspring of such unions and accord them a place in society. 2.Slavery in North America was different, being perhaps less harsh there than in the sugar colonies. 3.By 1750, slaves in the United States had become self-reproducing, and a century later almost all North American slaves had been born in the New World. That was never the case in Brazil and the Caribbean. 4.Many more slaves were voluntarily set free by their owners in Brazil than was ever the case in North America, 5.In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person "black"; not in Brazil, Moreover, color was only one criterion of class status in Brazil, and the perception of color changed with the educational or economic standing of individuals.

Analyze the social consequences of the increasing ammount of trade during the 3 wave civlizations?

1.In some regions, long-distance trade profoundly affected the lives of peasant farmers. For instance, peasants in southern China sometimes gave up the cultivation of food crops, choosing to focus instead on producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware, or iron tools, much of which was destined for the markets of the Silk Roads. 2.This created a possiblity for class mobility as peasants entered the artisan class

How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people and of the Russian homeland itself?

1.In terms of its conquered people, conquest meant the taking of an oath of loyalty to the Russian ruler; the payment of tribute 2.Devastating epidemics 3. Intermittent pressure to convert to Christianity; 4. The loss of hunting grounds and pasturelands to Russian agricultural settlers, which disrupted the local economy and left local populations dependent on Russian markets. 5.The Empire made Russia a highly militarized state and reinforced the highly autocratic character of the Russian state.

In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West, in Byzantium, and in the Islamic world?

1.In the West after 1000 C.E., a belief in the ability of human reason to penetrate divine mysteries and to grasp the operation of the natural order took shape through the scientific method 2.In the Byzantine Empire, scholars kept the classical tradition alive, rather than a change to the scientific method 3.Islam saw a flowering of scholarship, between roughly 800 and 1200 C.E. But the scientific method did not become a central concern for Islam higher education as it did in Western Europe. In fact After 1200 Islam began to become more and more conservitave in its approach to scholarship as opposed to christianity

In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy?

1.Intensive agriculture with animal-drawn plows and more intensive large-herd pastoralism (tasks that men were better able to perform) 2.The growing population of civilizations meant that women were more often pregnant 3.Men, because they were less important in the household, were available to take on positions of economic, religious, and political authority as societies grew more complex. 4.Large-scale military conflict with professionally led armies enhanced the power and prestige of a male warrior class. 5.Restrictions of women's sexual activity became central to ensuring that offspring of the male head of household inherited family property.

What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world?

1.Islam continued to spread because conversion to Islam generally did not mean a sudden abandonment of old religious practices, but rather more often the assimilation of "Islamic rituals, cosmologies, and literatures into . . . local religious systems." 2.Continued Islamization depended on wandering Muslim sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, who posed no threat and often proved useful to local rulers and communities. 3.In part, the emergence of reform or renewal movements (Wahhabism) was a reaction to the blending or syncretism that accompanied Islamization almost everywhere and that came to be seen as increasingly offensive, even heretical, by more orthodox Muslims.

In what ways did the early history of Islam reflect its Arabian origins?

1.Islam drew on an older Arab identification of Allah with Yahweh, the Jewish High God, and Arab self-identification as children of Abraham. 2.The Quran denounced the prevailing social practices of an increasingly prosperous Mecca and sought a return to the older values of Arab tribal life, like the sharing of goods ammongst tribes. 3.The message of the Quran also rejected the Arab tribal and clan structure, which was prone to war, feuding, and violence. Instead, the Quran sought to replace this structure with the umma, the community of all believers.

What similarities and differences can you identify in the spread of Islam to India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain?

1.Islam spread to India, Anatolia, and Spain in part through force of arms of Islamic armies, while Islam arrived in West Africa with Muslim traders. 2.Sufis facilitated conversions by accommodating local traditions, especially in India and Anatolia, but played little role in West Africa until at least the eighteenth century. 3.In India, West Africa, and Spain, Islam became one of several faiths within the wider culture, while in Anatolia it became the dominant faith.

How does the core message of Islam compare with that of Judaism and Christianity?

1.Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, is monotheistic. Allah is the only God, the all-powerful Creator. 2.As "the Messenger of God," Muhammad presented himself in the tradition of earlier prophets like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. 3.Like the Jewish prophets and Jesus, Muhammad demanded social justice and laid out a prescription for its implementation. 4. Like Christiantiy, Islam develops a reward and punishment system for the "wicked" of this world, heaven and hell

In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?

1.It challenged the aristocratic privileges of European society and the claims to authority of arbitrary governments who relied on the "divine right of kings" for legitimacy. 2.The Enlightenment challenged the authority of established religion, accusing the Church of fostering superstition, ignorance, and corruption. 3.It also challenged older patterns of thinking through its promotion of the idea of progress. Human society, according to Enlightenment thinkers, was not fixed by tradition or divine command but could be changed, and improved, by human action guided by reason.

What changes did the Sand Roads bring to West Africa?

1.It provided both incentives and resources for the construction of new and larger political structures, like Songhay, 2.These Sudanic (Songhay) states established substantial urban and commercial centers where traders congregated and goods were exchanged. 3.Some also became manufacturing centers, creating finely wrought beads, iron tools, or cotton textiles for trade. 4.Islam accompanied trade and became an important element in the urban culture of West Africa and a source of writing and bureaucracy.

In what ways was Christianity transformed in the five centuries following the death of Jesus?

1.Jesus became divine 2.Christianity developed from a small Jewish sect into a world religion that included non-Jews. 3.Christianity adopted elements of animist religious practice (the easter bunny) as it spread. 4. It developed a hierarchical organization, with patriarchs, bishops, and a male-dominated clergy.

What accounts for the widespread conversion to Islam?

1.Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could find familiar elements of their own faiths in Islam. 2.From the start, Islam was associated with the sponsorship of a powerful state. 3.Conquest called into question the power of old gods, while the growing prestige of the Arab Empire attracted many to Allah. 5.Although forced conversion was rare, living in an Islamic-governed state provided a variety of incentives for claiming Muslim identity, tax breaks for example. 6.In Islam, merchants found a religion friendly to commerce, and in the Arab Empire they enjoyed a huge and secure arena for trade. 7. It is easy to convert to islam. All one has to do is just follow the 5 pillars and you are in

How did links to Byzantium transform the new civilization of Kievan Rus?

1.Kievan Rus borrowed from Byzantium architectural styles, the Cyrillic alphabet, the extensive use of icons, a monastic tradition stressing prayer and service, and political ideals of imperial control of the Church.

What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

1.Many of the British settlers sought to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to recreate it. 2.The British colonies were almost pure settler colonies, without the racial mixing that was so prominent in Spanish and Portuguese territories. 3.A largely Protestant England was far less interested in spreading Christianity among the remaining native peoples 4.British colonies developed greater mass literacy and traditions of local self-government and vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.

In what ways was the world of Islam a "cosmopolitan civilization"?

1.Muslim merchants plied the Silk Roads, Sea Roads, and Sand Roads of the Afro-Eurasian world, and the Islamic world promoted long-distance economic relationships by actively supporting a prosperous, highly developed, "capitalist" economy. 3.Islamic civilization also facilitated a substantial exchange of agricultural products and practices: sugarcane and cotton 4.Techniques for manufacturing paper also arrived in the Middle East from China and later spread from the Middle East to India and Europe. 5.Also Islam made original contributions to the world of learning: algebra, political science, astronomy, and optics

In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the Native American cultures of Spanish America?

1.Native Americans frequently sought to reinterpret Christian practices while incorporating local elements 2.Christian saints closely paralleled the functions of precolonial gods, and the leader of the church staff was often a native Christian of great local prestige 3.Throughout the colonial period and beyond, many Mexican Christians also took part in rituals derived from the past, ex. Day of the Dead

How did the tribute system in practice differ from the ideal Chinese understanding of its operation?

1.Often, China was in reality confronting powerful nomadic empires that were able to deal with China on at least equal terms. 2.They promised Chinese princesses as wives, sanctioned exchanges of goods that favored the nomads, and agreed to supply the nomads annually with large quantities of grain, wine, and silk. While these goods were officially termed "gifts," granted in accord with the tribute system, they were in fact tribute in reverse or even protection money.

In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to a wider world?

1.On a political and military level, Byzantium continued the long-term Roman struggle with the Persian Empire. 2.Economically, the Byzantine Empire was a central player in the long-distance via the Silk Roads 3.Byzantium preserved much of ancient Greek learning and transmitted this classical heritage to both the Islamic world and the Christian West. 4.Byzantine religious culture spread widely among Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia.

What lay behind the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce in the postclassical millennium?

1.One important factor was the economic development of China, especially during the Tang and Song dynasties (618-1279). 2.China both supplied products for and consumed the products of the Indian Ocean trading network. 3.China also provided technological innovations, including larger ships and the magnetic compass, which facilitated trade. 4.Islam was friendly to commercial life. The creation of an Arab Empire, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean basin and all the way to India, brought together in a single political system an immense range of economies and cultural traditions and provided a vast arena for trade. 5.Widespread conversion to Islam among traders in the Indian Ocean underpinned an international maritime culture and also helped to facilitate commercial transactions.

In what ways did pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterparts?

1.Pastoral societies supported far smaller populations. 2.Pastoral societies generally lived in small and widely scattered encampments of related kinfolk. 3.Pastoral societies generally offered women a higher status, fewer restrictions, and a greater role in public life. 4.Pastoral societies were far more mobile.

What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution?

1.Pastoral societies were societies that relied far more extensively on domesticated animals. Pastoral societies were common in regions where farming was difficult. Wherever pastoral societies arose, they were mobile, following the changing patterns of vegetation, in order to feed their animals. 2. Village-based agricultural societies consisted of settled farmers. Such societies retained much of the equality and freedom of gathering and hunting communities 3. Both societies were significant producers of disease as a result of zoonoses

What was the role of cities in the early civilizations?

1.Political and administrative centers 2. Centers of culture including art, architecture, literature, ritual, and ceremony 3.Marketplaces for both local and long-distance exchange 4.Centers of manufacturing activity

What political and cultural differences stand out in the histories of fifteenth-century China and Western Europe?

1.Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the whole of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. 2.While both experienced cultural flowering, Europe's culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. 3.While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different.

Why are the centuries of the Tang and Song dynasties in China sometimes referred to as a "golden age"?

1.Politically, the Tang and Song dynasties built a state structure based on the civil service exam that endured for a thousand years. 2.Tang and Song dynasty China experienced an economic revolution that made it the richest empire on earth. 3.Population grew rapidly, from 50 million60 million people during the Tang dynasty to 120 million by 1200, spurred in part by a the canal sytstems. 4. massive urbanization led to an increase in advanced manufacturing techniques, including the invention of printing and gunpowder, along with innovations in navigation and shipbuilding (junks) that led the world. 5. KEY The economy of China became the most highly commercialized in the world, producing for the market rather than for local consumption.

What assumptions underlay the Chinese tribute system?

1.Several assumptions underlay the tribute system, such as that China was the "middle kingdom," the center of the world, infinitely superior to the "barbarian" peoples beyond its borders 2.The tribute system was a set of practices designed to facilitate this civilizing contact. It required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in a Chinese-centered world order. . 3.In exchange for expressions of submission, the Chinese emperor would grant foreigners permission to trade in China and provide them with gifts, which were often worth more than the tribute offered by the foreigners.

In what ways were Sufi Muslims critical of mainstream Islam?

1.Sufism desiers an emotional ecstatic union with God 2.Sufism was sharply critical of the more scholarly and legalistic practitioners of the sharia; to Sufis, establishment teachings about the law and correct behavior did little to bring the believer into the presence of God. 3.Sufis held that many of the ulama of mainstream Islam had been compromised by their association with worldly and corrupt governments.

What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Islam?

1.Sunnis held that the caliphs were rightful political and military leaders, selected by the Islamic community, while the Shia held that leadership in the Islamic world should derive from the line of Ali and his son Husayn, blood relatives of Muhammad. 2.For Sunni Muslims, religious authority in general emerged from the larger community, particularly from the religious scholars known as ulama. Meanwhile, the Shia invested their leaders, known as imams, with a religious authority that the caliphs lacked, allowing them alone to reveal the true meaning of the Quran and the wishes of Allah. 3.The Shia tradition included a messianic element that the Sunni tradition largely lacked.

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade? What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading?

1.The Atlantic slave trade had many distinctive features, including the immense size of the traffic in slaves 24 MILLION 2. Its importance to the economies of colonial America; and the prominence of slave labor in plantation agriculture. 3.There was a distinctive racial dimension, as Atlantic slavery came to be identified wholly with Africa and with "blackness." 4.Also distinctive were the treatment of slaves as a form of dehumanized property, and the practice of slave status being inherited across the generations. 4.But the Atlantic slave trade did possess some similarities with other patterns of slave owning, including the acquisition of slaves from Africa; the enslavement of outsiders and other vulnerable people; and the fact that slavery was a common practice since the earliest civilizations.

What distinguished the Aztec and Inca empires from each other?

1.The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. 2.The Aztec rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. 3.The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. 4.The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. 5.The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods.

In what ways did the arrival of Bantu-speaking peoples stimulate cross-cultural interaction?

1.The Bantu-speaking peoples brought agriculture to sub-Saharan Africa 2.They brought parasitic and infectious diseases, to which the gathering and hunting peoples had little immunity. 3.They also brought iron. 4. Bantu farmers in East Africa increasingly adopted grains as well as domesticated sheep and cattle from the already-established people of the region. 5.They also acquired a variety of food crops from Southeast Asia, especially bananas, which were brought to East Africa by Indonesian sailors and immigrants early in the first millennium C.E.

