IP Addressing

How is a technician able to tell that the DHCP failure has occurred?

An IP address from the 169.254.x.x range

FQDN

Domain names have a hierarchy. This hierarchy is called the FQDN or Fully Qualified Domain Name. An FQDN shows the exact location of the hostname in the DNS hierarchy, and it has 4 parts to it. Here are the FQDN parts listed in hierarchical order: . (full stop) Top Level Domain (TLD) Domain Hostname The format for an FQDN is: [hostname].[domain].[tld].

Stateless DHCPv6

(sometimes called DHCPv6lite) is intended to work in conjunction with other address assignment mechanisms. The DHCPv6 server in this case does not assign addresses to hosts but instead provides configuration parameters, such as the address of DNS servers. The address assignment is done by other mechanisms such as SLAAC.

ANDING RULES

0+0 = 0 0+1 = 0 1+0 = 0 1+1 = 1 You can stack a binary address and it's binary mask and do drop down addition. Only 1+1 creates a 1, all else create 0.

Arrange the FQDN parts in the correct hierarchical layout going from the highest to lowest. 1. . (full stop) 2. TLD 3. Domain 4. Hostname

1. . (full stop) 2. TLD 3. Domain 4. Hostname

Arrange the IPv6 sections in the correct order. 1. Global Routing Prefix 2. Operator Subnet 3. Customer Subnet 4. Interface ID

1. Global Routing Prefix 2. Operator Subnet 3. Customer Subnet 4. Interface ID

Arrange the subnetting questions and steps in the correct order. 1. How many networks or hosts are needed on each network? 2. How many bits do you need to borrow? 3. What is the delta? 4. Write down the network ranges 5. Write down the hosts ranges 6. Calculate new subnet mask = old mask + bits borrowed

1. How many networks or hosts are needed on each network? 2. How many bits do you need to borrow? 3. What is the delta? 4. Write down the network ranges 5. Write down the hosts ranges 6. Calculate new subnet mask = old mask + bits borrowed

the global IPv6 unicast address space, and it includes a global anycast address

2000::/3

Loopback IP

A loopback IP address is an IP address that is used to test the software networking components of a device. There is no hardware associated with a loopback IP address. The loopback IP address range is 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255, typically 127.0.0.1 is used.

Subnet Mask Binary Rules

A one in the mask indicates a bit which is reserved for the network portion of the address. A zero in the mask indicates a bit which is reserved for the host of the address. Note: The longer the mask, the more bits are reserved for the network portion of the address. This leaves fewer bits available for the host portion of the address

APIPA

Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing A special link-local address that falls in the class B range. APIPA is used when a DHCP client request is not fulfilled by the DHCP server. The device requesting an IP will self-assign itself an IP address. An APIPA IP address will begin with 169.254.X.X.

N.H.H.H

Class A Network Host Host Host Always starts with a 0 for its first bit, 0xxx xxxx. So according to Base2 chart you are left with 128 possible networks. 0.0.0.0 is reserved, gateway of last resort 127.0.0.0 is reserved, loopback address A Network address is N.0.0.0, all zeroes in host Directed broadcast address is N.255.255.255 all ones in host Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 all ones.

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.

RFC1918

Defined the 3 ranges of private IPv4 Addresses Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8 Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /16 Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /32

N.N.H.H.

Class B Network Network Host Host Always starts with 10 for the first two bits, 10xx xxxx. So according to Base2chart you are left with 2^14 possible networks (16 bits in network half, 2 are in use). 16 bits worth of hosts, 2^16, minus 2. A Network address is N.N.0.0, all zeroes in host A directed broadcast is N.N.255.255, all ones in host Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 all ones.

N.N.N.H

Class C Network Network Network Host Always starts with 110 for the first three bits, 110x xxxx. So according to Base2chart you are left with 2^21 networks. 2^8 hosts, 256, minus 2. 254 hosts. a network address is N.N.N.0, all zeroes in host portion a directed broadcast address is N.N.N.255, all ones in host portion broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 all ones.

TCP/IP

Connection-oriented delivery and reliability are provided by pairing IP with TCP. IP provides a connectionless delivery system, and each datagram is treated individually. This makes IP unreliable because the delivery is not guaranteed.

CRC

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code used in digital networks to detect changes to data.

________ is for unicast-local ________ is for multicast addresses in IPv6

FC00::/7 is for unicast-local FF00::/8 is for multicast addresses

________ (1111 1111) is for multicast

FF00::/8

Class B Networks

Fewer possible hosts than class A

(any node that is not a router. (IPv6)

Host (IPv6)

IPv6 Addressing Hierarchy

IANA will start with 2001::/16 RIR (ARIN) will have ::/19 to ::/23 ISPs will have ::/30 to ::/32 Customers will have ::/48 to ::/64

Checksum

IPv4 supports error detection mechanisms in the header called checksums. If an error is found (header checksum problem) the packet is discarded, and an ICMP message is sent to the sender. IPv6 has removed the header checksum to streamline the protocol and increase efficiency.

IPv6 uses the hexadecimal notation for its numbering. Each group of four hex characters is called a hextet, which gives you 16 bits per hextet. An entire IPv6 address is made up of 8 groups of 4 hextets, separated by colons. That gives you a 128-bit address, represented by a total of 39 characters.

