Kaplan FL Test #3, Kaplan FL 3, Kaplan FL 3, Kaplan Full-Length Test 3 Physics/Chem, Kaplan Full Length 3, Chem/Phys

cultural capital

any non-financial social asset that helps improve an individual's position/status in society

name an example of a cross linkage

disulfide bonds

signal detection theory

holds that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual.

negative reinforcement

occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. (take away something bad)

parallel processing

refers to one's ability to carry out two or more mental processes at the same time

appraisal

refers to stress stimulus

peer pressure

refers to the act of an individual's attitudes and values being highly influenced by the peer group surrounding them

inclusive fitness theory

refers to the idea that an organism improves its own genetic success through altruistic social behavior

inclusive fitness theory

refers to the idea that an organism improves their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior

back stage self

refers to the private areas of our lives, where we do not have to "act" but rather can be our true selves

self-concept and identity

refers to the way an individual views him or herself

Initiative vs. guilt

3-5 years -children need to begin asserting control and power over their environment

upward mobility

when a person, social group, or class, is moved to a higher position of increased power or status within a society

Question 51: Which of the following is NOT an acceptable Lewis structure for NO?

Nitrogen has 5 valence e- while O has 6. NO thus has a total of 11 valence e-. The structure shown in choice D only has 10 valence electrons.

mood disorders

illnesses affecting an individual's long term emotional state -major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

Urbanization causes

increased pollution and exposure to polluted areas. It is also associated with decreased physical labor and a more sedentary lifestyle

somatoform disorders

involve circumstances where the physical symptoms and individual is experiencing cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition

pons function

involved with arousal, controlling autonomic functions, and sleep

fundamental attribution error

is the tendency for people to judge individuals based on their personal traits than the environmental factors surrounding the event

in thermo, work done on a system is

compression

negative punishment

desired stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited

display rules

determine how emotions are displayed in public

a child misbehaves. mom takes away tv time. this is an example of

negative punishment. a desired stimulus is removed

cerebellum function

primarily coordinates and regulates muscular activity

medulla oblongata function

primarily involved with controlling autonomic functions and coordinating body movements

parallel processing

process of blending different clues to determine what something is

generalization

process of taking a rule in a given situation and applying it more broadly

operant conditioning

related to rewards and punishments

bond forming ___energy

releases

Bond breaking ___ energy

requires

self-fulfilling prophecy

belief that comes true because we are acting as if it is already true -involves an expectation upon an individual rather than a group

The adrenal medulla is derived from the

ectoderm!

cerebellum

is involved in balance and proprioception. It does not initiate motor movement but it contributes to coordination and precision and timing of movement

socialization

life-long process in which individuals learn to behave within the acceptable limits of social norms

What is ln(Keq) converted to log10?

ln(Keq) = 2.3log10(Keq)

top-down processing

look at the bigger picture first and then infer the details

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

1-3 years -children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence

front stage self

refers to interactions with society, in which an individual knows his/her behaviors will be openly judged

attachment

refers to the emotional bond that develops between a child and the caregiver

egocentrism

refers to the inability to take the perspective of another person

social identity theory

states that a person's self-concept is partially determined from their perceived membership in a social group.

if Vmax is lower and Km is the same there is a __inhibitor

uncompetitive inhibitor

avoidance reinforcement

actively avoiding potential penalty

Modifications during post-transcriptional processing

addition of the 5' cap, splicing of exons and removal of introns, and polyadenylation (poly A tail protects 3' end from degradation)

For many applications it is necessary for physiologists to approximate the resistance of the human body. In order to measure this, a physiologist might ask a willing subject to: hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current because

In order to determine the resistance of the human body, a known voltage can be applied and the current can be measured

For many applications it is necessary for physiologists to approximate the resistance of the human body. In order to measure this, a physiologist might ask a willing subject to: hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current because

In order to determine the resistance of the human body, a known voltage can be applied and the current can be measured This way you know V and measure I, thereby obtaining R V = IR WIMI: critical thinking Perception of current is not a sufficient method to measure the resistance

Question 42: If HCl is the only substance present in the stomach, what is the pH? a. -log(0.15) b. -log(0.2) c. log(0.15) d. log(0.2)

In the passage, it is stated that the human stomach contains about 0.15 N HCl. The normality, N, in the context of acids, is the same as the molarity if the acid is monoprotic; i.e., if it gives up one proton per molecules. HCl is a monoprotic acid, and so the molarity of HCl isalso 0.15. HCl is a strong acid, dissociating completely in solution, therefore the concentration of protons in the solution is approximately 0.15 M. The pH in the stomach is then -log(0.15), making A the correct choice.