How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?

1.The Catholic Church maintained some degree of independence from political authorities, in Byzantium the emperor assumed the role of both "Caesar," as head of state, and the head of the Church. 2.In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Greek became the language of religious practice instead of the Latin used in the Roman Catholic Church. 3.Priests in Byzantium allowed their beards to grow long and were permitted to marry, while priests in the West shaved and, after 1050 or so, were supposed to remain celibate. 4.Eastern Orthodox leaders sharply rejected the growing claims of Roman popes to be the sole and final authority for all Christians everywhere.

To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia?

1.The Dutch acted to control not only the shipping but also the production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. With much bloodshed, the Dutch seized control of a number of small spice-producing islands, forcing their people to sell only to the Dutch. 2.Ultimately, the local economy of the Spice Islands was shattered by Dutch policies, and the people there were impoverished. 3.The British secured their trading bases with the permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers. 4.British traders came to specialize in Indian cotton textiles, and hundreds of villages in the interior of southern India became specialized producers for the British market.

In what ways was the rise of Islam revolutionary, both in theory and in practice?

1.The Islamic community, or umma, broke with the previous tribal structure defined by family and clan in Arabia, replacing it with a system in which membership was a matter of belief rather than birth, It becoems universal, if you are a Muslim. 2.Muhammad was not only a religious figure but also a political and military leader able to implement his vision of an ideal Islamic society. 3.Islam possessed no separate political and religious organizations, although tension between religious and political goals frequently generated conflict, THEOCRATIC. 4.Unlike Christianity, no professional clergy mediating between God and humankind emerged within Islam. 5.No distinction between religious and civil law existed in the Islamic world THEOCRATIC.

What accounts for the political and military success of the Mongols?

1.The Mongol army was better organized, better led, and better disciplined than the armies of its opponents 2.The Mongol army was organized to diminish the divisive tribalism of the pastoral clan structure, partly by spreading members of tribes among different units of the army. 3.The Mongols made up for their small numbers by incorporating huge numbers of conquered peoples into their military forces. 4.The Mongols quickly acquired Chinese techniques and technology of siege warfare, which allowed them to overcome the elaborate fortifications of walled cities. 5.The Mongols drew on conquered peoples to fill advisory and lower-level administrative positions. 6.The Mongols welcomed and supported many religious traditions as long as they did not become the focus of political opposition.

In what ways did the Mongol Empire contribute to the globalization of the Eurasian world?

1.The Mongols actively promoted international commerce, 2.The Mongol Empire also prompted diplomatic relationships from one end of Eurasia to the other, 3.The Mongol Empire also spurred a substantial exchange of peoples and cultures through its policy of forcibly transferring many thousands of skilled craftsmen and educated people from their homelands to distant parts of the empire. 4.The Mongol Empire, through its religious tolerance and support of merchants, facilitated the spread of religions.

What was distinctive about the Russian experience of Mongol rule?

1.The Mongols conquered Russia but did not occupy it as they had Persia and China. Instead. 2.Russia was still exploited, but the Mongol impact there was much more uneven than it had been in Persia or China. 3.The absence of direct Mongol rule meant that the Mongols were far less influenced by or assimilated within Russian cultures than their counterparts in China and Persia had been. 4.Russia, unlike Persia or China, suffered repeated attacks from the Mongols who maintained their nomadic lifestyle in the Caucus mountains and only raided Russia taking loot and slaves

How did Mongol rule change China? In what ways were the Mongols changed by China?

1.The Mongols united a divided China. 2.The Mongols took a Chinese dynastic title, the Yuan, and moved their capital to a new capital city the "city of the khan" (present-day Beijing). 3.The Mongols made use of Chinese administrative practices and techniques of taxation and their postal system. 4.Mongol khans made use of traditional Confucian rituals, which returned the favor with strong political support for the invaders.

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era?

1.The Ottoman Empire represented a military threat to Europe. 2.It impressed some European intellectuals because of its religious tolerance. 3.It occasionally allied with France against their common enemy of Habsburg Austria. 4.The empire was an important trading partner as they controled access to Eastern goods

How did Persian and Greek civilizations differ in their political organization and values?

1.The Persians=empire, Greeks=cisty states 2. Presians=absolute rule cooridnated by bureaucrats and the Greeks used participatory govenrment, but that varried from city state to city state 3.Persia's rule of its many conquered peoples was strengthened by a policy of respect for the empire's non-Persian cultural traditions. In contrast the Greeks saw forigners as barbarians

How did the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British initiatives in Asia differ from one another?

1.The Portuguese sought to set up a trading post empire that controlled the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. 2.The Spanish established colonial rule over the Philippine Islands. In doing so, they drew on their experience in the Americas, converting most of the population to Christianity, ruling over the islands directly, and setting up large landed estates owned by Spanish settlers. 3.The Dutch and British organized their Indian Ocean ventures through private trading companies, which were able to raise money and share risks among a substantial number of merchant investors.

How did the rise of Islam change the lives of women?

1.The Quran banned female infanticide, gave women the right to own property and granted them rights of inheritance. It also allowed men to have sexual relations with consenting female slaves, but any children born of these unions were free, as was the mother once her owner died. 2.As the Arab Empire grew in size, the position of women became more limited. Women started to pray at home instead of in the mosque, and veiling and seclusion of women became standard practice among the upper and ruling classes. Other signs of tightening patriarchy, such as "honor killing" of women by their male relatives for violating sexual taboos which derived from local cultures, with no sanction in the Quran or Islamic law. 3.The Sufi practice of mystical union with God allowed a greater role for women than did mainstream Islam. 4.Islamic education, either in the home or in Quranic schools, allowed some women to become literate and a few to achieve higher levels of learning.

What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution?

1.The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary because laws formulated by Isaac Newton showed that the universe was not propelled by angels and spirits but functioned on its own according to timeless principles that could be described mathematically. 2.A corollary of this view was the idea that knowledge of the universe could be obtained through human reason alone, without the aid of ancient authorities or divine revelation. 3.Above all, it was revolutionary because it challenged educated people to question traditional views of the world and humankind's place in it.

What was revolutionary about the Agricultural Revolution?

1.The ability to support much larger populations 2.The beginning of the dominance of the human species over other forms of life on the planet 3.An explosion of technological innovation, including techniques for making pottery and weaving textiles and metallurgy 4.The growing impact of humans on their environments

What facilitated the rooting of Buddhism within China in the 3rd wave civilizatoins?

1.The chaotic, violent, and politically fragmented centuries that followed the collapse of the Han dynasty discredited Confucianism and opened the door to alternative ways to establish the Mandate of Heaven 2.Buddhism provided some comfort to the population in the face of a collapsing society. 3.Once established, Buddhist monasteries provided a support to the poor. 4. There was a serious effort by Buddhist monks, scholars, and translators to present this Indian religion in terms that Chinese could relate to i.e. women are seen as unequal in Chinese Buddhism.

What were the sources of state authority in the First Civilizations?

1.The coordination and regulation of the community enterprises such as defense and irrigation. 2.State authorities frequently used force to compel obedience. 3. Leaders were often seen as gods 4. Grandeur in the form of lavish lifestyles of elites, impressive rituals, and the building of imposing structures added to the perception of state authority and power.

In what ways did Inca authorities seek to integrate their vast domains?

1.The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine. 2.In theory, the state owned all land and resources. 3.Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. 4.The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods.

How did Aztec religious thinking support the empire?

1.The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which put a premium on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. 2.Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out for political ends. 3.Massive sacrificial rituals served to impressand create fear in enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods.

Disease changes societies. How might this argument apply to the plague?

1.The loss of population due to the plague created labor shortages that provoked sharp conflict between scarce workers and the rich, which in turn undermined the practice of serfdom in Europe. 2.Labor shortages also fostered a greater interest in technological innovation in Europe and created more employment opportunities for women. 3.The plague caused significant disruption to trade routes to the east, and this trade disruption, along with a desire to avoid Muslim intermediaries, provided an incentive for Europeans to take to the sea in their continuing efforts to reach the riches of Asia.

Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American native societies and Native Siberians.

1.The natives traded fur for European goods 2.It enhanced influence and authority for some Native American leaders who controled the fur trade. 3.It ensured the protection of Native Americans involved in the fur trade, at least for a time, from the kind of extermination, enslavement, or displacement that was the fate of some native peoples elsewhere in the Americas. 4.But the fur trade also had a negative impact, such as in exposing Native Americans to European diseases 5.left Native Americans dependent on European goods without a corresponding ability to manufacture the goods themselves. 6. It brought alcohol into Indian societies, often with deeply destructive effects.

What was the world historical importance of the silver trade?

1.The silver trade was the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia, and it initiated a web of Pacific commerce that grew steadily over the centuries. 2.It transformed Spain and Japan, the two states that controlled the principal new sources of silver. 3.It deepened the already substantial commercialization of China's economy, which fueled global commerce. 4.It became a key commodity driving long-distance trade and offered the Europeans a product that they could produce that was also in demand elsewhere in the world.

Why has Confucianism been defined as a "humanistic philosophy" rather than a supernatural religion?

1.The thrust of Confucian teaching was distinctly this-worldly and practical, concerned with human relationships, effective government, and social harmony. 2.Confucianism is based on the cultivation of, benevolence, not through divine intervention but through personal reflection, and education 1.Ritual and ceremonies nurture this, not because of contact with the supernatural but because they convey rules of appropriate behavior in the many and varying circumstances of life.

What is the difference between varna and jati as expressions of classical India's caste system?

1.The varna system was older. It provided broad categories in a social hierarchy that explained social inequality. 2.The jatis were occupationally based groups that split the varnas and the untouchables into thousands of smaller social groupings based on occupation. 3.Jatis became the primary cells of social life in India beyond the family or household. Each jati was associated with one of the great classes or with the untouchables. Marriage and eating together were permitted only within one's own jati, and each jati was associated with its own particular set of duties, rules, and obligations, which defined its members' unique and separate place in the larger society.

How would you compare the lives and teaching of Jesus and the Buddha? In what different ways did the two religions evolve after the deaths of their founders?

1.Their backgrounds were very different. Jesus poor, Sidartha rich 2.Both became spiritual seekers, both challenged wealth, emphasizing compassion 3.Both came out of a establishe religious background Jesus=Jewish and Buddha=Hindu 4. Neither Jesus nor the Buddha probably planned to found new religions. 5.Both the Buddha and Jesus were transformed from teachers into gods by their followers.

What was the impact of the Crusades in world history?

1.They marked an expansion of the influence of Western Christendom at the same time that Eastern Christendom and Byzantium were declining. 2.They stimulated the demand for Asian luxury goods in Europe. 3.They also allowed Europeans to learn techniques for producing sugar on large plantations using slave labor, later they transferred the plantation system to the Americas. 4.Muslim scholarship, together with the Greek learning that it incorporated, flowed into Europe; starting the Renaissance 5.The Crusades hardened cultural barriers between Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam, and Catholics

In what ways did the expression of classical Chinese patriarchy change over time, and why did it change?

1.Thinkers emphasized the distinction between the public and political roles of men and the private domain of women. 2.The idea of the "three obediences" was also emphasized; it described a woman's subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son. 3.The Chinese woman writer Ban Zhou recorded how women were taught from birth that they were inferior and subordinated to men and should be passive and subservient in their relations with men. 3. These Ideas were reinforced by confucian notions that people should adhere to roles within chinese society to create balence and harmony

How did the operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads?

1.Transportation costs were lower on the Sea Roads than the Silk Roads, because ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargoes than camels. 2.This meant that the Sea Roads could eventually carry more bulk goods and products destined for a mass market textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat whereas the Silk Roads were limited largely to luxury goods for the few. 3.The Sea Roads relied on alternating wind currents known as monsoons. 4.India was the center of the Sea Roads but not of the Silk Roads.

How would you define the major achievements of Ming dynasty China?

1.Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations in the 1500's 2.China also undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen. 3. The Ming continued to improve and restore the vast canal network that was developed in previous dynasties

How did the historical development of the European West differ from that of Byzantium in the postclassical era?

1.Unlike Byzantium, any semblance of large empire rule vanished in the West. Also urban life diminished sharply, long-distance trade dried up, and literacy lost ground. 2.In the West, a vassalage system developed based on reciprocal ties between greater and lesser lords among the warrior elites and between lords and serfs. 3.In the West, the Roman Catholic Church maintained greater independence from political authorities than the Orthodox Church did in Byzantium

Why was Anatolia so much more thoroughly Islamized than India?

1.Unlike India, far more Islamic Turkic-speaking peoples settled in Anatolia. This, coupled with the much smaller population of Anatolia and the massacres, enslavement, famine, and flight that occurred during the conquest, gave Turks a much more important position in Anatolia. 2.Anatolian society was more centralized than India, and the Christian Church and Byzantine imperial infrastructure in Anatolia were fatally weakened during the Turkic invasion. India's more decentralized civilization was better able to absorb the shock of external invasion. 3.The Turkish rulers of Anatolia built a new society that welcomed converts, and the cultural barriers to conversion were arguably less severe there than in India.

What aspects of Zoroastrianism and Judaism subsequently found a place in Christianity and Islam?

1.Zoroastrian concepts of the conflict between God and evil, the notion of a last judgment and resurrected bodies, a belief in the final defeat of evil, the arrival of a savior, and the remaking of the world at the end of time all influenced Judaism. Some of these teachings, especially the concepts of heaven and hell and a coming savior, also became prominent in Christianity and Islam through this influence on Judaism. 2.From Judaism, both Christianity and Islam drew a distinctive conception of the divine as singular, transcendent, personal, separate from nature, engaged in history, and demanded social justice and moral righteousness above sacrifices and rituals.

