K101 Final Exam

In the bacteriophage shown above, the functions of the structures labeled 2 and 3 are

2= protection of the genetic material, 3= attachment to a host cell

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

2x

The anticodon loop of a tRNA that will complement this mRNA: 5' CCG 3' is

3' GGC 5'

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a heating phase and a cooling phase alternate in cycles. An original sample of DNA would have to pass through how many total cycles to amplify the DNA ~1 billion times? (What about 2 billion times? What about 1 trillion times?)

30

Using a microscope to examine the skin cells from a female, it is apparent that each nucleus has two Barr bodies. From this karyotype, it can be concluded that the woman's chromosomal condition is

47, XXX

Which of the following occurs in eukaryotic, but not prokaryotic, gene expression?

A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal due to the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Amanita

Which two of the following choices (a-l) are mismatched?

Amanita mushrooms - Ascomycota Corn smut - Ascomycetes

Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that is the causative agent of Amoebic Dysentery, crawls through the small intestine of its victims via pseudopod formation. Based on this information, Entamoeba histolytica is a member of the clade

Amoebozoa

sgRNA

An RNA molecule engineered to be complementary to the target to be edited

Cas9

An endonuclease that can create double strand breaks in DNA

Epinephrine

Ligand

Schizophrenia

Multifactorial condition

Measles and Mumps

Paramyxoviruses

Converts membrane lipids to IP3 and DAG

Phospholipase C

Polio and Hepatitis A

Picornaviruses

Trypanosomes are eukaryotes that are currently classified in the SuperClade

Superclade I: Excavata

All of the following are DNA viruses except:

The Influenza virus that causes the 'flu

A scientist removed the AAC nucleotides at the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine. Which of the following describes the most likely result?

The amino acid methionine will not be able to bind to the tRNA

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Blood Type: What are the probabilities for blood types in the offspring of individuals who both have type AB blood?

Type A = 25% Type B = 25% Type AB = 50%

E. coli can absorb the sugar Arabinose from its surroundings. When Arabinose is present,

a and b

Following fertilization, an unequal division of the cytoplasm occurs to split the embryo into two cells. Which of the following is true?

a and b

The bacteria Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt)

a and c

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called_________ and asexual reproductive structures called ___________:

asci, conidia

The trait found in the individuals is represented by the shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene is/are consistent with this pedigree?

autosomal dominant

Upstream (proximal) promoter elements in eukaryotes are:

nucleotide sequences that regulate the efficiency of transcription initiation

Prokaryotes most closely related to human mitochondria

gram negative

After Telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The dipeptide that will form will be

proline-threonine

Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during:

prophase I

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is

protein kinase

In eukaryotes, histone methylation ________, while histone acetylation __________.

represses transcription, promotes transcription

Ch 29: In mosses, the antheridia produce:

sperm

The receptive portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the

stigma

Herceptin

HER-2+ breast cancer

Rituxin

CD20+ Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

West Nileand Hepatitis C

Flavivirus

Peripheral membrane protein that binds GTP

G-Protein

Which parasitic protist has 2 haploid nuclei, 2 pairs of flagella, remnants of mitochondrial genes (but no intact mitochondria) and lives and reproduces in the small intestines of mammals?

Giaridia

Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion

Golgi Apparatus

James Thompson

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Fred Sanger

Dideoxy DNA Sequencing

Using the functional group diagram at right answer A - E which of the following is incorrectly matched?:

E= carboxyl group

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which statements below accurately define energy coupling?

Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they:

Express different genes

Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition

Extracellular Matrix

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes might be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea, but NOT necessarily in the ocean?

Extreme Halophiles

The ____ Archaebacteria are typically found in extremely hot environments, whereas the _______ Archaebacteria are typically found in swampy environments lacking oxygen.

Extreme thermophile, methanogenic

Ebola and other hemorrhagic fevers

Filovirus

W. French Anderson

First Human Gene Therapy

Prometia

First cloned animal that was born from its genetic twin

Cc

First cloned housecat (female calico)

Zhong Zhong

First cloned macaque for neuroscience research

Dolly

First cloned mammal

Idaho Gem

First cloned mule

Joy

First cloned piglet engineered for human organ transplants

Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane?

G-protein linked receptors

Intergral membrane protein receptor

GPCR

Protists like ________________ represent an intermediate stage in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion to become a true diploid organism had not occurred.

