ISS 210 Exam 3 (Callero Only)

The author, Peter Callero, tells about some innocent people who were forced by a supervisor or boss to do ridiculous or embarrassing things that were completely unrelated to the job. In these instances, the supervisors justified their actions by saying....

"I was just following orders"

The author's point about smoking and lung cancer represents an example of the role of predictive models in the social sciences. Many social science ideas represent some STATISTICAL PROBABILITY of an event happening. What does "statistical probability" refer to?

"If A happens, then B is likely to result." We cannot necessarily predict that B will happen every time we do Action A.

The author, Peter Callero, argues that a person might engage in risky behavior in an attempt to...

"feel alive" and out of other people's control; it is an act of self-determination

Racism in the USA focuses on economic and social exploitation of population minorities. In the USA, these minority groups are commonly....

"people of color" who are non-white, non-Caucasion in appearance

Social movement examples

1960's civil rights movement, american indian movement, moral majority movement, the tea party, moveon.org, occupy wall street, "make america great again"

When the USA constitution was written in 1787, nearly ____% of the country's inhabitants were NOT allowed to vote, own property, serve in political office.

90

Social movements are

A deliberate effort by a group of people to bring some large scale change in culture and society

"Moral relativism" is the idea that "other people's ideas may have value, even if we disagree with those ideas." But some people take moral relativism to extremes. In that case, they might use "moral relativism" (erroneously) to convey the concept of._____. (Note: this question refers to the EXTREME and false view of "cultural relativism."

ALL OF THESE "whatever" "everyone's opinions are as good as anyone else's" "nothing can be evaluated or judged as good or bad because it just depends on your point of view" "there is no such thing as good or evil."

What does "exploitation" mean in the context a social movement?

ALL OF THESE A member of the exploited group may be excluded from positions of leadership or decision-making An exploited group may receive lower wages for the same work, compared to the dominant group. An exploited group may not be able to access the same resources (a college, perhaps) as a member of a dominant group

Peter Callero titles Chapter 1 as "Individualism: the Power of a Myth." What is this "myth of individualism" that he is talking about?

ALL OF THESE The "myth of individualism is the American ideal: Americans generally approve of the idea that individual people are independent of others, rely only on themselves to make it in life, and can make free choices based on their own needs and desires The "myth of individualism" is an idea or world view that Americans have in which they value the individual's thoughts and experiences over that of the group; The "myth of individualism" is a story or legend that Americans tell themselves that it is natural and inevitable and morally good that individual human beings act for their own self-interests

The author Peter Callero points out that the economic forces responsible for unemployment have also contributed to public support for more prisons. What is the logic between unemployment and prison?

ALL OF THESE Unemployed people who cannot make a legal living turn to illegal activities in order to survive. The jobs that are available in prisons, such as prison guards and administrators, represent stable jobs that cannot be out-sourced to a foreign country where labor costs are lower. Participation of now-unemployed people in illegal activities and the "underground" economy tends to be associated with an increase in violence for resolving problems. So there is more violence, and more people arrested for violent crimes--thus, more prisons are needed.

When the author talks about social class and "access to valuable social resources," what does he mean by that? What is an example of a valuable social resource for economic success in the USA today?

ALL OF THESE access to safe housing, access to a dependable and stable family situation access to education, literacy (being able to read), access to safe schools, access to job training and to jobs access to mentors; access to knowledge about how to solve problems and cope with set-backs (problems); access to advice about growing up and becoming an adult

The messages sent over mass media include..

ALL OF THESE advertisements to encourage people to buy things information that political candidates distribute about their own positions and about their opponent's opinions gossip, opinion, information that is not true

"Resistance" is the word that social scientists use to describe how how people in a social movement try to have an impact on the authorities. What are some examples of resistance?

ALL OF THESE collecting signatures of support confronting "the other" with a list of explicit problems or objections staging rallies and demonstrations; bringing large numbers of people together to make a statement; having a strike or stopping/slowing down work

"Resistance" is the word that social scientists use to describe how people in a social movement try to have an impact on the authorities. What are some examples of resistance?

ALL OF THESE collecting signatures of support confronting "the other" with a list of explicit problems or objections staging rallies and demonstrations; bringing large numbers of people together to make a statement; having a strike or stopping/slowing down work

The author argues that highly sexualized advertisements and images are harmful to the extent that...

ALL OF THESE images and text lead people to devalue certain types of people and relationships, and to have unrealistic expectations of adult behavior they rely on stereotypes and perpetuate (reinforce) concepts of masculinity and femininity that the advertisers themselves value, and serve the purposes of the advertisers to sell more products these images lead to people having unrealistic expectations for their own and other people's bodies, and for what is in fact the "normal range of variation" in appearance

The main difference between the mass media information in the past and in the present is that now, ....

ALL OF THESE information is much more readily available on the internet; nearly everyone in industrialized society has access to information information gets circulated and distributed far more widely in the past---to all different types of audiences information circulates much faster than in the past

In order to be considered a "social movement," public demonstrations, meetings, boycotts, marches, and other events must be......

ALL OF THESE long-lasting, over a period of years supported by a significant number of people who are highly engaged represent a challenge to established ways of doing things, or established institutions.

The Robber's Cave experience shows that the best way to get people to work together productively is to ....