The United Nations Security Council has how many members?

15

When was the United Nations established

1945

When was the United Nations established?

1945

The Atlantic charter

Defined the goals of the US and Great Britain in terms of peace and cooperation at the outset of WWII

Main Organs of the UN

6 principal organs... Security Council(head): five permanent members (U.S., Russia, France, China, UK) with the power of veto. 10 non-permanent members that are elected for two-year terms General Assembly(heart): One representative per country. One country=one vote. Puts opinion in. Approves budget and elects non-permanent members to security council. Secretary General (face): one person, implementer, symbol (Ban ki Moon).

Hybridization

A blending of cultures that incorporates different aspects of each culture to create a new entity.

International Studies

A field of inquiry that examines the broad array of geographic, political, economic, social and cultural interactions and relationships that cross borders.

Anthropology

A field of study that examines the physical attributes of human beings as well as their social and cultural characteristics.

Sociology

A field of study that focuses on people and their relationships to the societies in which they live.

Psycology

A field of study that seeks to understand the motivations behind the decisions people make in terms of their cognitive orientation.

Concert of Europe

A formal collaborative group formed in 1815 to enforce the decisions reached at the Congress of Vienna.

What is a state?

A fundamental political unit of modern world politics. -Ideally they have internal autonomy with a monopoly on the legitimate use of force. -Governing body has monopoly on the legitimate use of force. -Legally equal with external autonomy-equal with other states -Respect each others territory

Sovereign debt

A government's outstanding financial liabilities and obligations.

Atlantic charter

A joint declaration by the U.S. and Great Britain that detailed the position of the two countries relative to WW II and their goals for postwar peace.

Sharia law

A legal system that relies on Islam and applies broadly to how Muslims should live their lives. It includes punishments for crimes that may not be acceptable universally.

Most-favored nation (MFN)

A means to promote equality in trade relationships by guaranteeing that if one country is given better trade terms by another, all other trade partners must receive the same terms.

Carbon footprint

A measurement of the amount of greenhouse gases produced daily through the use of fossil fuels for electricity, heating/air conditioning, and transportation.

Kellogg Briand Pact

A multinational pact that outlawed war as a means of conflict resolution.

Failed state

A nation-state whose government can no longer provide political, economic, and social stability.

Global commons

A natural asset of the earth that is available to all.

The Camp David Accords of 1979 established

A peace between Egypt and Israel

A global citizen is

A person who believes they belong to a global community

Culture shock

A physical and psychological response to cultural differences when traveling away from home.

Detente

A policy designed in the late 1960s by US president Richard Leonid Brezhnev to promote opportunities for US-Soviet cooperation, even while the broader rivalry persisted.

Idealism

A political philosophy that emphasizes cooperation to establish a peaceful world order.

Refugee and it's characteristics

A refugee is defined as a person who has a well-founded fear of persecution for their race, nationality, religion, political opinion, and membership to a particular social group -Fear is subjective, how do we decided what meets the bar? Met when fear is so sufficient that you are afraid to go back to your country Characteristics of Social Groups 1) Innate 2) Unchangeable -Family-if your parents are imprisoned for their political beliefs, you may be next 3) Fundamental to identity, conscience, exercise of human rights -Can't change or shouldn't have to change A refugee is also.. -Outside country of his or her nationality -Unable to avail herself/himself of the protection of that country-within the sphere of international responsibility

Communism

A social movement that promoted the communal values of the worker class.

Feudal system

A system in which human loyalties and political obligations are not fixed primarily by political boundaries themselves

capitalism

A system of economic organization based on private property and free markets

Balance of power

A system of states that relies on shifting alliances to balance relationships and prevent conflict is better known by the term

Balance of power

A system of states that relies on shifting alliances to balance relationships and prevent conflicts.

The golden Straitjacket

A term used by journalist Thomas Friedman to describe what states must do to participate competitively in the global market.

Bipolar

A type of interstate system where two states hold the most significant power.

Constructivism

A view of the global order that sees the state and the rules that govern it as an artificial construct.

How many distinct cultures are thought to exist in Africa?

A. 15 B. 54 C. 150 D. 300 D

When was the United Nations established?

A. 1917 B. 1925 C. 1939 D. 1945 D

What is the proletariat?

A. A class division consisting of industrial workers B. A social movement that promoted the communal values of the worker class? C. A class division consisting of the owners of the means of production D. A social movement that promoted stringent social stratification A

Genocide may involve all of the following EXCEPT

A. A conflict that occurs when differences in identity are too great to reconcile B. An extreme action where one group seeks to deliberately kill members of another group based solely on their national or ethnic differences C. A process of forcibly eliminating a national or ethnic group through violence D. An effort to resolve tensions between different ethnic groups by incorporating elements of the majority culture into the minority one D

The International Court of Justice is

A. A legal entity separate from the United Nations that prosecutes international criminals B. Composed of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms C. The legal branch of the United Nations that is closely supervised by the United States D. All of the above B

An internship is

A. A position that offers practical training in a workplace setting B. A position that combines a student's classroom education with opportunities to engage in service activities C. A position open for students that is always paid that offers practical workplace training D. A position that offers students opportunities to work abroad and receive compensation A

Which psychologist argued that individuals experience five levels of need that affect their motivation and participation in society?

A. Abraham Maslow B. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi C. Jean Piaget D. Alfred Adler A

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is trying to globalize its sport through

A. Adapting the sport to local cultures B. Hybridizing the sport and establishing new rules C. Broadcasting games in 40 languages in 212 countries D. Establishing new franchises in Europe C

What is Freedom House?

A. An organization in South Africa that promotes racial equality B. An agency of the United States government that advocates for the protection of human rights C. A nongovernmental organization that advocates for human rights and serves as an international watchdog to assure democratic freedoms D. An agency of the United States government that monitors democratic freedoms and human rights violations worldwide C

Threshold grants given by the Millennium Challenge Corporation

A. Are relatively small and are given to countries that do not meet the eligibility criteria B. Are smaller than compact grants and are awarded to countries nearing the eligibility criteria C. Are relatively large grants given to countries with no regard to the eligibility criteria D. Are larger than compact grants B

What are exchange agreements?

A. Arrangements that enable students to study at other universities within their country for the same tuition that they would pay to the home institution B. Arrangements that enable students to study abroad at foreign universities for a small discount off the university's tuition C. Arrangements that combine classroom education with opportunities to study abroad at partner universities in foreign countries D. Arrangements that enable students to study abroad at foreign universities for the same tuition that they would pay to the home institution D

Which UN secretary general issued a Millennium Report in 2000, calling for the creation of an action plan to end poverty, improve education, combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, protect the environment, and protect people from conflict and violence?

A. Ban Ki-moon B. Boutros Boutros-Ghali C. Kofi Annan D. Javier Perez de Cuellar C

What global sport is characterized by the mobility of players, which has resulted in the loss of local players from Global South countries to premier leagues in Europe?

A. Basketball B. Soccer C. Baseball D. Cricket B

In the classic novel Heart of Darkness, author Joseph Conrad depicted the depravity of the crimes committed under King Leopold's II reign in which modern-day country?

A. Cameroon B. Rwanda C. Sudan D. Democratic Republic of the Congo D

Malaria

A. Cannot be controlled B. Affects young children and pregnant women in the developed world the most C. Can be prevented through the use of mosquito nets D. Is spread by spiders C

If a student is studying military defense and wants to work for the US government, which department or agency would not be a very good career fit?

A. Central Intelligence Agency B. General Services Administration C. Federal Bureau of Investigation D. Drug Enforcement Administration B

Which of the following is an example of a transnational advocacy network?

A. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora B. Occupy Wall Street C. United Nations Economic and Social Commission D. World Wildlife Fund B

The "four c's" of transferable skills include critical thinking, communication, __________, and __________.

A. Cooperation and creativity B. Compassion and cooperation C. Collaboration and creativity D. Capacity and cooperation C

The Universal Declaration on Human Rights

A. Covers a broad range of human rights, from the need to guarantee survival to personal, legal, cultural, and educational obligations of humans to one another B. Is included in full in the US Constitution C. Is not supported by the United Nations D. Originated with the European Union A

The first Human Development Forum in Istanbul met in 2012 to

A. Create an agenda to guide discussions at the Conference on Environment and Development B. Develop a treaty centered upon the principles of sustainable development C. Identify global policies that would guide the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development D. Establish a new agency of the UN aimed at reducing poverty and elevating human rights concerns C

What is true about culture?

A. Culture affects how people behave. B. Every culture has distinct characteristics. C. Some differences in culture are obvious, such as language and religion, but some are subtle, such as modes of greeting. D. All of the above D

The French school of thought during the Enlightenment emphasized

A. Culture as a progressive, cumulative, and distinctly human achievement B. A narrow view of the world C. Culture as distinguished by natural and spiritual sources D. All of the above A

What defined relations between states prior to the seventeenth century?

A. Customary practices B. Intergovernmental organizations C. International law D. Regional pacts A

The rise of religious fundamentalism

A. Describes the rejection of the three big world religions B. Fuels cooperation in the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America C. Is a response to the threat posed by cultural integration D. Signals a rejection of classical forms of religion and spirituality C

The First Hague Peace Conference of 1899

A. Developed a series of agreements to restrict the sizes of national armies B. Promoted cooperation between states by establishing trade rules and regulations C. Created a Permanent Court of Arbitration for resolution of conflict between states D. Established the International Court of Justice C

Global Governance Watch argues that the movement toward global governance

A. Does not influence domestic political outcomes B. Is a threat to national sovereignty C. Promotes changes in human rights and security that result largely from global actions D. Will not help countries reach the Millennium Development Goals B

Today, we can characterize nongovernmental organizations as largely involved in

A. Economic and development activities B. Political advocacy C. Environmental activities D. Humanitarian affairs E. All of the above E

All of the following contribute to the transmission of diseases across borders except

A. Travel B. Migration C. Inadequate health care D. Vigorous enforcement of health care standards D

Which of the following is an example of how borders create barriers to cooperation?

A. Economic relationships may dictate behavior when money and finance are emphasized over public good B. Political borders protect states' interests over efforts to cooperate and collaborate C. Social and cultural borders may prevent groups from working together when protection of their identity clashes with the need for cooperation D. All of the above D

If you cannot study abroad, what is a good way to gain international experience?

A. Engaging in service learning projects B. Watching foreign films C. Going to international and ethnic festivals D. Interning at an international nonprofit E. All of the above E

A student interested in working for an intergovernmental organization might consider employment with the

A. Environmental Protection Agency B. Department of Labor C. Federal Communications Commission D. United Nations D

Which of the following describes the second level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A. Esteem needs, or when individuals become conscious of their place in society B. Physiological needs, or the need for food and water C. Belongingness, or the individual's relations to others D. Safety needs, such as the creation of shelter to be protected from the elements D

Which organization is the representative body of the United Nations that supervises its activities, can decide on financial matters, and elects the nonpermanent members of the Security Council and the secretary-general?

A. General Assembly B. Economic and Social Council C. League of Nations D. Secretariat A

Which test is often required as part of the admissions process for a master's degree program?

A. Graduate Record Examination B. National Competitive Recruitment Exam C. Foreign Service Examination D. Scholastic Aptitude Test A

What is the name of the Iranian-backed Shiite militia in Lebanon?

A. Hamas B. Fatah C. Najjadeh D. Hezbollah D

What musical style, originating in the Bronx in the 1970s, spread throughout the world as a movement not only in music but also dance, art, and fashion?

A. Hip-hop B. Afro-Caribbean C. Blues D. Reggae A

Which term describes the weakening of cultural ties to specific locations?

A. Hybridization B. Deterritorialization C. Imperialism D. Homogenization B

All of the following are Millennium Development Goals except

A. Improving maternal health B. Promoting free trade C. Promoting gender equality and empower women D. Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty B

What international body was created by the United Nations to respond to crimes against humanity on an international basis?

A. International Criminal Court B. International Court of Justice C. International Trials Court D. International Prosecution Court A

All of the following are regional organizations based upon the United Nations model of intergovernmental governance except

A. International Labour Organization B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations C. Organization of American States D. African Union A

In order to receive a compact grant, Zambia was required to improve indicator measurements in which categories?

A. Investing in People B. Ruling Justly C. Protecting the Environment D. Improving Education B

The lack of adequate nutrition

A. Is particularly detrimental to children, especially those in the poorest households B. Has been eradicated globally C. Was sufficiently addressed to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 D. Is helpful in addressing global obesity A

Al-Qaida

A. Is rooted in the Sunni tradition of Islam B. Was founded by Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat C. Rose out of Islamic movements in Pakistan D. Mixes Shi'a and Sunni precepts to form a unique hybrid Islamic fundamentalism A

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A. It defined the position of the United States and Great Britain relative to World War II and their goals for postwar peace B. An international treaty that banned use of chemical and biological weapons C. A security alliance between the United States, Britain, and France D. A multinational pact that outlawed war as a means of conflict resolution D

Why is traveling abroad useful?

A. It helps you learn to adjust to unfamiliar circumstances. B. It exposes you to settings where the language is different and local customs seem strange. C. It may assist in decisions regarding the language you study, the courses you take, or the career you pursue. D. All of the above D

What is TRUE about cultural diffusion?

A. It is a type of adaptation in which one culture is victimized by a dominant culture B. This type of adaptation is not universally welcome, particularly by indigenous cultures C. It is a type of adaptation in which cultural differences are submerged into a dominant culture D. This type of adaptation results in cultural understanding in terms of the environment in which it exists B

What is the role of a Foreign Service Officer?

