Intro to Psychology Ch. 11
In the Unites States and Canada, about ___________ percent of women "constantly think about their looks." This percentage is (higher/lower) than the corresponding percentage in Mexico and Venezuela.
20; lower
any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
aggression
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
altruism
Discrimination is BEST described as:
an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members
Rubia develops an _____________ when she tries to explain her neighbor's irritating actions.
attribution
Attitudes are:
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Alexandra's behavior would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:
empathy
Feeling what others feel is called ____________.
empathy
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group
group polarization
In the Asch conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when: a) only two or three people are in the group b) the group receives rewards for conforming c) the group is threatened with electric shock d) the group is unanimous
the group is unanimous
Based on the research presented in the textbook, what is the MOST likely outcome experienced by children who frequently play violent video games? a) they are more likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors b) they are less likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors c) they are more likely to be empathetic to the feelings of others d) they are no different from children and adolescents who do not play violent video games
they are more likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors
______________ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
a conflict
Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood. Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:
an attribution
____________ theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that our attitudes and actions are in conflict.
cognitive dissonance
One makes an attribution when one:
decides what is causing an individual's behavior
unfair negative behavior toward a group or its members
discrimination
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
equity
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to: a) exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone b) exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone c) help those who depend on them d) perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of other people
exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone
the principle that frustration -the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
frustration-aggression principle
a tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality BEST illustrates the _____________ error.
fundamental attribution
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
other-race effect
"them"-----those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
outgroup
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love
passionate love
revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
self-disclosure
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social psychology
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
superordinate goals
While on a date with his girlfriend, Lenny discovered that she was depressed about a low exam grade. He found that he began to feel dejected and they both talked very little and ended the date early. Lenny's change in mood BEST illustrates:
the chameleon effect
It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you will put a small, 1-foot sign in your yard. You agree. The next week your friend can't believe you agreed to let the volunteer put a new 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This technique is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room, and Tim assumes he must be a slob. Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week. Tim is demonstrating:
the fundamental attribution error
Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers given by a confederate of the researcher. How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?
She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university
Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the 'Journal of Research in ____________ Psychology'.
Social
Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she: a) does not have to reveal her personal opinion at the close of the class discussion b) has a high level of self-esteem c) verbally expresses her own unique opinion early in the class discussion d) believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
bystander effect
occurs when interested people's thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments
central route persuasion
refers to the tendency to adopt the postures, gestures, and mannerisms of interaction partners
chameleon effect
In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was ____________ the experimenter and _____________ the "learner."
close to; far from
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. for example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don't match, we may change our attitudes so that we feel more comfortable
cognitive dissonance theory
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
companionate love
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
conflict
When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
conformity
Line length is to _________ as shock is to _________.
conformity; obedience
If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as 'assertive' and 'bold' as strong when the words are associated with female faces rather than male faces, this finding would illustrate ______________ prejudice.
implicit
Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's rules or what social psychologists would call group _________.
norms
occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
peripheral route persuasion
an unfair and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. _____________ generally involves negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
prejudice
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
reciprocity norm
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
role
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
scapegoat theory
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
social loafing
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
social script
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
social-responsibility norm
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
stereotype
You are trying to convince your parents to send you on a trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on a longer trip. This technique is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A political scientist explains a politician's popularity by citing the trait of authoritarianism among his supporters rather than by noting the economic uncertainty they face. The scientist may be reflection:
the fundamental attribution error
When one follows orders or behaves similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social:
influence
the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them
mere exposure effect
Dr. Guthrie explores why the same person may act differently in different situations. Dr. Greenwald investigates why different people act differently in the same situation. What type of psychologists are they?
Dr. Guthrie is a social psychologist, whereas Dr. Greenwald is a personality psychologist
Which statement reflects the fundamental attribution error? a) Eryn cheated on the exam because the test was so important to her GPA b) Eryn cheated on the exam because she's dishonest c) Eryn cheated on the exam because she didn't have time to study d) Eryn cheated on the exam because the test was much more difficult than she had anticipated
Eryn cheated on the exam because she's dishonest
In an experiment by David Napolitan and George Goethals, a young woman acted aloof and critical to one group of students and warm and friendly to another group. Some students in each group were told that she would be acting spontaneously, and some were told the truth-that she was merely 'acting' aloof or friendly. What effect did knowing the truth have on the students' opinion of the woman?
Knowing the truth beforehand did not have any effect on how the students perceived her either negatively or positively
A psychologist named __________ conducted the Stanford Prison study of social roles.
Philip Zimbardo
"us"-----people with whom we share a common identity
ingroup
the tendency to favor our own group
ingroup bias
the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
just-world phenomenon
According to social psychologist Irving Janis, the problems associated with groupthink can be avoided by both business and government in decision making when: a) leaders invite various opinions and listen to critiques by others b) leaders discourage dissent c) all decisions are based on consensus with little discussion d) leaders emphasize loyalty
leaders invite various opinions and listen to critiques by others
mutual views often held by conflicting groups, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
mirror-image perceptions
Marcie is invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal, so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they're doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying _____________ social influence.
normative
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
self-fulfilling prophecy
Dr. Perez is conducting research about how people form impressions of other people and how they interpret each other's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Perez is probably a(n) _____ psychologist.
social
Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This is MOST likely caused by:
social facilitation
in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks
social facilitation
feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
attitudes
The authors of the textbook ask if the 2018 slaughter of 11 Jewish worshippers at Pittsburgh's Tree of Life synagogue should be ascribed to the shooter's hateful disposition or to America's gun culture. Whichever explanation one favors, it reflects the process of:
attribution
Social thinking is to social influence as __________ is to __________.
attribution; conformity
The university students charged the field after the basketball game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field, and the police had to be called. This behavior is BEST understood in terms of:
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation
When temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is BEST explained in terms of the ______________ principle.
frustration-aggression
Tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
fundamental attribution error
If the political conservatism of female students who join sororities is greater than that of female students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of _________________.
group polarization
Jose's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which reason might be strengthening Jose's conformity to the group? a) he admires the group's status and attractiveness b) the group has fewer than three people c) he is made to feel secure d) his culture strongly discourages following social norms
he admires the group's status and attractiveness
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
informational social influence