Giardia

The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells most likely arose as a result of endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a

Gram (-) bacterium like Rickettsia

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes contains the genus Clostridium, responsible for the human diseases tetanus and botulism?

Gram Positive Eubacteria

In human females, one X chromosome per cell is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, forming a Barr Body. Much of the DNA in this chromosome is then in the form of

Heterochromatin

A dideoxy ("chain terminating") nucleotide used in DNA sequencing differs from a deoxynucleotide as it has

A "U" instead of an "A" in base-pairing

PAM

A 3-6 nucleotide DNA sequence immediately downstream of the target site in the genomic DNA to be edited

Evidence that Chara is the direct ancestor of all land plants includes

A and C

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY : The products of meiosis released by this fungus (arrow indicated by 3):

A and C

Prion diseases of humans include:

A and D

In a population with two alleles for cystic fibrosis, C and c, the frequency the recessive allele is 0.6. What percent of the population would be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

48%

Epistasis: A black Labrador retriever (BbEe) is crossed with a chocolate Lab (bbEe). In a litter of 16 F1 puppies, what are the likely proportions of black, chocolate or yellow Labs?

6 Black, 6 Chocolate, 4 Yellow

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled C (outermost layer) is ___, and the structure indicated by the letter I is _____:

C - the capsule, I - the flagella

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized

Jennifer Doudna

CRISPR Cas9

Chloroplast stroma

Calvin Cylce

Avastin

Cancer (anti-VEGF, anti angiogenesis)

What type of protists have formed massive deposits of chalk, as seen in the White Cliffs of Dover?

Cercozoans (Forams)

Ian Wilmut

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a(n):

Covalent bond

Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) derived from blastocysts donated after IVF (in vitro fertilization) have been successfully used in research to:

Create new mesodermal cells like beating heart cells Create new ectodermal cells like dopamine-producing nerve cells

Gram-positive bacteria stain _____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of _____ in their cell walls

purple; peptidoglycan

RNA molecules with enzymatic functions (such as peptidyltransferase) are called __________.

ribozymes

The eggs of gymnosperms like conifers are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____

seeds

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Seeds have advantages over spores. For example, _____

seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering seeds can survive for extended periods of time at reduced metabolic rates seeds can survive even in conditions that are unfavorable for the parent plants

Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ______, which are fragments of the body of the lichen.

soredia

In angiosperms, double fertilization produces

the 2n embryo and the 3n endosperm

Which of the following is the attachment site for RNA polymerase?

the TATAAA box

The first indication that Archaea were different from the Eubacteria came from:

the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.

Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because

the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds

The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Eubacteria is:

the presence of a single filament flagellum in the Eubacteria.

Prokaryotes that thrive in extremely hot environments

thermophiles

Euglena and dinoflagellates show Secondary Endosymbiosis in that

they have three lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicots?

veins in leaves usually parallel

In the fern life cycle shown at right, where is the process of meiosis taking place?

In the fern sori - A

ShinyaYamanaka

Induced Pleuripotent Stem Cells

Stanley Cohen

Isolation of Bacterial Plasmids

Herb Boyer

Isolation of Restriction Enzymes, Founder of Genentech

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following is NOT true about Rubisco?*

It is a kinase

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? *

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions

In the pGLO lab, how could you confirm that a transformed cell was expressing the bla gene?

It would grow on Amp plates

Crops that are RoundUp Ready

Kill weeds in the fields where they are growing

Mitochondrial matrix

Krebs Cycle

Thylakoid membrane

Light Reactions

A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that the unsaturated fats are __________ at room temperature and have _______:

Liquids; cis double bonds

Intercellular digestion

Lysosome

Which of the recombinant DNA drugs is incorrectly matched with its indication (the disease it is prescribed to treat)?

Neupogen (Amgen): Multiple sclerosis (interferon)

Site of rRNA for protein synthesis

Nucleolis

A C4 plant initially fixes CO2 into ____ where a C3 plant fixes CO2 into _______

Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco

Converts cAMP to AMP; inhibited by caffeine

Phosphodiesterase

Helicobacter pylori

Stomach ulcers

Ch28: The organism in this slide ABOVE, Spirogyra, is a member of:

Superclade III: Archaeplastida

All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except

Synthesis of hormones

Tremonema pallidum

Syphilis

Enbrel

T-cell autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis and Psoriasis

At what stage of meiosis do cells become haploid?