A. It is a volunteer in the Peace Corps. B. It is a diplomat employed by the US Department of State. C. It is a diplomat employed by the United Nations. D. It is a service officer in the US military. B

What is TRUE about hybridization?

A. It is defined as the interaction and reinforcing influences of global and local forces B. It is thought to threaten cultural diversity and people's ability to maintain their distinctive identities C. It is hypothesized to occur due to the mobility of people, their ability to migrate, and the multicultural identities they have developed D. It is characterized by the incorporation of a range of cultural forms into a uniform set of values and practices C

What is true about the Peace Corps?

A. It was established in 1971 by US President Richard Nixon. B. Volunteering entails a two-year volunteer commitment to service abroad on behalf of the US government. C. Today, the Peace Corps operates in only 25 countries, with the greatest concentration in Latin America, Western Europe, and Far East Asia. D. Living conditions for volunteers are lavish and volunteers often live out of hotels for their volunteer period. B

A student who is studying for the GMAT is preparing to apply to

A. Journalism school B. Graduate school C. Law school D. Business school D

Which of the following factors contribute to the instability of failed states?

A. Lack of refugee or internally displaced populations B. Uneven economic development and general social decline C. Population pressures from heavy migration out the country by the working class D. Well-developed communication and transportation infrastructure B

The caste system of social status by birthright is characteristic of

A. Latin America B. Oceania C. The Middle East D. South Asia D

The leader of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, adheres to which Shia Muslim sect that represents a small fraction of the country's population?

A. Mahdavi B. Alawite C. Sufi D. Ibadi B

International law emerged in the seventeenth century as

A. Modern states were formed and began to interact with each other B. Nonstate actors became increasingly involved in the international system C. International and supranational organizations were being established to address many global issues D. The League of Nations was formed to promote world peace A

What is true about internships?

A. Most often, interns perform clerical tasks, such as running errands, making copies, filing papers, and answering the phones. B. Since many academic institutions have unlimited resources to support internships, students are rarely responsible for identifying their own opportunities. C. Most academic institutions will not allow students to receive academic credit for their internships. D. Most internships will monetarily compensate their interns for performing clerical tasks. A

All of the following states have based their constitutions on sharia law EXCEPT

A. Nigeria B. Egypt C. Saudi Arabia D. Sudan E. Afghanistan F. Iran A

The Chinese registration system of hukou is based on

A. Occupation birthrights B. Rural and urban birthrights C. Class status D. Ethnicity B

Which of the following are ways in which the United Nations, in conjunction with humanitarian nongovernmental organizations, participates in peacebuilding activities?

A. Organization of elections B. Reorganization of police forces C. Provision of relief services D. All of the above D

What is service learning?

A. Programs that combine short study abroad programs with classes at the home institution to increase impact B. Arrangements that enable students to study abroad at foreign universities for the same tuition that they would pay to the home institution C. Programs that combine classroom education with opportunities that engage students directly in service activities D. Programs that allow students to attend an educational institution in another country C

For what projects did Indonesia use its $600 million compact grant in 2011?

A. Providing proper nutrition for children to reduce stunted growth B. Eliminating administrative corruption to encourage good governance C. Providing primary education to increase enrollment among girls D. Eliminating barriers to trade A

What are think tanks?

A. Public institutions interested in qualitative research B. Government-funded organizations that perform research for various departments and agencies C. Academic institutions that perform policy-oriented research D. Privately funded research- and policy-oriented institutes D

All of the following are forces that divide people and create clashes over identity except

A. Religion B. Common heritage C. Failed states D. Ethnic conflict B

What international nonprofit organization aims to preserve the uniqueness of different forms of music through online interaction?

A. Save the Music Foundation B. Global Music Project C. Playing for Change D. World Music Group B

Which Islamic group believes that the prophet Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin, Ali, is the true successor?

A. Shia B. Sunni C. Shafi'i D. Salafi A

Which leader of Serbia faced international criminal charges for his part in calling for the genocide of Bosnian Muslims in the early 1990s?

A. Slobodan Milosevic B. Radovan Karadzic C. Ratko Mladic D. Josep Broz A

Which state is the youngest in the world, having won its independence in July 2011?

A. Somaliland B. South Sudan C. Puntland D. Sahrawi B

What term describes people who must leave their homes but are still in their country?

A. Stateless persons B. Internally displaced persons C. Refugees D. Forced migrants B

For a student focusing on international business and finance, which of the following may be the best employment option?

A. The US Departments of Commerce and Treasury B. The US Department of Defense C. The US Congress D. Peace Corps A

The organ that prepares studies and reports on economic and social concerns is

A. The United Nations Commission for Social and Economic Development B. The United Nations Economic and Social Council C. The United Nations Society and Economics Programme D. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization B

Which of the following is true about the League of Nations?

A. The United States was heavily involved in its meetings and initiatives B. It consisted of a Council, Assembly, and Secretariat C. Membership was open to any recognized state D. All of the above B

Which of the following is an example of cultural imperialism?

A. The adoption of an English name when moving to the United States B. The blending of Spanish and English into Spanglish C. The replacement of local languages by French or other colonial power languages D. The adoption of Indian flavors into British cuisine C

What event do many scholars point to as a turning point in identity and the primary source of cultural conflict?

A. The discovery of the New World B. The conception of nation-states as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia C. European colonialism in the Americas, Asia, and Africa D. The schism of the church into Catholic and Lutheran divisions B

Which of the following is NOT a main objective of intergovernmental organizations?

A. To definitively and legally resolve disputes between states B. To provide multiple channels of communication between states C. To provide a means of cooperation for states D. To be a place where decisions on cooperation can be reached A

Ethnic cleansing may include all of the following EXCEPT

A. The elimination of certain cultural practices by an ethnic group so that it is more acceptable to other groups B. The forceful elimination of a particular ethnic group within a country C. The desire to homogenize a country in terms of ethnicity, nationality, or other cultural markers D. Eliminating the political rights of a particular ethnic minority A

Jihad vs. McWorld depicts

A. The golden arches theory of conflict prevention B. The golden straitjacket of globalization C. The clash of civilizations between the West and Islam D. The integrative and polarizing tendencies of globalization D

Which of the following is an example of ethnic cleansing?

A. The killings on Bosnian Muslims by Serbians in the early 1990s B. The Hutu genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994 C. The Holocaust, or the German effort to eradicate Jews during World War II D. All of the above D

What was the Concert of Europe?

A. The legal solidification of Europe into a modern system of states in the mid-seventeenth century B. The 1815 collaborative group that formalized alliances made during the Congress of Vienna C. An early twentieth-century conference of Europe's leaders to establish state borders D. The agreement among European states during the 1700s that established rules of engagement in colonial territories B

The Open Doors 2013 report by the Institute of International Education states that

A. The most popular countries to study abroad in are Latin American countries because Spanish is a popular language at universities B. The total number of American students studying abroad has doubled over the past two decades C. The majority of study abroad participants stay in their host country for a year of study D. European countries remain the most popular destinations for study abroad, but China and a few other emerging economies rank among the top 25 D

Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS is true?

A. The number of people newly infected by HIV/AIDS and the number of people living with HIV/AIDS is increasing B. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, but the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS is rising in the Caucasus and Central Asia C. It is relatively cheap to buy medications for HIV/AIDS, but the distribution networks for such medications are poor D. The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses the greatest threat in Southeast Asia and India B

What is the United Nations Secretariat?

A. The organ of the United Nations that ensures the proper administration of trust territories B. The organ of the United Nations responsible for developing international law C. The organ of the United Nations in which all member states have equal representation D. The organ of the United Nations that administers day-to-day business D

Which of the following depicts an example of homogenization?

A. The spread of Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants to cities across the world B. The British restructuring of Indian society to adopt British customs, food, and dress C. The mixing of identity based on race, ethnicity, and even homeland, as in the case of President Barack Obama D. The protection of indigenous cultural practices against trends of globalization A

What is assimilation, as it relates to culture?

A. The spreading of culture beyond a specific group to be embraced by a wider audience B. The process by which a society learns its culture C. The indigenization of social groups D. The submerging of cultural differences into a broader, dominant culture D

Which scenario do the authors of the study Global Governance 2025 believe is the most likely outcome in meeting challenges that limit cooperation?

A. There could be a movement to cooperate after a globally encompassing conflict or environmental disaster occurs that has the potential to affect everyone on the planet B. Powerful states and regional powers may try to severely limit their engagement in the international arena and seek greater self-reliance C. The international system will muddle through without a significant singular event that poses a crisis so great that it cannot be absorbed D. The domestic demands of states are so great that they carry beyond each state's borders and all-out conflict occurs. C

All of the following are reasons why students may not study abroad except

A. They cannot speak a foreign language B. They lack resources C. Their parents will not allow it D. Their program of study does not allow time for or require an international experience A

What is true about study abroad experiences?

A. They may provide a base for additional travel during periods when classes are not in session B. They expose students to a particular foreign culture. C. They give students the opportunity to make important contacts and forge relationships with people. D. All of the above D

What is TRUE about truth and reconciliation commissions?

A. They were first used in Latin America in the 1980s to address the crimes of military dictators and move beyond them. B. They are an informal way that ethnic conflicts may be moved towards resolution. C. The Truth and Reconciliation of South Africa, formed in 1995, was the first such commission to include the concept of reconciliation in its mandate. D. All of the above D

What sixteenth-century Dutch scholar was critical to the development of international law, arguing customary practices of nations as they related to one another must guide international law?

A. Thomas Hobbes B. Immanuel Kant C. Hugo Grotius D. Emerich de Vattel C

Which eighteenth-century philosopher developed the concept of the social contract, which emphasizes the mutual responsibility of people?

A. Thomas Hobbes B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. Immanuel Kant D. John Locke B

What political scientist envisioned future conflicts based on cultural differences in the 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order?

A. Thomas L. Friedman B. Benjamin Barber C. Samuel Huntington D. Jan Nederveen Pieterse C

Growth in education enrollment is uneven. Which of the following is true about enrollment worldwide?

A. Those who are poorer are three times less likely to be in school. B. Children from rural areas are twice as likely to attend school. C. Boys are less likely to attend school than girls. D. The greatest growth in enrollment has occurred in the Middle East. A

Private sector careers with a major in international studies may include employment in

A. US Department of State B. United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations C. Banking and financial services D. Peace Corps C

The short film KONY 2012 depicts the hardships of child soldiers in

A. Uganda B. Sudan C. Zambia D. Kenya A

Which specialized agency of the United Nations is devoted to fostering peace through intercultural dialogue?

A. United Nations Commission on Intellectual Cooperation B. United Nations Development Group C. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization D. United Nations Council for Culture and Exchange C

Which of the following is an example of a relative norm?

A. Universal primary education B. Female genital mutilation C. Eradication of poverty D. Elimination of HIV/AIDS B

The Crusades were

A. Wars between European Christians and Near Eastern Muslims throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries B. Characterized by fighting for control of holy lands, particularly Jerusalem, by Christians and Muslims C. Skirmishes between Christians, Muslims, and Jews for control of land in Europe D. Wars between Christians and Jews for control of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages B

The Rio+20 conference

A. Was a 2012 gathering of organizations to promote world peace B. Marks the twentieth anniversary of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil C. Was held in conjunction with the World Economic Forum D. Celebrated the twentieth anniversary of establishment of the United Nations B

The World Health Organization

A. Was created by the United States B. Is a nonprofit organization that oversees public health projects globally C. Addresses public health problems solely in developed countries D. Is a specialized agency of the United Nations to address global public health D

Which of the following are examples of international service learning opportunities?

A. Working with agencies or nongovernmental organizations with an international agenda B. Studying Chinese at Bradley University to improve your language skills C. Volunteering to assist immigrant groups in your area D. All of the above A

In 2013, which of the following countries was one of those at the top of the Fragile States Index?

A. Yemen B. Chad C. Somalia D. Sudan C

What country is characterized by divisions between its Shona and Ndebele people?

A. Zambia B. Uganda C. Zimbabwe D. Mozambique C

Debates on Globalization

AGAINST: Outsourcing: when you take a component of a business and move it to another country to take advantage of cheaper labor. Ethical Concerns: wage differentials in one area of the world vs. another Multi-national corporations don't pay attention to their environmental effects Alter-Globalization: not against globalization, but rather against the way it is being carried out FOR: Renewed commitment to increase interdependence -Shared experience of economic depression -Concentration of power in relatively few hands -Shared belief that capitalism was the optimal power to grow prosperity DEBATES... Economics: Is globalization leading to greater prosperity and equality? NO Political Science: Is globalization leading to greater democratization? Cultural Studies: Is globalization a form of domination or "cultural imperialism?" Subjective

Government subsidies to US food producers and the reduction of international trade barriers have combined to:

Actually make the global food crisis and poverty worse by putting farmers in developing countries out of business.

For sanctions against a nation to be an effective punitive measures

All of the nation's potential trading partners must agree to enforce them

Which of the following organizations is an example of a non-govermental organization that focuses primarily on political human rights

Amnesty International

Which of the following organizations is an example of a nongovernmental organization that focuses primarily on political human rights

Amnesty International

Which of the following organizations is an example of nongovernmental organization that focuses primarily on political human rights

Amnesty International

Oslo Accords

An agreement between Israel and Palestine in 1993 that was designed to set the stage for a comprehensive and permanent peace

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

An arrangement designed to expand cross-border trade and investment signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in 1994.

Gacaca

An effort in Rwanda dating back to pre-colonial times when differences were addressed informally though "justice on the grass" to bring healing.

Where did the concept of citizenship originate?