During the dipeptide synthesis described in the passage, is the formation of leucine-leucine dipeptides a concern?

No, the carboxyl group of alanine was already selectively activated! WIMI: critical thinking Electrophilic attack is when positively charged molecules are usually added to molecules with electrons to donate (E.g. pi bonds). Nucleophilic attack is when a rich nucleophile selectively attacks a positive or partially positive molecule to replace a leaving group.

IR spectra wide peak at around 3300

O-H

Catalyst

Reformed at the end of a reaction process

How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues? Does it travel faster in the muscle of in the blood?

Sound will travel faster in the muscle because sound is a mechanical wave and relies on molecular collisions for propagation. For this reason, sound travels fastest in solids (where the molecules are closer together), slower in liquids, and slowest in gases.

Top-down processing

people form their perceptions by starting with the larger concept or picture and then working their way down to the finer details.

social facilitation

phenomenon by which individuals are more likely to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

globalization

phenomenon of the exchange of ideas, information, and culture across borders creating a more homogenous "world" culture

social loafing

phenomenon where individuals who work in a group to achieve a task exert less effort than if they were working alone to achieve the same task.

bottleneck effect

random culling of a gene pool due to a natural disaster or overhunting

ethnocentrism occurs when

individuals compare their own cultural practices with others

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

ln (P1/P2) = DeltaHvap/R (1/T2 -1/T1) P1= a standard pressure at the substance's boiling point Pertains to the boiling point of a liquid at a given pressure

triacylgylcerols hold more/less energy than glycogen

more energy

absolute zero

no entropy no movement-molecules are completely stationary and zero internal energy (K=00 NO internal energy

if you see a reaction, quick or rapid, the process is adiabatic!

no heat is able to be exchanged if so quickly

decarboxylases do what?

they take away carboxyl groups

implicit bias

unconsciously stereotyping about a group of people

anxiety disorders

underlying issue is irrational fear or worry which may snowball out of control

reductants get

oxidized

observational learning

"how-to" process of learning

Oxidant

oxidizing agent

morbidity

measure of illness

log(10)

1 (10^1 = 10)

Under standard conditions, what is the entropy change for the formation of acetic acid from its elements? Given (deltaG=-389kJ/mol; enthalpy of formation =-484

-.31kJ/mol

Drive reduction theory holds that all behavioral motivation can be attributed to satisfying a biological need. The four underlying principles of drive reduction theory are:

1) the actor's drive is essential for a response to occur 2) the actor must perceive both the stimulus and response for conditioning to occur 3) the actual response must take place in order for conditioning to occur 4) conditioning will occur if the reinforcement satisfied a need

During starvarion, the body can generate glucose from: 1.glycogen 2.amino acids 3.glycerol from triacylglycerol 4.fatty acids

1-3

Industry vs. inferiority

6-11 years -children need to cope with new social and academic demands

The average human's eardrum can be approximated to be half a sphere, 1 cm in diameter. If a sound wave is heard with I = 10^-10 W/m^2, how much energy is transferred to the eardrum per second?