Telophase I

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus ("lockjaw")

Which of these statements is NOT TRUE regarding the procedure for making cloned animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer?

The donor nucleus is from a haploid, quiescent cell

In 2007, it was reported that adult, differentiated human skin cells can be made to behave as pluripotent stem cells by the introduction of a few genes: Oct 4, Sox2, Kfl4 and c-myc. What concern has limited the potential of human Induced Pleuripotent Stem Cells as human therapeutics?

The gene c-myc is an oncogene that causes a cancer phenotype in about 25% of the cell cultures.

During the lytic life cycle of phages, which of the following occurs?

The host cell often dies, releasing many newly assembled copies of the virus

Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions?

The light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle

Maize (corn) plants are tall if they have the genotype HH or Hh, and they are short if they have genotype hh. If a tall plant is mated with a short plant as a Test Cross, which outcome would indicate that the tall parent corn plant was heterozygous?

The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1 (50%:50%)

Sex linkage: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Hemophilia is an X-linked, recessive trait. If a male has hemophilia (XfY), and his spouse is heterozygous for blood clotting factors (XFXf),

There is a 50% chance that their sons will have hemophilia There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be carriers for hemophilia

After transformation of HB101 by pGLO, why are the cells grown in LB broth for 20 minutes before plating on Amp plates?

There is a phenotypic lag of ~20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed

SELECT ALL THT APPLY: What do these three cells BELOW have in common?

They all have DNA-containing nuclei (one or more)

What do the four 'elements of life' -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen-have in common?

They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells

Which of the following is true about Radiolarans?

They capture prey through the use of thread-like pseudopods

The functioning of enhancers is an example of:

Transcriptional control of gene expression

The Prion Hypothesis (Dr. Stanley Pruissner) states that

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies result from the conversion of normal PrP-c to an abnormally folded PrP-sc state

Retroviruses like the HIV virus differ from other viruses by:

Using the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA

Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse

Craig Venter

Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing

Hemophilia

X-linked condition

A wildlife pathologist is examining some skin tissue from a dead frog. She notes the presence of a fungus. She cultures the fungal cells and notices that some of the cells are flagellated. She concludes that the frog has a disease caused by

a chytridomycete fungus

Which of the following is most likely to be ubiquitinated (ie: tagged with ubiquitin)?

a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2

Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):

are made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles

Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they

are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions

The pedigree at right shows a family with a disease pattern indicated by shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene are consistent with this pedigree?

autosomal recessive

When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by

buildup of lactate

Second messenger generated from ATP

cAMP

Alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA

A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones (See Box 4.in figure below) and is also found in the vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is:

cholesterol

In paramecium and stentor, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hairlike _____:

cilia

Some bacteria avoid a host's immune system by means of:

cloaking the cell with a watery capsule.

Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome which of the following?

competitive inhibition

Molecular data in support of endosymbiosis indicates that chloroplasts are highly similar to __________ that may have been engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote over a billion year ago.

cyanobacteria

Once they appeared on Earth, ___ forever changed the atmosphere on earth by the production of large quantities of oxygen gas.

cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes most closely related to sunflower chloroplasts

cyanobacteria

A commercially important unicellular protist whose silica shells are used in filters, polishes, toothpaste and various industrial processes are the:

diatoms

Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide", secreting a nerve agent toxic to humans?

dinoflagellates

The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the _____________________ generation.

diploid sporophyte

Following double fertilization in Angiosperms, the triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the

endosperm

The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the _____

endosperm

Many Gram (+) Eubacteria like Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthraxis have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions by protecting their DNA in a dormant structure called a(n)

endospore

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the _____.

extreme halophiles

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __, where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ___

fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively

If the cell whose nuclear material is shown at right continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

formation of telophase nuclei

Prokaryotes that thrive in the Great Salt Lake and salt evaporation ponds

halophiles

Pollen is __________ and contains __________.

haploid ... sperm nuclei

When you see a green moss, you are looking at the _________ generation

haploid gametophyte

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but not mitosis?

homologous chromosomes separate

Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone

Smooth ER

Intergral membrane protein enzyme

Adenylyl cyclase

Bacillus anthraxis

Anthrax

Kary Mullis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

The cells in this mushroom are

1= dilkaryotic 2 = diploid

Ch31: The two structures (2 and 3) BELOW are commonly seen in a kitchen:

2 = On moldy bread; 3 = On moldy oranges

In a plant with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in a cell that has just entered Meiosis II? (We want everyone correct!)