Ancient Greece

"Logic" that motivates Nationalism

Anthony Smith Naturally Divided into.. -Allegiances Legitimate source of political power A nation can only be fully realized when it achieves the status of a sovereign nation-state

The primary academic field of study for cultural borders is...?

Anthropology

Ideal or "gold standard" of humanitarian action

Assistance to those in need, based on severity of need, with consent to all 1) Neutrality: not taking a stance where there's a conflict, not taking a political side, not being arbiter 2) Impartiality: deliver aid regardless of who you are (ethnicity, religion) inherent dignity and worth as a human being 3) Independence: desire of humanitarian organizations not to take directions from state governments

Unlike Neoliberal thinkers, proponents of Dependency Theory

Believe that protectionist measures are necessary in developing economies.

According to the United Nations Global Commission on International Migration, about how many people are living in countries other than their own?

Between 185 and 200 million

Securities

Bond or stock certificates.

Political Borders

Borders that delineate the governing entities of the world and that are distinguished on the basis of territory, population, governments, and recognition

Political birders

Borders that delineate the governing entities of the world and that re distinguished on the basis of territory, population, governments, and recognition by others

Economic Borders

Borders that delineate the markets that promote the exchange of goods and services across the world

Economic borders

Borders that delineate the markets that promote the exchange of goods and services across the world.

Cultural Borders

Borders that delineate the nations of the world that form identities in terms of language, religion, ethnicity or a common historical experience

Geographic Borders

Borders that delineate the physical world (mountain, oceans, rivers, deserts, ozone) and affect how and where humans have settled and the degree to which they interact with one another.

What facilitated the early flow or spread of cinema around the world?

Causes for flow... -Low reproduction costs (production) -No language barrier (distribution) -Cheap entertainment (consumption) Barriers to flow.. -Patents/lawsuits (distribution)-have to pay for cameras, licenses for projectors -Expertise-just because you have technology doesn't mean you know how to use those things-largely made by western people until knowledge about technology spreads

Global issues

Challenges that transcend state boundaries and require a collective response. No single entity possesses the ability to deal with or solve these issues by itself.

Globalization and Cinema. Mechanisms or "through-lines"

Cinema: tool for spreading different ideas and technologies -Cinema as agent of globalization -Cinema affected by globalization Technology: movies are capital and technology is intensive (require money) Texts: actual artifacts that are spread, themes and stories that are universal across cultures Through-lines: what is allowing these ideas to travel through cinema -Technology, texts and the remake are all through-lines Technology-the ability for a film to be produced-to recreate

Which of the following is an example of social borders?

Class

What type of border is characterized by nations as the main unit of analysis

Cultural borders

Cultural relativism

Cultural understanding in terms of the environment in which it exists.

Colonialism and the developnment project

Colonialism occurred in the 16th-mid-20th century -Portrayed as bringing a better stndard of living, benefits -Before development, we had colonialism -There are both positives and negatives to colonialism -Colonialism is driven by mercantilist-when European countries pursued markets for their products to export-government control of the economy to gain power -colonial governments made stipulations on colonies, colonies were disadvantaged, which then led to inequalities

Geographic information systems (GIS)

Combine the power of computers with satellite imagery to produce new ways of include new technologies such as GPS.

Nationalism

Commitment to and support of the interests of one's nation.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that operate on a global scale with integrated operations across regions and countries.

Complex Emergency

Concept that aims to distinguish between crises that originate in natural disasters which can create refugee flows and crises of much more complex nature -Could be collapse of state structure, questioning of legitimacy of authorities, human rights abuses, complex political and cultural elements Hurricane Katrina is bad example because it was a natural disaster

Currently, the United States has a trade ______________ with China of more than ___________.

Deficit/ $250 billion

What distinguishes contemporary globalization from earlier phases?

Contemporary Globalization: -Each of us is equally a consumer and producer of information-we have the power to transform politics -Globalization is not new, features new to our era Globalization is NOT a form of Imperialism -There are transfers of food, technology, people, ideas: Accommodation: Cocoa Cola in Central Asia. Not harmful, just there. Could still choose, not edging out local culture. Resistance: movement to prevent McDonald's from opening a branch in one next to this area called the Spanish Steps -Resistance when: local culture is displaced, no time to adapt, transfer is perceived to be harmful Hybridity: has to do with mixing. Resistance with local culture displaced -Mixing and mingling of cultures, languages, religions and traditions

The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that negotiated the peace for World War I included the creation of

League of Nations

Single most Significant response to human smuggling and trafficking at the national level

Convention on the Suppression of Transnational Organized Crime (UN TOC) and Supplemental Palermo Protocols -Trafficking and smuggling placed in the framework of being international crime issue -International collaboration is crucial -Prosecute people who are doing it, prevent it from happening, and if both fail, protect victims

The First Hague Peace Conference of 1889

Created a Permanent Court of Arbitration for resolution of conflict between states

Washington Consensus and it's main attributes?

Created when development began to take off, loans were given, lending insitutions based in DC placed conditions on loans Countries required to: -Lower barriers to trade: no taxes or tariffs, remain competitive with own products -Accept foreign investments: allow companies to come in and set up business -Privatize public industries -Deregulating economy, reducing government control

Ukraine

Crimea, a peninsula currently occupied by Russia, originally belonged to what country?

What is culture, and how do we acquire it?

Culture: the way of life a group of people all have, including shared behaviors, beliefs, values, religion, etc. -Accept them without thinking, and are often passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next How do we acquire it?

What defined relations between states prior to the seventeenth century

Customary practices

What led to a renewed commitment to increase interdependence prior to Bretton Woods?

Democratization? -After WWI there was an economic recession, barriers to trade, countries started sheltering themselves from foreign competition. -Let to a renewed commitment to increase interdependence

What do global health experts mean when they say "demographic transition" and "epidemiologic transition"?

Demographic transition: as a country develops, birth rates fall as do mortality rates, leading to older populations.

Realism

Describes a political philosophy that sees the struggle for power and the potential for conflict as a necessary evil in pursuit of national interest

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

Designed Pakistan's atomic bomb, and shared nuclear secrets with nations like Iran.

When nations come into conflict, but do not go to war for fear that the cost in destruction and lives will be too high, we say that peace is maintained through

Deterrence

Carrying capacity

Earth's ability to meet the needs of its population.

Sustainable

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Diffusion, Enculturation, Acculturation

Diffusion: the adoption of practices and behavior by recipient society -things that pass across space geographically -i.e. the food we eat is a result of diffusion Enculturation: learning to live in YOUR culture -Transfer that takes place over time, as an individual learns a culture or as culture is passed through generations inside the family EX: first-hand learning. Growing up with umich football family, knows everything about Umich football as a child to now Acculturation: changing one's identity as a result of contact. -Second-hand learning. A person who grows up rooting for OSU, but ends up going to Umich. Has to learn news songs etc. -Spectrum: assimilation, one group is incorporated with another

Disadvantages and advantages of sovereign state system

Disadvantages: -States are allowed to go to war -Territorial Control: borders can provide reasons to fight, such as when borders do not follow populations -What about states that cannot or do not control their territory? -Economic Division: borders can limit the movement of goods, people and capital. -Cross-border problems: international criminal gangs, transnational terrorism ADVANTAGES: -Control of violence: centralization of power in the state through elimination of other centers of power. -Territorial control: border delineate where state control ends. Responsibility for what happens within its territory. -Economic development: uniform laws and enforcement, removal of barriers to trade within borders -Lack of consensus across nation: nations can disagree about how they should run their own affairs.

Role of celebrities in the development project. Questions to ask when evaluating a celebrity's contribution

Do celebrities translate attention onto themselves into concern with the issues? -50 cent in Somalia, world media along to attract attention to issue of hunger, also used it to promote his street king energy drink -Oprah: leadership academy for girls in South Africa, shouldn't they focus on traying to help MORE girls?, media jumped on her for devoting TOO many resources to these girls, racist ideas that these girls didn't deserve the best (educated in bulk) What percent of the profits stay with the celebrity? -Matt damon drawing attention to necessity for clean water -When the water bottles were first sold, 100% of profits went to the issue, now only $10 Do celebrities speak for or with beneficiaries?

According to the transformationalist perspective of globalization, when did the first wave of globalization occur?

During the age of the Silk Road in the third century BCE?

What union Preceded the European Union

ECSC: European Coal and Steel Cooperation

Not a major type of border that defines the international system

Ecological borders

Wal-Mart is the largest employer in Mexico, one of China's biggest trading partners, and the largest volume retailer in the world. This is an example of:

Economic globalization

Why people migrate...

Educational choices, political instability, work opportunities, family reunification, religious persecution, medical purposes -Push and pull: push people to leave, pull them into another country

The 1648 Westphalian Accords

Established a system in which states were defined on the basis of territory

People distinguish their culture from others by

Ethnicity

Concept of "scape"

Ethnoscapes: people Technoscapes: technology, means of production Financescapes: global market Idioscapes: flows of ideas put into practice-cultural side Mediascapes: flows of culturally significant symbols

Arguments for and against media Imperialism by Herbert

For: Entertainment-being able to add cultural touch to core theme and story Broadening a country's outside ideas, bringing in new perspectives Against: Media is forced to replicate or portray cultural values that aren't necessarily in line with their own beliefs Media imperialism assumes audiences are passive, but they are not Herbert=American media critic

Intergovernmental Organization (IGOs)

Formal, international public bodies whose members are nation-states.

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Formal, nonprofit, voluntary organizations whose memberships are composed of individuals organized around specific issues or common concerns.

The members of the security council with veto power over security council resolutions are:

France, Russia, United States, China, Great Britain

Neoliberalism encourages

Free market principles guiding the spread of globalization.

Truth and reconciliation commission

Groups formed to bring together those who have suffered under ethnic conflict to resolve their differences and move forward

Every fall, heads of state from all over the world come to New York to attend the meeting of the United Nations

General Assembly

Last fall, heads of state from all over the world came to New York to attend the meeting of the United Nations

General Assembly

Where was the League of Nations headquartered

Geneva, Switzerland

Not a reason why scholars are critical of global citizenship

Global citizens are proactive in dealing with global issues

Competing Agendas that the US faces with respect to international Migration

Globalization provides supply of laborers -Demand of labor market-native born population is unwilling to work hard in certain employment sectors so there is high demand for low-skilled jobs "Enforcement First" -Border enforcements, visa requirements, workplace enforcement, detaining and removing non-citizens Agenda to protect rights while penalizing migrants -Children are entitled to protection, receive special protection -People often categorized as threats before we realize they're actually victims -Raise standards -U.S. protects children because they feel as though it is their duty, less true for adults

Protectionism

Government policies to restrict imports to shield local businesses from global completion.

Three primary actors in humanitarian responses

Governments -Strengths: the government funds and grants access. Answer citizen's moral demands (help motivate), BEST FUNDED -Weaknesses: Pursue national and material interests. Mixed agenda. Avoid solitary action. Least predictable. IGO's-Inter-governmental organizations EX: UN, NATO -Strengths: The IGO's are the one's who directly deliver the humanitarian aid. IGO's call the plays. In charge of the deliverance of aid. Clear mandates -Weaknesses: Not all IGO membership is universal. Certain states and nations are limited to membership. Challenges with coordination. NGO's: Non-governmental organizations. -Strengths: Pick and choose where they want to grant their humanitarian action. Quick to act. Agile, established in country they're working, knowledgeable (educate IGO's and governments about what's going on), can influence the gov. Big on vision. -Weaknesses: Sometimes NGO's act in their best interest-money is their primary motivator. Lack a clear vision and strategy, lack of accountability, move so quickly don't evaluate their programs for next time Low on fund.

To help alleviate poverty, Muhammad Yunus founded...

Grameen bank

What, according to Professor Pollack, is the significance of ice when it comes to climate change?

He sees ice as an honest sign of climate change. Scientific beliefs and opinions are good, facts and evidence are better, but images of something as large scale as glacial melts are extremely hard to ignore or make up excuses for.

Which scholarly perspective emphasizes the progressive erosion of the borders that have differentiated national economies sustained the centrality of nationstates

Hyperglobalization

Example of cultural differences that became controversial as a result of universal human rights.

Head coverings: Sahin v. Turkey -A family of practicing Muslims transferred to a public university in Istanbul, told they could no longer wear headscarves in lecture hall -Doesn't correspond to freedom to manifest religious beliefs, case was taken to the European Court -Takes the case against the state-no person should be denied their rights -She loses case, reasonable people tend to disagree -The European Court ruled that it may be necessary to place restrictions on freedom

What sixteenth century Dutch scholar was critical to the development of international law

Hugo Grotius

What are the three dimensions of the Human development index and the Gender Inequality Index measure?