IPv6 [network ID, global routing prefix /32] [operator subnet /48] [customer subnet /64] [interface ID /128] these lengths are not set in stone, esp interface ID which is similar to IPv4 HOST is typically 64bits the other parts are similar to IPv4 NETWORK

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol a TCP/IP network layer protocol that provides troubleshooting, control, and error message services. ICMP is most frequently used in operating systems for networked computers.

a communication facility or medium over which nodes can communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer immediately below IPv6

Link (IPv6)

_________ are required and assigned to single interfaces on a node. _________addresses are required on all interfaces.

Loopback (IPv6) Link-Local (IPv6)

Loopback (IPv6)

Loopback 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1=> ::1

Subnet Mask Class A

Mask 255.0.0.0 CIDR /8 Binary 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Subnet Mask Class B

Mask 255.255.0.0 CIDR /16 Binary 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Subnet Mask Class C

Mask 255.255.255.0 CIDR /24 Binary 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

The two segments of an IPv4 address:

Network ID or network prefix specifies the network to which an address belongs. IP datagrams/packets are routed to a destination based on this portion of the address. Host ID or address suffix specifies an individual host on a destination network. It is not used (read) until the destination network has been reached.

a protocol module that implements IPv6

Node (IPv6)

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.

a node that forwards IPv6 packets not explicitly addressed to itself.

Router (IPv6)

Private IP Ranges

The class A has a single network with the range of 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255. The class B has 16 networks with the range of 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255. The class C has 256 networks with the range of 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.

Unspecified Address

The address of all zeroes, written as ::/8, is called the "unspecified address" and is used very similar to the equivalent address 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. It is used as a placeholder when no address is available, for example with an initial DHCP request or DAD.

Which function is being used by a DHCPv6 server that assigns non-temporary and temporary addresses to clients. a. Stateful DHCPv6 b. Stateless DHCPv6 c. Prefix Delegation

a. Stateful DHCPv6

Select 3 IPv4 classes typically used in cable networks: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

a. A b. B c. C

Hubs are no longer used because they create one collision domain, regardless of how many hosts are connected to it. a. True b. False

a. true

You are given the networks listed below, how would it be summarized using supernetting? 172.16.0.0 /20 172.16.16.0 /20 172.16.32.0 /20 172.16.48.0 /20 172.16.64.0 /20 a. 172.16.0.0 /16 b. 172.16.0.0 /17 c. 172.16.0.0 /18 d. 172.16.0.0 /19

b. 172.16.0.0 /17

What IPv6 address type is the network segment of a broadcast domain? a. Link-Local b. Unique Local c. Global

b. Unique Local

What is the subnet mask for a class B network? a. 255.0.0.0 b. 255.255.0.0 c. 255.255.255.0 d. 255.255.255.255

b. 255.255.0.0

If the neighbor discovery fails to find a IPv6 host an ARP request will be used. a. True b. False

b. False

The DNS service identifies who owns the domain. a. True b. False

b. False

For a VoIP call to work, at least from a very basic level, what two packet flows are needed? (2) a. ARP b. Media c. MAC d. Signaling

b. Media d. Signaling

What type of IP address is an IP address of a set of interfaces with delivery to all interfaces in the set? a. broadcast b. multicast c. anycast d. unicast

b. multicast

What device will create multiple collision domains and 1 broadcast domain? a. Hub b. Switch c. Router d. Network interface card

b. switch

Which part of an IPv4 header lets the routers know how many hops the packet can travel? a. Total Length b. Time to Live c. Destination Address d. Flags

b. time to live

What IPv6 address type is the equivalent of public IPs in IPv4? a. Link-Local b. Unique Local c. Global

c. Global

According to the IETF, how many bits are available to the operators for subnetting in a single IPv6 global unique address (GUA)? a. 8 b. 12 c. 16 d. 20

c. 16

What is the range that class C addresses span in the first octet? a. 0-127 b. 128-191 c. 192-223 d. 224-239 e. 239-254

c. 192-223

If you had to build a network with 200 hosts, what class network would be the best? a. Class A b. Class B c. Class C d. Class D e. Class E

c. class c

A cable operator is rolling out a new wireless gateway. This device is capable of connecting to clients in it's local network via IPv4 and IPv6. What technique is being used by the gateway? a. NAT-64 b. Tunneling c. Dual stack

c. dual stack

A MSO is getting a new set of IPv6 addresses, what will the IPv6 prefix be? a. ::/16 b. ::/19 to ::/23 c. ::/23 to ::/29 d. ::/30 to ::/32

d. ::/30 to ::/32

The following is a valid multicast address: a. 192.168.1.1 b. 10.10.10.250 c. 172.16.30.0 d. 224.1.1.255

d. 224.1.1.255

In North America what agency assigns IP addresses to ISPs? a. IANA b. ASN c. ICANN d. ARIN

d. ARIN

Which of the following use 32 bits to signify addressing? a. DHCP b. IPv6 c. MAC d. IPv4

d. IPv4

Class C Networks

fewest number of hosts possible, highest number of networks possible

Class A Networks

for networks that require many hosts

three parts to an IP packet

header, payload, and trailer.

IP Packet Header

information that is necessary for the routing of a packet iincludes the source and destination addresses for a packet includes information about the type of service (ToS), protocol and other information needed to get the packet to its destination

IP Packet Payload

the information that is being sent, aka the data

IP Packet Trailer or Footer

typically contains a couple of bits that tell the receiving device that it has reached the end of the packet. The trailer also contains error detection or error correction bits to provide reliable network communcations.

Stateful DHCPv6

very similar to its IPv4 counterpart. The DHCPv6 server assigns non-temporary and/or temporary addresses to clients along with additional configuration parameters.