ALL OF THESE make sure that everyone in the group is really needed to pitch in to achieve the goal make sure that everyone in the group needs the end result of the goal (they all have "skin in the game"--they all want that goal) make sure they are striving for a common goal

The Great Recession of 2008 in the USA was characterized by...

ALL OF THESE many people lost their jobs. Those who remained employed lost a good deal of the money that they had invested in the stock market. major banks in the USA and also Europe collapsed, and were not able to pay their loans the demand for housing collapsed, and many people could not afford to pay their mortgages on their houses some large corporations lost much of their stock value

Sociology concerns the study of social forces. What is a "social force"?

ALL OF THESE past and present laws that concern marriage, inheritance, end-of-life care, health care and insurance past and present assumptions about how one behaves, attitudes toward other groups of people (such as minorities, gendered groups, economic classes) past and present social institutions such as marriage and the justice system

"Emotions are socially constructed." what does this idea mean? It means that....

ALL OF THESE physiological sensations are interpreted by the individual using words and rules that are learned within a particular society our society gives us a way of naming our emotions and a way to express them how an individual expresses sadness or grief can vary, depending on the social expectations of that society.

THINK: Students often say, "but I did all the work for class and I studied hard. Why didn't I get a good grade?" These students are not appreciating that....

ALL OF THESE studying hard does not guarentee success in a class studying hard may be a necessary but not a sufficient condition (not enough to get a good grade). studying hard increases the likelihood that a student will do well in a class

The author, Peter Callero, argues that China provides a better business climate for factory owners who are looking for workers. What factors does he include in this idea of "better business climate"? (What makes China such a good place to open a factory?)

ALL OF THESE the relatively good infrastucture, including electricity, water supply, internet, roads, and air travel the low level of business taxes and regulations for worker health and safety the very large number of potential workers

What was the evidence that people used to say that Bridge Bishop was "deviant" as a person and therefore possibly a witch?

ALL OF THESE She was loud and quarrelsome She was accused of wearing colorful clothes and clothes that were too extravagant (costly) She was accused of having parties at her house

"Cultural beliefs" are used to justify and legitimate customs and actions and institutions. One cultural belief that was used by the upper class slave owners to justify slavery was that...

ALL OF THESE he slaves were better off being slaves than trying to make it in the world on their own. They were happier and more content having someone else "take care" of them. slaves were not really fully human, or were not as intelligent or capable as non-slave people; therefore, former slaves would be unable to support themselves with their own efforts slavery was God's will; it was the natural order of the world. It was even in the Bible (the Jewish and Christian sacred text).

The author argues that highly sexualized advertisements and images are harmful to the extent that...

ALL OF THESE they rely on stereotypes and perpetuate (reinforce) concepts of masculinity and femininity that the advertisers themselves value, and serve the purposes of the advertisers to sell more products these images lead to people having unrealistic expectations for their own and other people's bodies, and for what is in fact the "normal range of variation" in appearance images and text lead people to devalue certain types of people and relationships, and to have unrealistic expectations of adult behavior

In general, the author's discussion of the World Trade Organization shows that he believes that....

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT The WTO does not pay enough attention to worker safety, environmental impacts and sustainability, and issues of fair wages. decision-makers in the WTO are not elected and are therefore not accountable to the people of the country that they represent. the WTO advocates only for multinational business owners, and does not serve the interests of most lower-class and middle-class people around the world.

Who leads ISIS

Abu Bakr al_Baghdadi

How is a "social force" different from a "social process"?

Actually the two concepts are pretty much the same. They both refer to "ways that people usually do things." Or "how things are organized in this society." You can think of them as the well-defined "paths" that people take as they live in society.

The author Peter Callero talks about certain organizations as "fraternal organizations." A fraternity is a group or community of men at a college. So what is a "fraternal organization"?

An organized group of men. There are clear "members" and "non-members."

________governments are usually ruled by a dictator (tyrant, king, "president for life") who maintains control over the mass media.

Authoritarian

A social movement represents a challenge to the "status quo" (the way things are right now). Usually the "status quo" is represented by "the government" but in fact a social movement can seek revision within....

BOTH OF THESE a religious organization such as the Catholic Church private social organizations such as a golf club or yacht club that might refuse to admit women, or black members, or gay members

The author, Peter Callero, assumes a "sociological perspective." What does this perspective entail?

BOTH OF THESE being aware that individuals are always part of some kind of society, and that individual actions and options do operate within a social context being aware of the social forces that affect individual actions and options

Mohamad Bouazizi was the man in Tunisia who killed himself by setting himself on fire to protest the unreasonable regulations that kept him from making a living as a small street vender. The author uses this example to show that mass media can be used as a strategy of...

BOTH OF THESE communication with people who are living all over the world political resistence, reform, and revolution

Many different organizations provide organizational structure, education, leadership, and funding for a social movement. These organizations can be....

BOTH OF THESE religious groups that are national in scale local community organizations

THINK: why does the illegal drug trade so often become violent?

Because an illegal drug dealer cannot very well call the police to enforce a contract, or appeal to the legal justice system to resolve disputes

Peter Callero observes that _______have higher rates of upward mobility than the USA does

Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway

Richard Sennett, a sociologist, talks about the "corrosive character" of the new capitalism. He says that this system tends to "corrode...character, particularly those qualities of character which bind human beings to one another and furnishes each with a sense of sustainable self." What does this "corrosion" mean?