Human Development: 1) Health: life expectancy at birth 2) Education: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling 3) Living Standards: GNP/people Gender Inequality Index 1) Reproductive Health: women's health during pregnancy is a sign of women's status in that society 2) Empowerment: gaining access to a voice and to opportunities -Higher education attainment levels 3) Labor Market Participation -Men and women's participation in the workforce -Doesn't measure unpaid domestic work or care-giving

Natural and human factors contributing to climate change

Human Factors: 1) Industrial Revolution: increased use of coal and burning fossil field produce greenhouse gases (Co2) which largely stay in the earth's atmosphere, trapping a large deal of heat radiated by the sun. More greenhouse gases=more heat radiated. 2) Deforestation: produces large amounts of greenhouse gases; it also decreases the presence of vegetation, which are integral to maintaining the amount of CO2 that is present within the atmosphere, which regulates the temperatures on the surface 3) Urbanization: we end up depending more and more on technology and electricity, which depend largely on fossil fuels to sustain -Carbon Footprint: each individual produces an average of 27 tons of CO2 a year -Food Intake: diets that are high in red meat (especially cow and lamb) contribute to the expulsion of greenhouse gases because of the diets that they require to grow. 16 pounds of vegetation + 2500 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of meat. Producing 1 hamburger=powering a small car for 20 miles. Natural Factors 1) Increased volcanic activity: ashes cover sunlight from reaching earth, creating cooler temperatures; soot and ashes deposit on ice sheets, which makes them dirty/dark, allowing them to trap more heat, melting more rapidly, and increasing sea levels 2) Solar variability (radiation): the cycles of the sun and the earth's position affects the amount of sunlight we receive (and we are currently on the mid to low range, which is what non-believers might account for the cooler temperatures during winters) 3) Ocean Circulation: helps to dissipate heat and maintain more constant temperatures on coastlines and in regions (less extreme weathers)

Why promote gender equality? For...

Human Rights: rights and freedoms spelled out in agreement that are irregardless of sex Practical Reasons: makes good economic sense -shapes the next generation -When women have better access to education and employment, all of their children will benefit -Contributes to increasing a country's ability to compete in international economy

How does the concept of human security differ from the traditional notions of security?

Human security has to do with human rights. Unlike traditional notions of security, which are focused on the well being of the state and it's protection from outside harm, human security acknowledges threats on the individual level. The UNDP outlines subdivisions of human security: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, political security.

Idea of Development

Idea of development -Post WWII -Truman Doctrine: we have to do something after war to prevent Greece and Turkey from falling into Soviet Orbit -Marshall Plan-directed at Europe from recovering WWII. Explicit message to eliminate poverty and hunger. Implicit=best defense against communism.

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Images that provide for interaction with the computer without text, such as icons.

Humanitarian Impulse vs. Humanitarian Imperative?

Impulse: we should help selectively when we are requested to help, when scale of help is limited Imperative=any time that state is not protecting it's citizens, we have an obligation to intervene and protect the people who are vulnerable. Why it might be seen as imperialism? -When more developed (especially Western) countries seek to intervene in foreign affairs in an act of "altruism" in hopes to benefit people in the foreign society, some realists see this as an act of a dominant culture trying to impose its customs and authority (global reach/influence) on the less developed, less dominant society Why many could not consider it a form of imperialism: -Many of these acts of intervention do not provide any materialistic gains for the nation providing support. Helping these countries will ultimately benefit the global economic system. MORE PERSUASIVE

What three institutions were formed at Bretton Woods to facilitate global prosperity?

In 1944 initial framework... 1) International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (becomes WTO) 3) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (becomes World Bank)-helped war-torn economies recover from the war Created new architecture of international institutions to promote interdependence and connectedness... -Dollar became the standard currency

Leading causes of death in low and high income countries

In High Income Countries: -Ischemic heart disease -Stroke -Trachea, bronchus, lung issues -COPD -Lower respiratory infections -Colon/rectum cancers -Diabetes mellitus -Hypertensive heart disease -Breast cancer In low income countries: -Lower respiratory infections -HIV/AIDS -Diarrheal diseases -Stroke -Ischemic heart disease -Malaria -Preterm birth complications -Tuberculosis -birth asphyxia and similar conditions -Protein energy deficiencies Common causes of death in both countries: -Lower respiratory infections -Heart disease -Stroke TRENDS: high income countries generally have high death rates due to health issues such as consumption of unhealthy foods, while low income countries have more deaths related to bacteria/infection

Iraq

In which country did President George H.W. Bush authorize a United States Invasion, in response to regional instability over territory and oil?

A nongovernmental organization's members include

Individuals and groups

Global citizes

Individuals who perceive themselves as members of a global community.

Economic sector that has seen the greatest growth due to globalization

Information technology

The UN-related organization responsible for overseeing the use of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons technology is

International Atomic Energy Agency

Why is the IRCR a significant player in the field of humanitarian action?

International Committee for Red Cross

A direct outgrowth of the War Crimes Tribunals after World War II, the ___________ was established in 2002 and prosecutes perpetrators of genocide and crimes against humanity.

International Criminal Court

All of the following are regional organizations based upon the UN model of intergovernmental governance except

International Labor Organization

Supranational entities

International organizations that operate beyond the national boundaries of their member states.

A reason why people support global citizenship

It can encourage a global ethic of nonviolence and tolerance

China posses a threat to U.S energy supplies because:

Its dramatic economic expansion has led to increased demand for oil resources.

Which historical figure emphasized class as an important means of analysis?

Karl Marx

What 1928 agreement was an attempt by the US to support the League of Nations

Kellogg Briand Pact

Economic Development vs. Human Development

Key Distinction in 1990 Economic Development: focuses on growth of GDP and accumulation of wealth and trade Human Development: incorporates economic development and an emphasis on health, education and environment, how is GDP allocated and how does it affect the people. "People are the real wealth of the nation"

Two patterns of Child Smuggling

Latin America -2,000-8,000 -"Coyotes"=slang for people that smuggle them -Children leave to find family -Move as many people as they can-often human rights abuses China/India -one child policy-very intricate shifting networkers that can take months-very expensive operation -"Snakeheads" move them -"True model"-families send children, parents having become indebted to smuggler, makes children vulnerable to exploiter to pay off parent's debt -Much fewer human rights abuses

Following WWI, President Wilson advocated for the creation of which international organization?

League of Nations

Local vs. Global view on Globalization

Local: Outsourcing -Language Policing: workers are trained to adopt a particular accent -Not in sync with normal body clock -Loss of social ties and identities Offshoring: -"Spirit possession" as resistance -Women begin to resist what it was like to work a job like this-12 hours a day with little to no break -Sacrifices created by growing economies to create an enticing environment global companies will want to move to Global: Offshoring -All aspects of production move -Intended to be good for business and workers -Brings jobs to where they otherwise might not exist

The first major treaty to limit production of nuclear weapons, signed in 1968, is the

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Nuclear weapons were used during World War II on which Japanese cities?

Main unit of analysis for economic borders are

Markets

The Rio+20 conference

Marks the twentieth anniversary of the 1992 Un Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

What does Peter Menzel's "Food for a Week" suggest about global environment and health, and the world's food supply?

Menzel: Food for a Week Austrlia vs. Azerbaijan -Shows the lifestyle of the developing world vs. the lifestyle of the developed world -What you die of in developing countries is more likely to be from infectious diseases and lack of clean water, whereas people in developed countries die from lifestyle causes (diabetes, heart disease) Food for a week in Chad vs. Germany -The sheer amount of packaging used is not sustainable, very wasteful -Average life expectancy in Chad is 51 versus the average life expectancy in Germany at 80 -Where we grow up depends on our food supply and food supply can predict life expectancy and health logistics of the population at hand

International law emerged in the seventeenth century as

Modern states were formed and began to interact with each other

Modernization theory to Presemt

Modernization Theory: societies move through 5 distinct stages, traditional to highly developed -Influenced by economic liberalism -Assumption that "west is the best" -Foreign expertise required, rethink culture, revise political institutions -Intervene to create prosperity Dependence Theory: -Influenced by Marxism -New terms: "core" and "periphery" -One size fits all solutions don't work, every country has unique people and culture, no uniform development -Reason the undeveloped world was undeveloped had to do with inadequate trading relationships that were disadvantaging and keeping them in poverty-blame lay with core countries Current Thinking: no single theory dominates. -Multi-disciplinary (not just economics) -international -multi-sectoral (focus is not just on growth) -corporations and businesses are involved Used to be more of a focus on economic development and raising a country's GDP, economic growth increases the potential to reduce poverty, but there are costs to environment and well-being

Weapons of mass destruction

Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.

A "Dual Economy" exists when:

Most of a country's wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few elites, while most of the population lives in poverty.

Contribution of the UDHR-one caveat

Motivational -carried inspirational vision, no longer in position of establishing rights, matter of going out and claiming them Language Understood by All -could be understood even by people in grade school -written in simple human language-most translated piece of human language ever -carried inspirational vision Governments pledge to promote principles -governments to be held accountable THE CAVEAT: declaration, not binding -enough to have a declaration of principles

Which of the following is an example of geographic borders?

Mountain ranges

During the Cold War, the first steps toward modern political globalization appear in the form of

Multinational military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. -The international ideological struggle between communism and capitalism -Numerous "proxy wars" fought by American and Soviet client states.

Sunni

Muslims who accept Abu Bakr as the rightful successor to the prophet Muhammad

Sunni

Muslims who accept Abu Bakr as the rightful successor to the prophet Muhammad.

Shia

Muslims who support the prophet's son-in-law and cousin, Ali, as the true successor

Shi'a

Muslims who support the prophet;s son-in-law and cousin, Ali, as the true successor.

Civil Society

NGOs that are active in public life through the expression of their members' values and interests

The International Court of Justice, or World Court, decides disputes between:

Nations only.

Three basic explanations as to why some countries are poorer than others

Nature and geography: cultivation of grain in European era enabled European nations to get a head start Culture: protestant societies were prosperous in Europe-valued thrift and saving as a sign of salvation, promoted development Governance: -12 principles: fair elections, citizen participation, citizen expectations met, efficiency and effectiveness, transparency, law and judicial decisions respected, ethical conduct, skills and capacity improved, openness and change/innovation, development sustainable, respect for human rights/cultural diversity EX: North vs. South Korea

Which country has been devastated by the spilling of nine million barrels of oil into its river system due to the poor environmental record of transnational oil corporations operation within its borders?

Nigeria

What is the relationship between GDP and life expectancy?

Non-linear -Countries with higher gdps have high life expectancies

Civil society

Nongovernmental organizations that are active in public life through the expression of their members; values and interests.

The Agreed Framework and the Six Party Talks were both diplomatic efforts that failed to prevent ___________ from acquiring nuclear weapons.

North Korea

Major factors that help determine size of Migratory flow

Not many countries are currently stable-people constantly moving in and out -Government seeks to limit migration into country -Migration pressure: imbalance between the number of people who want/need to migrate and the # of people who are able to do so -Demand of labor market can control the migratory flow and supply of labor

When NAFTA went into effect in 1994, some US companies packed up and moved whole factories to a new industrial zone in northern Mexico. This process is known as:

Offshoring

Outsource/offshore

Often used interchangeably, these terms refer to the displacement of work activity. Outsourcing involves the transfer of certain specific functions performed within a company to an outside provider.

Anarchic system of states

Organization of political units that are relatively cohesive buy with no higher government above them.

To save money on labor, Dell computer moved its technical support services from Texas to India. This practice commonly known as:

Outsourcing

The overarching problem, solution and question of international relations

PROBLEM: Our world is shaped by violence. How do we keep the peace? Death tolls are high SOLUTION: Diplomacy: being able to talk out a problem Sanctions: tool used by countries to gain leverage. Economic measure. Impacts the economy. Sometimes can backfire and have unintentional effects. War: the ultimate tool of international relations Mobilization of international shame: exposing country's violation of international law or inability to observe human rights can embarass the country into changing their behavior Benefits: beneficial trading relationships QUESTION: what is the most effective use of the tools to solve our problem? Depends on how you understand the world

Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

Patents, copyrights, and trademarks extended to individuals and organizations to protect their ownership of products or other creative works generated through their original ideas.

Which of the following is not a discipline international studies draws upon?

Physics

Which type of border delineates the governing entities of the world as distinguished by territory, population, governments, and recognition by others?

Political borders

Feudal system

Political organization in which loyalty and political obligations take precedence over political boundaries.

Imperial system

Political organization in which one government is dominant over most of the world with which it has contact.

Liberalism

Political philosophy from the democratic tradition that emphasizes the potential for cooperation among states.

Realism

Political philosophy that sees the struggle for power and the potential for conflict as a necessary evil in the pursuit of national interest.

Legal definition of the state

Population, territory, effective government, can enter relations with other states EX: antarctica

How is the international response to humanitarian crises shifting?

Previously: -state sovereignty and and autonomy prioritized -rights abuses considered others' internal affairs -focus on delivering food after displacement Currently: -violations of rights a matter of primary international concern -humanitarians assisting where abuses occur -focus on food and human rights

Activities that take place with respect to protecting universal human rights

Promotion: has gotten the most attention by far -encouraging adoption of international norms Implementation: enacting international laws or administering practices that are going to comply with treaties EX: strengthening judicial branch, improving prison conditions Enforcement: binding decision making could occur at domestic, regional or international level -not very robust, no road map for enforcement -priority=state sovereignty EMPHASIZES THE INDIVIDUAL

Nongovernmental organizations

Provide a means for cooperation among individuals on issues of common concern

The main function of the World Bank is

Provide funding for development projects such as roads, ports, and dams.

An example of a global issue

Public health, pollution of the atmosphere, drug wars

What does professor Wilson think are the most important questions to consider? Be able to name at least two important questions we should be trying to answer.

QUESTIONS: 1) How has globalization affected health inequities-within and between countries poverty? 2) How has globalization affected food security, nutrition, and equitable acess to water and sanitation? 3) Do present global governance structures consider health equity effects associated with the social determinants of health?

What is R2P and what are it's three pillars? Name and describe 3/6 criteria used when deciding to invoke R2P

RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT -Builds on international law, but not on law, the way humanitarian action ought to proceed FIRST PILLAR: -idea that states have a responsibility to protect their citizens SECOND PILLAR: -International community has a responsibility to support states in that effort THIRD PILLAR: -If a state is unable/unwilling to protect citizens, the international community has the responsibility to step in 6 Criteria... 1) Just cause: is the crisis serious enough or does it involve mass atrocities? 2) Right intention: does it alleviate suffering? 3) Final resort: have we tried everything? (even the tools of international relations?) 4) Legitimate authority: UN security council must have a resolution 5) Proportional means-minimally needed fore 6) Reasonable Prospect: does it do more good than harm? Reasonable that we will be successful?