0

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?

100%

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The human Crystalline gene is contained in the genome of every cell of a human, but is only expressed (made into protein) in the lens of the eye. This is because

Activator proteins (transcription factors) that bind to regulatory regions of the crystalline gene are only found in the lens cells, The crystalline gene has specific promoter and enhancer control elements that bind to only lens-specific activators

Converts ATP to cAMP after G-protein signalling

Adenylyl Cyclase

How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell?

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell

Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) and Human Induced Pleuripotent Stem Cells (hiPS)may be useful in transplantation medicine because the cells

All of the above

The haploid gametophyte (C )

All of the above

What makes rRNA (or another sequence) a good 'evolutionary chronometer'?

All of the above

Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory (Margulis, 1967) includes

All of the above provides evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory

Ch27: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY (ABOVE RIGHT): The colorful organisms growing in this photo

Are populations of Halophilic, extremophilic Archaea

Gene Therapy treatments with new drugs like Kymriah and Yescarta (select all that apply)

Are the first FDA-approved drugs for personalized immunotherapy to treat specific leukemias Involve the use of a genetically engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell to recognize proteins like CD19 on cancer cells

Achondroplasia

Autosomal dominant condition

Marfan's

Autosomal dominant condition

Polydactyly

Autosomal dominant condition

Cystic Fibrosis

Autosomal recessive condition

Tay Sachs

Autosomal recessive condition

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) both function to "silence" genes, by,

Binding to complementary RNA sequences to prevent translation

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism (food poisoning)

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (R-TKs) is always characterized by

Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2 if which of the following is true?

If the patient's breast cancer cells have detectable HER2

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Which of the following cellular structures are shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

Plasma membrane

Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to bacteria, viruses and prions?

Proteins

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes in the figure above contains the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, responsible for the human ulcers, and E. coli, beneficial intestinal bacteria in humans?

Proteobacteria

Organisms that share the most DNA homology to mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, are:

Proteobacteria, cyanoacteria.

Mitochondrial inner membrane space

Proton Gradient in aerobic respiration

Thylakoid lumen

Proton Gradient in light reactions

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the 4 kinase enzymes in glycolysis might be the enzyme shown below?

Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK)

Synagis

RSV (Respiratory syncytial Virus

Phosphorylates relay molecules after activation and dimerization

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein

Rough ER

Claviceps purpurea infests grain like rye and produces _______________, a precursor of LSD which, if accidentally ingested, can cause hallucinations and even death.

an ergot

The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in

a polypeptide missing an amino acid

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by

a rigid cell wall.

When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are brought to the ER membrane by

a specific characteristic that identifies it as a "bound" ribosome itself, a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane

A pea pod is formed from _____. A pea inside the pod is formed from _____.

an ovary ... an ovule

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

anabolic reactions

Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) _____ and down the neck of a(n)________to fertilize the egg

antheridium ... archegonium

The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?

adding hydrogens to the fatty acids

Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis?

alignment of tetrads at the equator in metaphase

In the crop called Golden Rice, this genetically modified food

all of the above

Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells _____

all of the above

Mycorrhizal fungi benefits plants by:

increasing absorptive surface area of roots

Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

infoldings of the plasma membrane.

Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondria

The parasitic protist that causes malaria, Plasmodium, must spend part of its life cycle in a nonhuman host. What organism(s) serve(s) as the vector for this life cycle?

mosquitos

Pseudopods are used by the members of clade Amoebozoa for ingesting food as well as for:

movement

Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis

nucleus

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that

organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth

One function of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize NADH to NAD+

Viruses that attack bacteria are called:

phages

The 5' end of a DNA strand always has a free ______ group while the 3' end always has a free _______ group.

phosphate; hydroxyl

Extrachromosomal circles of DNA in bacteria called ______ often carry genes involved in _______:

plasmids, antibiotic resistance.

Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in a range of symptoms. Which of the following terms best describes this?

pleiotropy

In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

polar covalent bonds

Puffballs and shelf fungi are most closely related to:

yeast

The sexual spores produced by black bread mold, Rhizopus, are called

zygospores