He's talking about people feeling alone, lost, helpless, and alienated from society. The corrosion affects marriages, friendships, and relationships between parents and children.

The author Peter Callero argues that manual labor may be physically challenging, work in the service industries is quite "emotionally draining." What does that mean?

It means that people who work in the service industry have to pretend to have certain emotions (such as cheerfulness) even when they may not really feel cheerful at all. Having to pretend and "fake it" all the time is emotionally tiring.

The author Peter Callero uses the story of his watching the tv show "Tarzan" to introduce the concept of "the priming effect." What is "the priming effect"?

It refers to the concept of "laying the groundwork" or getting something ready. If someone or something is "primed," then they are "ready to go."

Examples of messianic movements

Messianic Judaism, Messianic Islam, Secular

The author, Peter Callero, distinguishes between negative freedom and positive freedom. Which statement below is true?

Negative freedom is freedom from some restriction or barrier.

The author refers to a saying, "He was born on third base but acts as if he hit a triple." This saying refers to baseball (where the batter runs three bases and then to home plate to score a "run"). What does this saying mean?

People often don't appreciate how many social and economic advantages they have.

The author argues that social movements are "vehicles of democracy." What does that mean?

Social movements help ensure that barriers to justice and equality are noticed and removed.

The book by Peter Callero addresses the question of "personhood" from the perspective of...

Sociology

4 types of goals of social movements

Specific change (different types of rights), creating a separate ideal world (different group or world away from society), millenarian movements anticipate end of the world (the millennium/apocalypse), messianic movements anticipate a charismatic leader to solve all problems

THINK: a farmer owns some land that is worth $100,000 on the local real estate market. That farm family uses the land to grow much of their own food, and has a few farm animals (cows, pigs, chickens) to provide food. The farmer's neighbor has $100,000 invested in stocks and bonds. Who has more "economic capital?"

The farmer's neighbor

THINK: when there is a political coup, the very first thing the "new government" does is to control the radio and television stations, and the newspaper. Why?

The new govenment wants to control "the message" and information that the general public can access

T or F: "SOCIAL FORCES" or "social processes" are sometimes vague concepts or "ways of doing things"--like "the economy" or "the global economy."

True

T or F: CULTURE refers to "ideas, beliefs, values, and assumptions" within a society.

True

T or F: SPECIFIC INSTITUTIONS are organizations such as "the World Bank" or "the MSU Credit Union". We also have more vague institutions such as "marriage" or "the court system" that can involve different rights and duties in different societies.

True

Imagine that a middle-to-upper class high school teacher makes about $80,000 per year. A working class person who does roofing also makes $80,000 per year. IF their earnings are the same, why is the roofer considered to be lower in social class?

Two of these options are correct.

When we say that "smokers have 20 times the risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers," we are saying....

We will probably see that some smokers will not develop lung cancer.

WASP refers to a group of people that are...

White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants

WTO stands for?

World Trade Organization

The author, Peter Callero, defines individualism as

a belief system, shared by individuals and also a great many members of the whole society

The author, Peter Callero, argues that sociology can help people create a better society. What kind of society does he think is a "good" society--one that we should try to be like?

a democratic society in which all individuals share basic civil rights and in which there is cooperation and justice. A society where the rights of minorities are protected from the "will of the majority" of people.

Peter Callero (the author) says that "although the USA is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, most Americans have very little economic capital." How can that be?

a few extremely wealthy people own most of the economic capital

A "civic organization" is a group of citizens that is NOT part of the government. They join together to achieve some common goal. Which of the following would be an example of a civic organization?

a group of people who form a group called "Protect the Red Cedar River" to help clean up the river every spring.

The author, Peter Callero, argues that one reason that self-help books are so popular now is that people feel "out of touch" with their real emotions. He traces this concern to a change in the economy from _______

a manufacturing to a service economy

What causes a social movement

a period of change, social confusion, ability to compare and communicate, emergence of a leader

Conformity can refer to "agreement" or "following in time"(in geology) or "adapting to something" or "being in harmony." In sociology, however, the idea of conformity refers to..

a person obeying the "social rules" that other people in the group expect.

"economic capital" is a concept that refers to....

a person's investments in stocks, bonds, rental property, or other real estate that produces cash income

Peter Callero tells about a man (Tim Dewey) who was laid off from work repairing airplanes, and ultimately was re-hired as a temporary worker, doing the same task for less money.The author notes that this "downward mobility" is _________

a relatively new experience for most skilled workers in America

THINK: if an advertiser uses a picture of a beautiful women to sell a car to a man, and sales increase after this ad appears, what is the problem? The AUTHOR would say...

a small number of people in the advertising business have an enormous influence on the experiences of millions of people

Race is a subject that people in the USA talk alot about. The author Peter Callero talks about race as ...

a social category; a social identity

A type of collective action in which people come together to make some kind of social or political change is called....

a social movement

A type of collective action in which people come together to make some kind of social or political change is called.....

a social movement

"Social forces" and "social processes" such as family structures, social class, and economic Forces such as globalization, social class, or family are very important in affecting individual's decisions and their lives. BUT people can also do "new" things that are not determined by their upbringing, such as learn a different language, decide to become a vegetarian, or go "off the grid" and not use electricity. "Social forces" or "social processes" as the context for individual action might therefore be thought of as....