What are some ways we might "level the playing field" between carbon-based energy sources (currently preferred) and alternative energy?

Raise the prices of carbon by: -Direct carbon tax at source -Carbon cap and trade market -Carbon regulation by EPA, including fines and penalties Lowering the prices of alternative energy sources We can also begin to investigate climate engineering by: -Preventing certain amounts of sunshine from reaching Earth -Capture CO2 at source -Remove CO2 from the atmosphere

Realism, Liberalism Constructivism

Realism: -Machiavelli: the use of power among the people -Maximize power in order to ensure security and chance of survival -An approach to politics-national system as fundamentally anarchic -Selfish-power seeking Liberalism: -Glass half full view -"Happy medium" -President Woodrow Wilson -Every state is interested in cooperation -Intergovernmental Organization-if we create the right structures we can provide stability and prevent war -Hierarchy system: create systems that make it easier for states to cooperate-UN

Free market capitalism is characterized by:

Reduction in government regulations over business.

The World Trade Organization

Resolves trade disputes among members to make commerce easier

When a nation or IGO imposes sanctions on another nation, it usually involves:

Restricting the nations's ability to trade with other countries

Human Smuggling vs. Human Trafficking

Smuggling: Transportation of person across border against international law -More people have resorted to smuggling because it is a more lucrative process -Has unintended consequences: rather than help control the undocumented, it has made it worse -Rise in undocumented in the US Human Trafficking: Act of recruiting/transporting somebody through forced fraud, abusive power and exploiting their vulnerability -Purpose/Exploitation -U.S. does not define sale of babies as human trafficking -All 3 need to be present to be considered human trafficking (act:recruitment, transport, transfer, Means: threat, use of force, abduction, coercion, Purpose: exploitation, prostitution, forced labor)

McDonaldization

Sociologist George Ritzer uses to describe processes that have come to dominate the organization of more and more sectors of production around the world and to impose pressure to adhere to homogeneous standards and values.

Strengths and weaknesses of UN and security council

Strengths of UN: -Reduces likelihood of wars -2/3 peacekeeping efforts successful -Spread of democracy Weaknesses of UN: -Security council leaves out some major powers (Japan), not representative of all major powers -Failures to prevent, intervene conflict -General assembly is beureaucratic and inefficient-don't get much done

Oslo accords

The 1993 Israeli/Palestinian agreement that was designed to set the stage for a comprehensive and permanent peace.

The dramatic emergence of China as a dominant economic power demostrates:

That free trade reforms do not necessarily lead to the creation of a freer society.

What was the Concert of Europe

The 1815 collaborative group that formalized alliances made during the Congress of Vienna

Industrial Revolution

The 18th century transformation from a human and animal bases labor economy to one based on machines.

Balfour declaration

The 1917 British plan calling for the eventual creation of Jewish national home in Palestine.

Camp David Accords

The 1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel

Road map for peace

The 2003 plan that established the framework for a two-state solution to the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.

The first international nongovernmental organization was

The Anti-Slavery Society

The permanent members of the UN Security Council

The Big Five

The recent economic boom in India was based primarily on the expansion of

The IT and "soft" services sector

The US, United Kingdom, China, Pakista, North Korea, and probably Israel are all members of:

The Nuclear Club

Enculturation

The process by which a society learns its culture.

1993

The Palestine Liberation Organization was recognized by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in

Intifada

The Palestinian uprising against Israel

Road Map for Peace

The Quartet—the United Nations Secretary General, United States, European Union, and Russia—produced what plan in 2003 for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

Peacebuilding

The UN in conjunction with humanitarian NGOs organizes elections, reorganizes elections, reorganizes police forces, provides relief services, and participates in any other activities that are needed to create a viable state.

The organ that prepares studies and reports on economic and social concerns

The United Nations Economic and Social Council

The 1999 Battle of Seattle was a protest against

The World Trade Organization

Direct investment

The acquisition of corporate assets through the purchase of property, a plant, or equipment.

Glocalization

The adaptation of local forms of expression and identity to outside influences.

Narcoterrorism

The alliance of drug traffickers and anti-government revolutionaries, often used in reference to political violence in Colombia.

Al-Jazeera

The broadcast network owned by Qatar.

Qatar

The broadcast news network Al Jazeera is based in

Nationalism

The commitment to and support of the interests of one's nation

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol-TCP/IP standard

The communications method of sending content back and forth in packets that underlies the internet.

Almost all of the textile mills in North Carolina have closed down in recent years because:

The companies couldn't compete with cheap Chinese textiles.

Malthusian dilemma

The conflict inherent in the idea that the growth of the world's population increases geometrically whereas the production of food can only increase arithmetically.

USA patriot act

The controversial 2001 law that expanded the government's law enforcement powers in dealing with terrorism.

Digitization

The conversion of information to computer ready format.

Muhammad Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for:

The creation of Grameen Bank, a microlending institution that helps people in developing nations life themselves out of poverty.

Cloud computing

The delivery of web based content via remote servers to multiple devices.

Topography

The depiction of earth's physical features and their relationships to one another in terms of location and elevation.

Cartography

The depiction of physical and human made borders.

Digital age

The development of digital technology in the 21st century.

Hegemon

The dominant power in the global economy.

Citizenship

The duties, rights, privileges, and responsibilities of individuals to and in the community in which they reside.

Mercantilis

The economic approach that promotes the aggressive pursuit of export outlets and the simultaneous protection of domestic markets to acquire and expand national wealth and power.

Liveralism

The economic approach, commonly traced to the writings of Adam Smith, that emphasizes the role of the free market in promoting economic growth and prosperity.

Neoliberalism

The economic principles that promote free market capitalism and closely reflect the ideals of contemporary globalization.

Food Insecurity

The lack of secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life

Current account

The equivalent of a country's check book, reflecting the combined balances on trade in goods, services, income, and net transfers.

Genocide

The extreme form of ethnic cleansing, where one group seeks to deliberately kill members of another group based solely on their national or ethnic differences.

Battle of Seattle

The first major large scale protest against globalization that occured during the WTO meeting in Seattle in November 1999

Battle of Seattle

The first major large scale protest against globalization that occurred during the WTO meeting in Seattle, Washington, in Nov. 1999.

Non-Proliferation Treaty

The first major treaty to limit production of nuclear weapons, signed in 1968, is the

Mutual assured destruction (MAD)

The logic of nuclear deterrence that assumes the certainty of a nuclear retaliation would prevent governments from launching such an attack in the first place.

How did China respond to disorder in the classical era?

The focus fo China is to maintian balence and thus the mandate of heaven. The three major schools of thought that are focused on that are. 1.Legalism argued that only the state could act in the long-term interests of society as a whole. They advocated a system of clearly defined laws and rules, strictly enforced through rewards and punishments, as the best means of securing desirable behavior from subjects. 2. Confucianism emphasized that, because human society consisted primarily of unequal relationships, social harmony relied on the superior party in these relationships behaving with sincerity, benevolence, and genuine concern for others. 3. Daoism argued that disorder stemmed from human actions and that if people withdrew from the world of political and social activism and instead aligned themselves with dao, the way of nature, then balence is restored.

G-20

The group of 20 finance ministers and central bank governors representing leading industrial and emerging market countries.

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

The logic that assumes the certainty of a nuclear retaliation would prevent governments from launching such an attack in the first place

The "China Price" refers to:

The lower cost of goods produced by cheap Chinese labor.

At the end of World War II, the Bretton Woods conference established:

The main IGOs in the new global economic order.

Comparative advantage

The idea that countries should produce and export those goods they can produce at a lower cost than others and import those items that others produce at lower cost.

Nondiscrimination

The idea that countries would extend preferential trade status to all their trade partners.

Reciprocity

The idea that countries would respond to actions taken by their trade partners to reduce trade barriers with similar reductions of their own.

Homogenization

The incorporation of a range of cultural forms into a uniform set of values and practices.

Proletariat

The industrial workers.

Deterrence

The inhibition of a first strike nuclear attack by an effective retaliatory or second-strike capability

Deterrence

The inhibition of a first strike nuclear attack by an effective retaliatory or second-strike capability.

Complex Interdependence

The interdependent relationship that exists between states such tat variation in one state's behavior significantly affects the other

Complex Interpendence

The interdependent relationship that exists between states such that variation in one state's behavior significantly affects the other.

Doha Round

The most recent international trade negotiations conducted under the auspices of the World Trade Organization.

Migration

The movement of people across borders that reshapes identities, border within states and nations, and between them.

Ethnography

The observation and description of people in their environment through in depth analysis and interaction.

What is the United Nations Secretariat

The organ of the UN that administers day-to-day business

Which of the following functions are not performed by the UN and nongovernmental organizations in peacebuilding operations

The overthrow of authoritarian governments

Which of the following functions are not performed by the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations in peacebuilding operations?

The overthrow of authoritarian governments

Bourgeoisie

The owners of the means of production.

Containment

The policy of the US during the Cold War that checked aggressive Soviet actions by military alliances.

Globalization

The political, economic, social, and cultural flows across the international system.

Securitization

The pooling of various loans into securities and selling them to other institutions.

Unlike either the Neoliberal or Dependency approaches, supporters of the Sustainable model encourage:

The promotion of grassroots efforts to meet the basic needs of people, and grow developing economies from the bottom up, not the top down.

Portfolio Investment

The purchase of stocks, bonds, or other financial assets that does not result in direct management or control over an enterprise.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The quantification of a country's production of goods and services at home.

Gross national product (GNP)

The quantification of the value of all the goods and services produced in an economy, plus the value of the goods and services imported, less the goods and services exported.

Information Revolution

The rapid spread of and access to all forms of communication.

International law

The regulation of relations among sovereign states emerging from customary practices.

Conditionality

The requirements imposed on prospective borrowers by the IMF or other lending institutions that emphasize economic growth over welfare considerations.

Sovereignty

The right of states to self-determination-to attend to their own affairs without being subject to the unwanted interference of others.

Sovereignty

The right of states to self-determination—to attend to their own affairs without being subjected to unwanted interference of others

Greenhouse effect

The rise in the earth's temperature due to greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.

The Jacobin Reign of Terror of France

The term "terrorism" originated during

Culture

The set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.

Washington Consensus

The set of economic policy reforms imposed by the IMF and other Washington, D.C. based financial institutions on potential borrowers.

Cultural diffusion

The spreading of culture beyond a specific group to be embraced by a wider audience.

1948

The state of Israel was established in

Geography

The study of the earth and its characteristics.

Physical geography

The study of the earth and its resources

Human geography

The study of the way that humans interface with the physical environment and how political, economic, social, and cultural factors influence these connections.

Assimilation

The submerging of cultural differences into a broader, dominant culture.

Political science

The systematic study of political behavior institutionalized at the turn of the twentieth century.

Short message service (SMS)

The technology that allows cell phone users to text messages up to 160 characters to one another.

Positivism describes

The theory and development of international law based on the practice of states and conduct of international relations

positivism

The theory and development of international law based on the practice of states and conduct of international relations as as evidenced by custom or treaties.

Terrorism

The threat or use of violence to change an existing political order.

People are harmed by globalization by

Through cultural homogenization

Cyberterrorism

The unlawful attack and manipulation of internet information to further a personal or group's gain.

Hyperglobalization

The view that emphasizes the progressive erosion of the borders that have differentiated national economies and sustained the centrality of nation states.

Dependency theory

The view that the development of countries in the Global South is limited by the unfavorable terms through which they have been integrated into the global capitalist economy.

Deterritorialization

The weakening of cultural ties to specific locations.

Politically motivated emulations have in common

Their actions were in a sign of people pushed to their extremes. -All ended up motivating a movement against the opressors

People benefit from globalization

Through increasing overall standards of living, through greater access to cheaper goods, through the diversification of manufacturing

Constructivism

This is an international relations ideology that looks at more modern and creative ways of solving political issues

The Camp David Accords

This is the 1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel

Liberalism

This is the international relationships perspective that emphasizes the potential for cooperation among states

Narcoterrorism

This term is often refers to political violence in Colombia and is an alliance of drug traffickers and antigovernment revolutionaries

The Balfour Declaration of 1917

This was a document that called for the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine

Basic positions of various authors in debates on Globalization

Thomas Friedman-"leveling the playing field" "world of greater prosperity" If you can connect to the rest of the world though the internet, you can participate, you can compete. -"The world is flat"-our societies are going to become less hierarchical and more egalitarian Gemmuwat: opposite of Freedman. We claim to be more globalized than we truly are. Trade is only 10% of our goods. Francis Fukuyama (1989) "We not only witnessed the end of the Cold War, but the culmination of mankind's ideological evolution." -Overly optimistic -End of the cold war was the victory for democracy because of globalization

What is the key function of the UN Department of Political Affairs

To coordinate peacemaking and preventative diplomacy

Which of the following is not a main objective of intergovernmental organizations

To definitively and legally resolve disputes between states

Who was the first UN secretary general

Trygve Lie

When and how was the UDHR created? Brief narrative

UDHR was created in 1948 on December 10th, by the United Nations -It was created at the end of WWII in an attempt to never let what happened during WWII to happen again -Taken together, corner stone of international law -specific treaties followed the UDHR -Beginning of Cold-War, Soviet countries concerned with right o have a job and medical care, civil and political irrelevant without social, economic and cultural -US placed greater emphasis on civil and political rights-industrialized countries more concerned with Ratification -States are only bound by obligations they accept -Up to nation state whether they sign one of the conventions, it's a choice

Be able to name at least three specialized agencies of the UN that are involved in global health

UNICEF: gains funds for children, immunizations, clean water World Bank: Millenium Development Goals are a list of goals that they want completed to make an overall healthier environment for everyone (sanitation, water, education, etc.) WHO: the UN health organization responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries, and assessing/monitoring health trends

Petrodollars

US dollars earned through the sale of petroleum.