a strong current within a stream. Individuals CAN swim against the current (or even get out of the stream) but the "easy way" is to just float along with the current

A student's cultural capital affects the teacher's expectations for the student's academic potential. According to the discussion in Callero's Chapter 4, what are these kinds of cultural capital that teachers value?

a student's manners, how they interact with adults, how they speak

The author Peter Callero points out that a skilled computer programmer in India earns...

about a quarter (25%) of the salary that a similar employee would earn in the USA

Stanley Milgram designed some experiments in which he asked volunteers to ....

administer supposedly painful electric shocks to an actor (another researcher)

The main point of the author's discussion of sexualized images of men and women in the mass media is to point out that....

advertisers and other businesses that pay for including these images in the mass media are consistently creating a certain image of men and women that does not necessarily have much relationship to reality

The author, Peter Callero, argues that personal troubles and individual experiences such as illness, divorce, homelessness, and unemployment are....

also social issues; they are affected by society-wide assumptions, values, and laws

The author talks about the WTO. What IS the WTO? It is most similar to...

an elite international club

A sociologist would view a topic such as "unemployment" as....

and individual problem that ALSO is a public issue and is affected by larger society-wide laws and policies and institutions

The author, Peter Callero, argues that one person's freedom can become...

another person's oppression and lack of freedom

Peter Callero argues that American's basic optimism is shown by their views that...

anyone can get ahead if they work hard enough

Racism in the USA has focused around skin color variations in part because (in the USA) the institution of slavery became specifically slavery of people who had African ancestry. In the USA, therefore, "racism" typically focuses on a person's ....

appearance

The kinds of discussions and debates that occur WITHIN a political party (say, the Republican party or the Democratic party) _______ considered to represent a "social movement."

are NOT

According to Peter Callero, high-school age people in the USA......

are engaged nearly all their waking hours in some form of mass media

Psychology is the field of study that concerns individual mental functioning or mental illness; sociology looks at the individual....

as part of the larger context of society

A structural solution to a problem of drug addiction would focus on the scale of...

assessing what addiction treatment hospitals or clinics are available in the person's geographic location

A state (country) in which the government tries to maintain tight control over communication and the mass media is usually a/an....

authoritarian government

The author Peter Callero tells a story about his experiences living in graduate-student housing near a family from Nigeria. In HIS view, the Nigerian mother seemed to...

be too casual or lax about watching her own children when they were playing in the little playground

Peter Callero notes that it is well known that the mass media has an effect on people's behavior and attitudes. For example, people who watch a lot of crime shows on TV....

become more fearful that they themselves will become a victim of crime

A utopia is the ______society you can possibly imagine; a dystopia is the ______society you can imagine.

best, worst

The Robbers Cave experiment involved a study of group dynamics among...

boys at a residential camp

The author talks about the World Trade Organization. This is a group that consists of...

business leaders of various countries

The Unabomber case of Ted Kacynsnki shows us that while values of self-reliance and independence may be "good," they....

can be taken to unhealthy and destructive extremes

A system in which "investors" give money to a company in return for a "share" of stock--a share of the company's value is called a/an_________economy.

capitalistic

examples of millenarian movements in social change movements

christian millennium from Revelation, Islamic mahadism, native american ghost dance, Mayan Long count calendar, center for millennial studies (BU), Harold Camping (rapture)

examples of isolation social movements

cloistered nuns, many utopian communities/communes, amish/mennonite communities, city of David

Peter Callero (the author) argues that the "new capitalism" in the 21st century is more global in its scope. One difference that we see in the "new capitalism" is...

companies have less connection to their local communities

Karl Marx, the political economist, argued that the economic individualism of capitalism results in a high degree of ______ between individual workers.

competition

THINK: imagine that you are in charge of some Freshmen on your dorm floor. There have been some problems with the Michigan students and the Chinese students getting along. Remembering the Robbers Cave experiment, you decide to....

create two teams for basketball. Each team has both Chinese and also American students on it.

Imagine a very low-class person, someone who seems to have absolutely nothing in American society----perhaps a homeless person. But that person may know how to avoid being unfairly arrested. He/she may know where to get a hot meal, or a shower. He/she may know what families in the neighborhood leave out their "Michigan 10 cent refund" cans and bottles that can be collected for cash. These forms of knowledge are called...

cultural capital

Peter Callero (the author) talks about a boy who grows up "on the streets" who knows the "code of the streets"---that is, where to get drugs to sell, where the gang territory limits are, and so on. This knowledge is a form of...

cultural capital

The author argues that democracy is a "social process." What does that mean? This idea of a social process emphasizes that...

democracy involves individual and also group action---voting, passing laws, and also fixing things that people perceive to be wrong.

THINK: You might be asked to be in charge of a group in which the members come from different subgroups. For example, you might have a group consisting of both boys and girls. You remember the lesson of the Robbers Cave experiment. In order to get everyone to work together as a whole, you therefore....

develop a problem or a task that requires the individuals from different sub-groups to work together to solve the problem.

The author makes the case that a social pattern

does not have to hold true in 100% of all possible examples. Social patterns refer to general trends

The author makes the case that a "social pattern"....

does not have to hold true in 100% of all possible examples. Social patterns refer to general trends.

The author talks about issues such as restrictions on child labor, laws that improved the level of the safety and oversight in dangerous jobs, and levels of wages and benefits . These issues were all part of the 1800s labor movement in the USA. These issues were about....

economic justice

Engaging in risky sports, or engaging in criminal acts "for the fun of it" or taking drugs to create excitement is called (by the author Peter Callero)...

edgework

Why do social movements spread so fast?

emotion

Peter Callero makes the point that many companies such as Disney, Nike (shoes), Starbucks (coffee) are selling...

emotions and "an experience" for customers

xenophobia definition

fear of what is foreign or strange

The author, Peter Callero, argues that individualism has a "dark side." By this idea he means that "radical" or extreme individualism threatens...

freedom and equality

The author, Peter Callero, argues that positive freedom (the "freedom to...") assumes that...

freedom involves realizing that one can have a legal right without having a realistic chance of actually utilizing that right AND freedom is defined by removing barriers to action

Examples of specific change social movements

gay rights, civil rights for minorities, women's rights, white power movement

A social movement consists of people...

getting together to try to change some basic institution or practice in society

The author points out that in the 1700s, China and the USA were engaged in the trade of tea, silk, spices, furs, and other items. So what is different about "globalization" today?

global exchanges occur so much faster today and affect far more people than they did in the past.

A "free press" is free of what?

government control

The author makes the point throughout the book that totally unrestricted free trade in the global economy tends to lead to...

greater wealth inequality

The author argues that in the USA, competition occurs between social classes. He is pointing out the existence of competition at the SCALE of the....

group

One of the goals (hypotheses) of the Robbers Cave experiment was to test whether the two different groups would be able to work together if they.....

had to work together in one group to solve a problem that clearly affected everyone in the whole group

The author, Peter Callero, makes a big distinction between signs and symbols. What is the difference? A "sign" is an indicator that something will happen, but a symbol...

has a meaning that is completely arbitrary

In general terms, the globalization of the world economy since the 1980s has led to....

high levels of income inequality

Peter Callero notes that, because the USA is a capitalist economy, a person who owns a company (or owns part of the company in the form of stock) is of ________status than a person who works for that same company.

higher

The author, Peter Callero, argues that witchcraft trials in America in the 1600s are an example of..

how an individual can be treated as a non-person by his/her own society

The Robbers cave experiment was designed to test ....

how competition between groups affects social relationships both within and between the groups

The Robber's Cave experiment was and still is an important experiment in how ..

how people behave in groups

The point of the descriptions of a upper-middle-class boy's life and a working-class boy's life in the USA is to show...

how social class in the USA shapes a person's life experiences and access to resources

Peter Callero argues that in capitalism, a person's social class refers to..

how they earn their money--from being a business owner, or from being a person who works for wages

Utopian movements definition

ideal society, where everything is perfect, Seek to create a NEW and IDEAL society that is BETTER than before

A belief system is a group (system) of ideas that all fit together; one idea affects other ideas. Other concepts that are closely related to this idea include:

ideology (system of ideas), or world view, or moral framework

Americans are generally thought to be individualistic. As a result, when a psychologist might ask American college students to describe what they see in a picture, the Americans typically .....

ignore the background and focus on the objects in the foreground

If the idea of "mother" is a social construction, a social category, that means that...

in a given society, there are some general expectations about what a "mother" should be and how a mother should act

If it is true that "emotions are socially constructed," then we can expect that ....

in some societies, there may be different expectations for how males and females will express joy or grief

If identities such as "college-student-aged man" are socially constructed, that means that...

in some societies, this category or identity might not exist

"Social mobility" refers to an individual person's ability to....

increase his/her standard of living over time

According to Peter Callero, American confidence in the possibility of "upward mobility" has .... over the last 20 years or so.

increased

In general, many working class people learn quickly that ______ is usually NOT rewarded in the workplace.

independent thought, creativity, initiative

The social science discipline of psychology focusses (mostly) on the study of the ______

individual

According to Peter Callero, most Americans believe that ______ is the most important factor that determines whether a person will do well in life.

individual effort and hard work

A person who has an individualistic world view is likely to assume that...

individual needs and wants are more important than those of the larger community

The author argues that the World Bank and other global capitalist institutions are pressuring different countries to "privatize public health and retirement." What does privatize mean in this context? It means that...

individual people would be responsible for paying for their own health care and for their own retirement.