The first step towards achieving lasting peace in the Middle East involves:

Understanding that it is a very, very complicated situation.

Digital divide

Unequal access to the internet that separates those who have it and whose who do not.

Key Actors or institutions of development

United Nations Development Program: human development reports/index, strategic coordinating role, MDGs, Advice, training and grant support -body responsible for minitoring millenium goals -Criticism: tends to work with even authoritarian government, doesn't discrminate with governments with human rights violations The World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + International Development Association) -Major source of development funds, addresses multiple sectors of an economy CRITICISM: too formulaic, over-emphasized growth, represents many ccountries run by a small # of powerful nations Government Agencies Plus: two-fold purpose, improve lives in the developing world, advance U.S. interests abroad Criticisms: aid comes back to US through counteracts, biased selection of partners, disproportionate amount to countries that are political and military partners Transnational Corporations -Offer capital and jobs in regions that need them -Increase a country's integration into the global economy Criticism: working conditions, environmental standard (neither are necessarily upheld), independence and mobility (can simply leave if they don't like conditions in which they are operating), corporate interest

In what ways was social inequality expressed in early civilizations?

Wealth Avoidance of physical labor Clothing Houses Manner of burial Class-specific treatment in legal codes

d. All of the above

Weapons of mass destruction include a. Nuclear weapons b. Chemical weapons c. Biological weapons d. All of the above e. B and C only

Warsaw Pact

What Soviet organization was created in response to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

Cuban Missile Crisis

What conflict was the first and only direct US-Soviet confrontation that threatened to involve the use of nuclear weapons?

USA Patriot Act

What controversial law, passed in 2001, expanded the US government's law enforcement powers in dealing with terrorism?

Fatah

What group within the Palestine Liberation Organization was led by Yasser Arafat?

c. The largest number of terrorist attacks took place in Iraq and Syria.

What is NOT true about terrorism? a. Private citizens and property were the most frequently targeted in 2013. b. The US Department of State cited more than 9,000 acts of terror resulting in over 17,800 deaths and 32,500 injuries in 2013. c. The largest number of terrorist attacks took place in Iraq and Syria. d. It is defined as the threat or use of violence to change an existing political order.

The Palestine Liberation Organization

What political group was formed in the 1960s among Palestinians to lead the fight against Israel?

Bipolar

What term describes a type of interstate system where two states hold the most significant power?

Two specific examples of how the development project has impacted men and women differently

When an economy is stressed: -Women end up in informal employment: temporary or part time job or a job without medical benefits -Girls are taken out of school, families marry her off -Women are the main welfare users, need a lot of services that get cut 1) Health disparities -disparities between men and women in terms of excess mortality -2/5 of females are never born: selected our because of our new reproductive technologies in result of preferences for males -Lack access to water and adequate food: why does this affect girls more than boys? -Disparities and inequalities within families -Girl children die more than boy children because they don't have the same access to food and water as the boy children 2) Education -Countries are falling behind -School enrollments are improving, but lower for girls than boys in Sub-Saharn Africa, parts of Asia 3) Unequal access to economic opportunities -The right to own property, women are more likely to be turned down for loans

Ethnic conflict

When differences in identity are too great to reconcile within state boundaries.

Cultural imperialism

When one culture is dominated by another culture to the point that the victimized culture is forced to change its cultural practices.

Ethnic cleansing

When one group forcibly removes another by violence or deportation.

Anwar Sadat

Which Egyptian leader, who signed the 1978 Camp David Accords, was assassinated in 1981?

Spain

Which country contributed to the first wave of colonialism as they colonized the Americas prior to the mid-1700s?

Britain

Which country last controlled Palestine through a mandate of the League of Nations?

d. Libya

Which of the following countries is NOT a current member of the so-called nuclear club? a. India b. Israel c. France d. Libya

e. All of the above

Which of the following factors has contributed to the resilience and even the support of terrorist networks? a. Media and advanced forms of electronic communication b. More decentralized, autonomous arrangements across geographic regions c. Networking among other terrorist organizations d. Counterterrorism efforts that are hampered by terrorist intimidation or blackmailing e. All of the above

e. Both A and C

Which of the following is TRUE about the anarchic system of states? a. The international system of today is considered an anarchic system of states b. It is a system of political organization in which loyalty and political obligations take precedence over political boundaries c. It is a system composed of political units that are relatively cohesive but with no higher governance above them d. Examples of an anarchic system of states include the Roman Empire, Spain in the sixteenth century, and France in the seventeenth century e. Both A and C

Idealism

Which political philosophy emphasizes cooperation to establish a peaceful world order?

Ted Turner

Who was one of the founders of the Nuclear Threat Initiative in 2001 to prevent the use of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons?

d. A and C only

Why were the Camp David Accords significant? a. As a result, Israel agreed to return substantial portions of Egyptian land captured in 1967 b. The United States pledged considerable military aid to Gaza to bolster peace in the region c. Through them, Egypt became the first Arab state to formally recognize Israel's right to exist d. A and C only

Do external or foreign actors have an influence on health systems in the developing world?

Yes, but expand

A good example of a symmetrical war is ______, while ______________ was an asymmetrical conflict.

World War II/Afghanistan

Are NGO's important to global health? If so, why?

Yes. Because health is so different in each part of the world, especially in the difference between developed and undeveloped countries, it is impossible for a single organization to be an expert on the state of the world's health. NGO's are locally based, so when a health crisis hits, they are the most knwoledgeable about what a region specifically needs. They also provide direct treatment to sick people.

Peace Corps

a US government agency that sends volunteers to assist other countries in order to promote friendship and mutual understanding

Hybridization

a blending of cultures that incorporates different aspects of each culture to create a new entity

Caste System

a division of society based on birth that originally developed from the Hindu religion

International Studies

a field of inquiry that examines the broad array of geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural interactions and relationships that cross birders

Anthropology

a field of study that examines the physical attributes of human beings as well as their social and cultural characteristics

Sociology

a field of study that focuses on people and their relationships to the societies in which they live

Psychology

a field of study that seeks to understand the motivations behind the decisions people make in terms of their cognitive orientation

Concert of Europe

a formal collaborative group formed in 1815 to enforce the decisions reached at the Congress of Vienna

Atlantic Charter

a joint declaration by the United States and Great Britain that detailed the position of the two countries relative to WW2 and their goals for postwar peace

Sharia Law

a legal system that relies on Islam and applies broadly to how Muslims should live their life

Kellogg-Briand Pact

a multinational pact that outlawed war as a means of conflict resolution

Culture Shock

a physical and psychological response to cultural differences when traveling away from home

detente

a policy designed in the late 1960s by US president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev to promote opportunities for US-Soviet cooperation, even while the broader rivalry persisted

Idealism

a political philosophy that emphasizes cooperation to establish a peaceful world order

Communism

a social movement that promoted the communal values of the worker class

Balance of Power

a system of states that relies on shifting alliances to balance relationships and prevent conflict

Golden Straitjacket

a term used by Thomas Freidman to describe what states must do to participate cmpetitively in the global market

Bipolar

a type of interstate system where two states hold the most significant power

Constructivism

a view of the global order that sees the state and the rules that govern it as a artificial construct

Gacaca

an effort in Rwanda dating back to precolonial times when differences were addressed informally through "justice on the grass" to bring healing

Exchange Agreements

arrangements that enable students to study abroad at foreign universities for the same tuition that they would pay to the home institution

Social Borders

borders that delineate the class divisions of the world that are formed by inequality of opportunity

Geographic Borders

borders that delineate the physical world (mtns, oceans, rivers, deserts, ozone) and affect how and where humans have settled and the degree to which they interact with eachother

Global issues

challenges that transcend state boundares and require a collective response. No single entity possesses the ability to deal with or solve these issues by itself

Nationalism

commitment to and support of the interests of one's nation

International Regimes

cooperation among states based on custom and practice, without formal agreement

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)

created by the US Congress to administer economic assistance to developing countries in response to the MDGs

Cultural Relativism

cultural understanding in terms of the environment in which it exists

Foreign Service Officers (FSOs)

diplomats employed by the US Department of State

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

eight goals adopted by the UN to address inequity in the international system with the objective to improve people's lives globally by 2015

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

formal, international public bodies whose members are nation-states

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

formal, nonprofit, voluntary organizations whose memberships are composed of individuals organized around specific issues or common concerns

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions

groups formed to bring together those who have suffered under ethnic conflict to resolves their differences and move forward

Global citizens

individuals who perceive themselves as members of a global community

Failed States

nation-states whose governments can no longer provide political, economic, and social stability

Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs)

networks that provide opportunities for cooperation and collaboration for people across borders to channel their influence in the international arena

Civil Society

nongovernmental organizations that are active in public life through the expression of their members' values and interests

Weapons of Mass Destruction

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons

Anarchic System of States

organization of political units that are relatively cohesive but with no higher government above them

Feudal System

political organization in which loyalty and political obligations take precedence over political boundaries

Imperial System

political organization in which one government is dominant over most of the world with which it has contact

Liberalism

political philosophy from the democratic tradition that emphasizes the potential for cooperation among states

Realism

political philosophy that sees the struggle for power and the potential for conflict as a necessary evil pursuit of national interest

Globalization

political, economic, social, and cultural flows across the international system; includes trade, financial relationships to integrated communications

Internships

positions that offer practical training in workplace settings

Think Tanks

privately funded research- and policy-oriented institutes

Service Learning

programs that combine classroom education with opportunities that engage students directly in service activities

Gross domestic product (GDP)

quantification of a country's production of goods and services at home

Relative Norms

rights that are unique to an individual society, dictated by its religion, cultural practices, level of development, and acceptable criminal punishments

Transferrable Skills

talents and abilities that may be applied to a range of settings and job environments

Intifada

the Palestinian uprising against Israel

Peacebuilding

the UN, in conjunction with humanitarian NGOs, organizes elections, reorganizes police forces, provides relief services, and participates in any other activities that are needed to create a viable state

PEACEBUILDING

the Un in conjunction with humanitarian NGOs organizes elections, reorganizes police forces, provices relief services and participates in any other activities that are needed to create a viable state

Intercultural Competence

the ability to communicate effectively with people from different backgrounds and with different interests

Glocalization

the adaptation of local forms of expression and identity to outside influences

Narcoterrorism

the alliance of drug traffickers and antigovernment revolutionaries, often used in reference to political violence in Colombia

Genocide

the extreme form of ethnic cleansing, where one group seeks to deliberately kill members of another group based solely on their national or ethnic differences

al-Jazeera

the broadcast network owned by Qatar

USA Patriot Act

the controversial 2001 law that expanded the government's law enforcement powers dealing with terrorism

Globalization characterization

the elimination of the nationstate

Employability Quotient

the extent to which a course of study provides sufficient preparation for gainful employment

Human Rights

the fundamental rights and freedoms based on the premise that all people are inherently equal and must be treated as such, regardless of their nationality or ethnic origin, race, religion, language or other status

Homogenization

the incorporation of a range of cultural forms into a uniform set of values and practices

Proletariat

the industrial workers

Deterrence

the inhibition of a first strike nuclear attack by an effective retaliatory or second-strike capability

Complex Interdependence

the interdependent relationship that exists between states such that variation in one state's behavior significantly affects the other

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

the logic of nuclear deterrence that assumes the certainty of a nuclear retaliation would prevent governments from launching such an attack in the first place

Transitional Justice

the many different types of judicial and nonjudicial actions used to address human rights abuses

Migration

the movement of people across borders that reshapes identities, both within states and nations and between them

Ethnography

the observation and description of people in their environment through in-depth analysis and interaction

Bourgeoisie

the owners of the means of production

Containment

the policy of the United States during the Cold War that checked aggressive Soviet actions by military alliances

Technology

the practical application of science

International Law

the regulation of relations among sovereign states emerging from customary practices

Sovereignty

the right of states to self-determination- to attend to their own affairs without being subjected to the unwanted interference of others

Culture

the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society or group

Cultural Diffusion

the spreading of culture beyond a specific group to be embraced by a wider audience

Assimilation

the submerging of cultural differences into a broader, dominant culture

Political Science

the systematic study of political behavior institutionalized at the turn of the twentieth century

Positivism

the theory and development of international law based on the practice of states and conduct of international relations as evidenced by custom or treaties

Terrorism

the threat or use of violence to change an existing political order

Deterritorialization

the weakening of cultural ties to specific locations

Pandemics

the widespread outbreak of diseases

Study Abroad

to attend an educational institution in another country

Ethnic Conflict

when differences in identity are too great to reconcile within state boundaries

Hyper globalization

view that emphasizes the progressive erosion of the borders that have differentiated national economies and sustained the centrality of nation-states

Global Governance

voluntary international cooperation to manage transnational issues through a system of governance agreed upon by all interested parties

Poverty

want of food, clean water, shelter, health care, education, employment, and general well-being

Cultural Imperialism

when one culture is dominated by another culture to the point that the victimized culture is forced to change its cultural practices

Ethnic Cleansing

when one group forcibly removes another by violence or deportation

Vulnerable Employment

work done by unpaid family workers or by those who keep their own accounts-that is, the self-employed