The "ego" ( in ego-ism) refers to the....

individual's sense of unique self

American society is generally quite individualistic. This concept that the individual person operates according to his/her own will, thoughts, values, and knowledge. This idea is called....

individualism

The idea of "the hero" starting social protests or bringing about social change is related to the American celebration of...

individualism

_____________is defined as a belief system that privileges the individual over the group, the private over the public, and the personal over the social.

individualism

The "myth of individualism" is a perspective that argues that...

individuals are separate from their social environment

"Collective action" involves....

individuals working together as a group for a common goal

Social movements such as the labor movement, the feminism movement, the civil rights movement, and (recently) marriage equity movement are usually trying to rectify some sort of perceived....

injustice

According to Peter Callero, Americans are very confident in the individual's ability to "get ahead in life" by working hard. This belief __________ with the evidence of actual individual economic status changes.

is contradicted

The novel by George Orwell, 1984, is often read in US high schools. This novel concerns a communal society. In this context, "communal" refers to the idea that everyone in this society...

is controlled by a small group of elite decision-makers

The examples in the Callero book about witches, about symbolic communication, about family and social class, and about capitalism were all intended to illustrate different......

kinds of social forces or processes that affect individuals

The author, Peter Callero, argues that the World Trade Organization (WTO) operates for the benefit of....

large businesses and multi-national corporations (such as Coke, Pepsi, Yum foods, Nike, Xerox, Monsanto, Toyota, and so on)

The author expresses concern that, in this time of globalization, the World Trade Organization's decisions are dominated by the interests of....

large multinational corporations (businesses)

Some people have argued that a person who has a job where one has to "fake" certain emotions results in that person .....

losing track of "who they really are" or "what they really feel"

Eugenics refers to "good genes." Why would the concept of eugenics be considered discredited now? The people who advocated eugenics assumed that.....

low-status groups were low in status because they were simply less intelligent than people in high-status groups

An example of "the mass media" includes...

magazines, the internet, television, movies

The author Peter Callero makes the point that the "new capitalism" affects...

many different countries around the world

The author Peter Callero uses examples of how social and individual violence, gender stereotypes, and political resistance are affected by individual people's use of_____

mass media

The author says that some forms of cultural capital are more valued than others. For example, the people who are in charge of formal schooling and those who hire many white-collar management employees value....

middle class and upper middle class patterns of speech, behavior, and experience

Jobs that involve complex problem solving away from the oversight of a person's immediate supervisor (boss) are usually considered to be. _____jobs.

middle or upper class

"Remittances" are payments of cash that people in one country send to their relatives in another country. The people who SEND remittances "back home" are usually....

migrant workers who were born in the poorer countries of the world

The author makes a distinction between Economic Capital and Cultural Capital. What is economic capital?

money and other assets that can be invested or used to make a profit (more money)

The author writes about the priming effect of violent television shows. When children watch a violent television show before going out to play, their activities on the playground become _____ violent than those children who did not watch the show.

more

The author expresses concern that the decisions made by the World Trade Organization do NOT consider the needs of..

most people in most countries

The author expresses concern that the decisions made by the World Trade Organization do NOT consider the needs of...

most people in most countries

The era of globalization has resulted in large population movements of people...

moving from poorer countries to more wealthy countries to do wage labor, particularly in the service industries

Peter Callero states that the economic evidence that tracks people's ability to move from poverty to economic prosperity shows that moving out of poverty is _______ it was 20 years ago.

much harder than

According to Peter Callero, most Americans say that "hard work" is a/an ________than a person's family origins and wealth in affecting whether that person will do well in life.

much more important factor

A sociological perspective views the individual and society as....

mutually affecting each other; inter-twined

The author, Peter Callero, argues that false beliefs sometimes become widely accepted and end up affecting many people's behavior. He calls these widespread false beliefs...

myths

The author, Peter Callero, argues that in a belief system, the underlying assumption is that certain beliefs are...

natural, inevitable, self-evident, obvious to everyone, and widely shared

The idea of removing barriers that prevent people from succeeding is related to the concept of...

negative freedom, or "freedom from something"

Another word (or phrase) for "radical free trade" (used by Peter Callero) is....

neoliberalism ("neoliberal economics")

The political upheaval in Egypt in 2012 that led to the ruler's (President Mubarak's) resignation involved extensive communication between people who were using....

new forms of individual-based mass media such as text messaging and twitter

If a person is over-weight, one individual solution would be for him/her to go on a diet and reduce calorie intake. Is this option a structural solution?

no

In general, lower class and working class families in the USA (((and also elsewhere))) value....

obedience

The problem with the concept of freedom, says Callero, is that ...

one person's freedom to act can limit someone else's freedom

In a capitalistic economy, there is a big difference between the factory ______ and the ________

owners; workers

In Stanley Milgram's experiments with electric shocks, he found that...

people (both males and females) tended to obey orders

The Robber's Cave experiment was and still is an important experiment in how ..

people behave in groups

The author, Peter Callero, argues that American political culture is associated with concepts of freedom and liberty. But, he says,

people differ on what "freedom" and "liberty" really mean

The author Peter Callero talks about a "mothering chain" that links...

people in different countries where are "mothering" (acting as mother) to someone else's children for pay

Social Construction is a process that involves....

people making categories and making decisions about who fits into what category; it also includes ideas about how to interact with people in each category

culture definition (in relation to social movements)

people's beliefs, ideas, values

Questions such as "are women, slaves, and Black people" politically equal to white men? What is the exact difference between the Great Apes and humans? What defines an individual? these are questions that the author Peter Callero terms issues of_____

personhood

The World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the International Monetary Fund are all multinational organizations that seek to ....

persuade different governments to change their policies to support free trade internationally

IF one believes (as many Americans do) that the most important factor affecting success is an individual's hard work, THEN the logical conclusion is that...

poor people are lazy and don't work hard enough

THINK: imagine that you are in charge of a program that is intended to bring Palestinian and Israeli teenagers together to foster peaceful relationships in the Middle East. You remember the Robbers Cave experiment and so therefore, the first thing you do is....

put the entire group of teenagers together to solve a real problem that affects everyone.

The author, Peter Callero, describes a Man called Theodore John Kaczynski (say "kah-ZIN-skee") became known as the "Unabomber." THE AUTHOR argues that the Unabomber's writings show an extreme committment to...

radical individualism

The revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya (and other countries) were/are....

rebellions of the masses against an existing government

"Free trade" is free of what?

regulation by various governments

When a person "thinks holistically," that means that the person will be concerned with...

relationships and connections

Revitalization movements definition

repeat/renew/achieve again, seek to RECREATE the OLD WAYS of doing things, movements imagine a PAST utopia or golden age

ISIS is a ______ movement

revitalization

Donald Trumps movement is an example of a ___________ movement

revitalization movement

The author, Peter Callero, argues that individualism includes a world view that emphasizes and values...

self-reliance, autonomy, independence

The author, Peter Carello, argues that hyper-individualism can become...

selfish; destructive of ideas of cooperation that are important to society as a whole

The author Peter Callero notes that many factory jobs in the USA have gone to people who live in developing countries of Asia and Latin America, and many Asian and Latin American people are moving to the USA to perform..

services such as child care and elder care, yard work, and also farm labor

In general, the author Peter Callero argues that the mass media of the USA....

sexualizes women more than men

A dog might snarl, show its teeth, and growl as _____ of aggression or fear

sign

In sociology, a ______ is an action or object that represents something else.

sign

The American Civil War was fought (in part) over the institution of....

slavery

Slavery in the USA was justified by refering to the institution of slavery that is described in the Old and New Testament (the Bible). These sacred texts were used to argue that...

slavery is not a sin, and it would be sinful (acting against God) to resist slavery

The author, Peter Callero, argue that in modern industrial society, social groups are....

so numerous that people feel torn between the different demands of membership in many different groups

A "structural problem" is one that would require a solution that is ______ in scale.

social

The author Peter Callero argues that sometimes we focus too much on the individual's role in creating social change. Rather, he says, we need to examine also the.....

social context of that change

Social categories such as man/women, age groupings (preschoolers, the elderly), race groups (such as "black" or "white") are all...

socially constructed

Groups of people such as friends and relatives, and institutions such as schools and churches make up....

society

Sociology is the social science that focusses on the study of...

society (social groups)

In what way can we think of emotions as "socially constructed"?

society provides the concepts that we use to lable and classify our emotions and sensations

The author, Peter Callero, says that the Unibomber, Ted Kaczynski, was interesting as an example of...

someone who took normal American values and exaggerated the to an extreme

The Robbers cave experiment tells us that it is important that individuals within a group can see the "superordinate goal" of the group. What does "superordinate goal" mean?

something that clearly affects every individual--a common goal

The World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund are all organizations whose mission is to...

support and facilitate free trade in the global economy, and minimize regulations on trade

A boycott entails....

supporters refraining from buying something, or refraining from attending or going to some place that is owned or organized by the authority figure (such as the government or a business)

Peter Callero makes a big distinction between signs and symbols. Peter Callero would classify the "peace sign" (the V shape that people make with space between their first and second fingers extended from their hand) as a _________

symbol

The Confederate battle flag was used by the southern states during the USA Civil War in the 1800s. The flag is a _____ of the Confederacy

symbol

THINK: imagine that you are trying to get two groups of students to work together to solve a common problem. Which problem below would likely be the MOST effective in getting people to work together?

take the whole group to a homeless shelter in Lansing to serve dinner, but then secretly manage things (oops!) so that the food hasn't been cooked yet. They have one hour before 50 people arrive

A "service sector" job (or a job in the "service industry" is a job such as ....

teacher, counselor, tour guide, sales clerk

The "new capitalism" is characterized by an increased number of jobs that are...

temporary

George Orwell's novel, 1984, describes a "dystopia." A dystopia is an imaginary world or imaginary society in which everything is...

terrible-worst society you can imagine

A "moral framework" is a set of overall beliefs and assumptions that people have that guide their actions. What is the idea of "moral" mean here?

that certain ideas and assumptions and actions are valued more than others are

"Radical free trade" assumes that any trade restrictions or regulations for safety or quality control are "bad for the global economy." What does "bad for the global economy" mean?

that companies who are buying and selling on the global marketplace might lose money or market share

The author, Peter Callero, tells about some innocent people who were forced by a supervisor or boss to do ridiculous or embarrassing things that were completely unrelated to the job. This example is meant to illustrate....

that many otherwise "good" people will follow orders from a person in authority, even if those orders are ridiculous or evil.

Karl Marx believed that if workers in a capitalistic economy recognized ________, they would cooperate with one another.

that they were all in a similar situation as "workers" and shared the same goals

The author Peter Callero says that "social forces shape the contexts within which specific differences are given value over others." What does he mean by "social forces" here?

the "rules of the game" that may favor one kind of knowledge and experience over other kinds

The series of political rebellions, uprisings, and revolutions that took place in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011 and 2012 (and some are continuing) are termed...

the Arab Spring

The author argues that modern communication technology has made it increasingly difficult for anyone or any government to control communication. What are these "modern communication technologies" that he is talking about?

the Internet, world wide web, and cell phones with cameras

"Neoliberalism" is another word for the concept of "radical free trade." Why does the author call this kind of free trade "radical"? (radical means "extreme". So what is so extreme about this free trade?) The author argues that it is radical because...

the World Trade Organization proposes that there should be no restrictions at all on any trade between any countries, even if a country feels restrictions are needed for health and safety.

In a democracy, a "free press" functions to provide public oversight over....

the actions of the government leaders

"Any rules or regulations that specify how products are made or harvested, or that regulate consumer safety are very harmful for free trade. The World Trade Organization should NOT support this kind of regulation." Would the author agree or disagree with this evaluation?

the author would argue that the world needs more regulation of "free trade" globally in order to protect workers and the environment. Thus, he would argue that the World Trade Organzation SHOULD support this kind of regulation

In the USA, there was a long term system of slavery. People from Africa in particular were captured and brought to the USA as slaves. The author uses this example to illustrate that...

the economic success of the upper classes is often built upon exploitation of lower classes

Mohamad Bouazizi was the man in Tunisia who killed himself by setting himself on fire to protest the unreasonable regulations that kept him from making a living as a small street vender. What did the government of Tunisia do to control communication and the spread of videos and other images of his death?

the government banned the use of Facebook, Twitter, You Tube and other internet sites

The author, Peter Callero, argues that a PSYCHOLOGIST or PSYCHIATRIST who was trying to understand the motivations and actions of a person like the Unabomber would interview that particular person in order to understand....

the individual experience of mental illness and brain function

Peter Callero points out a well-accepted generalization that American culture emphasizes....

the individual; an individual person's independence, accomplishments, and autonomy

society definition (in relation to social movements)

the institution, standard practices

Newspapers, books, comics, radio, television, movies, and video games are called...

the mass media

What does the discussion of mass media and the Arab Spring have to do with "the individual and society"? This example shows that...

the mass media provide a way for individuals to communicate and coordinate their actions as a group

Sociologists generally recognize that Chinese or Japanese people are more group-oriented than Americans. Thus, when an East Asian person views a picture, you can predict that they will likely tell you about....

the objects in the foreground and also the objects that are in the background that create the context

An "institution of government" is thought of as...

the organization or "office" that does anything "government" does, such as sanitation, policing, dealing with legal issues, providing oversight.

In a culture like the USA, when workers are laid off or struggle to find steady work, they and other people tend to explain this problem by referring to...

the person's individual situation and efforts

Emile Durkheim is an early sociologist who studied

the problem people have in coping with many different and sometimes conflicting demands and norms of behavior expected in diverse social groups

In an individualistic society, people tend to see problems as..

the result of individual choices

Rosa Parks represents a famous resistance movement in the USA. This resistance movement was concerned with...

the rights and social status of African-American (black) citizens in the USA.

According to Peter Callero, differences in the way people think can be due to differences in cultural background and the relationships that are emphasized in a particular cultural group. For example, American news stories typically focus on INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS, while Chinese news stories focus more on...

the social and economic context of that individual's actions

One major change in American society after 2008 was the passage of the Affordable Care Act (known as "Obamacare"). Before then, most people could not get private (non-government) insurance except through...

their jobs

BECAUSE Americans generally believe that "anyone who works hard can get ahead in life," Americans tend to attribute their own successes to...

their own efforts

The Robbers Cave experiment began with the participants organized into...

two very cohesive and well-defined groups

The author, Peter Callero, tells about some innocent people who were forced by a supervisor or boss to do ridiculous or embarrassing things that were completely unrelated to the job. In these examples, the author is considering the larger issue about.... .

understanding why otherwise normal people engage in torture or genocide or other evil acts

The author argues that in the USA, a person's social class is likely to be determined to a great extent by his/her.....

upbringing and family background

Two types of social movements

utopian movements, revitalization movements

One way to become wealthy in the USA is to inherit some wealth. The author says that __________people in the USA receive wealth through inheritance.

very few

In the USA, the children of poor people are...

very likely to stay poor when they grow up

In the era of globalization, we've seen many factory jobs shift to countries where _____is/ are LOW and _______is/are HIGH

wages, populations

The author, Peter Callero, tells about some innocent people who were forced by a supervisor or boss to do ridiculous or embarrassing things that were completely unrelated to the job. In these instances, the person giving the orders ....

was always of higher rank than the individual who had to do these actions

What is "cultural capital"? It includes ideas, beliefs, and values that are learned while a person grows up. Examples might include...

ways of thinking, talking, behaving; different skills, competencies, experiences, and preferences

When is a change considered revolutionary?

when there is a structural reorganization of society, change in assumptions, world view, social relationships, social institutions

THINK: your grandfather smoked a pack of cigarettes each day for 80 years. He never got lung cancer; he died of kidney failure at age 96. This example shows that...

while a smoker's chance of getting cancer is much higher than a non-smoker's, some individual smokers will not necessarily get lung cancer

In 1787, when the USA constitution was written, the legal principles established were serving to benefit...

white (European) property-owning men

______are complex symbols that represent ideas, plans, intentions, actions, and other complex thoughts

words

In general, someone who works on the assembly line in a factory would be considered_______, regardless of the actual money that person earned.

working class

Short-term or very local events such as a protest over wages at one store ______ be considered a social movement.

would NOT