1.57 x 10^-14 J Area of a sphere = 4(pi)R^2 Power = Intensity x Area

Identity vs. role confusion

12-18 years -teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity

Intimacy vs. isolation

19-40 years -young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people

log(100)

2 (10^2 = 10)

Solving for Keq from DeltaG = -RTlnKeq equation: Keq = - DeltaG/ RT

2.3log10Keq = -3.3 log10Keq = -1.5 Keq = 10^-1.5 soo...the answer must be between between 10^-2 (.01) and 10^-1 (.1) Answer: 3 x 10^ -2

log(1000)

3 (10^3 = 1000)

Ego integrity vs. despair

65+ years -older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment

Generativity vs. stagnation

40-65 years -adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often with children or creating positive change that benefits other people

Cross-link

A bond that links one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds. A common example found in biology are disulfide bridges that constitute the tertiary structure of a protein.

Good protecting group for ketone carbonyl group

A cyclic ketal can be formed by the reaction between a carbonyl group and a diol. Make sure that the diol is sterically unhindered. Make sure that there is no trans unsaturated bond that would limit the mobility of the carbon skeleton.

Surfactant role in alveoli

A detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself. According to the Law of LaPlace, more surface tension increases pressure. In the alveoli, a small alevoli would collapse with a larger alveoli because it has greater pressure without surfactant. Surfactant added to the smaller alveoli decreases surface tension, which decreases pressure. In doing so, this equalizes the pressures of the two alveoli so that the smaller one does not collapse upon the longer one to reduce its pressure.

During the cold-weather adaptation process, the cell membranes of these animals would be expected to have what impact on the amounts of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?

A hibernating animal will alter the lipid composition in the plasma membranes of its cells in order to try to maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures are low. Therefore, the animal will replace saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids.

Normality (N)

A measure of concentration, given in equivalents/L. It is often used on the MCAT to donate acids. For acids that can donate 1 proton, the normality equals molarity. For H2SO4, 1 N = .5 M (Normality/n).

Mechanical waves

A wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. It needs a medium in order to transport its energy. Longitudinal, transverse, and surface waves are all this type of wave. Sound waves are mechanical waves that can be longitudinal or transverse depending on the medium it is passing through.

If HCl is the only substance present in the stomach, what is the pH? [H+] = 0.15 N HCl A) -log(0.15) B) -log (0.2) C) log (0.15) D) log (0.2)

A) -log(0.15) In the passage, it is stated that the human stomach contains about 0.15 N HCl. The normality, N, in the context of acids, is the same as the molarity if the acid is monoprotic. HCl is a strong acid, dissociating completely in solution, therefore the concentration of protons in the solution is approximately 0.15 M.

Strong, soluble bases such as alkaline earth metal hydroxides are not used as antacids, but are often used in laboratory titrations. What volume of an aqueous 1.5 M Ba(OH)2 solution would be required to neutralize 10 mL of stomach acid? A) 0.5 mL B) 1.5 mL C) 10.0 mL D) 15.0 mL

A) 0.5 mL

A patient's maximum blood pressure (systolic) is 113 mmHg and minimum (diastolic) is 60 mmHg. If his total peripheral resistance is 20.5 mmHg*min/L, what is the difference in his cardiac output between systolic and diastolic pressure? A) 2.59 L/min B) 25.92 L/min C) 108.6 L/min D) 1086.5 L/min

A) 2.59 L/min Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance Therefore, the difference in cardiac output can be calculated as (Psys - Pdias)/resistance = 2.59 L/min.

Sources A and B have a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the intensity of source A is 1000 times greater than that of Source B, what is the difference in relative intensity levels of the two sources? A) 30 dB B) 40 dB C) 1,000 dB D) 10,000 dB

A) 30 dB

If an insulin-synthesizing pancreas cell is infected by a persistent virus, what would most likely be the first cellular deficiency produced by the virus? A) A decrease in the number of mRNA transcripts coding for insulin B) A decrease in the amount of DNA coding for insulin C) A decrease in glucagon synthesis D) A decrease in insulin synthesis

A) A decrease in the number of mRNA transcripts coding for insulin Persistent viruses selectively block the transcription of genes coding for "specialized functions". Further, the passage gives diabetes as a potential result of the loss of a specialized function. The question stem notes that the affected cells are specialized to produce insulin, thus, we should predict a decrease in the production of mRNA transcript coding for insulin.

A culture of red blood cells is grown on a nutrient medium containing dinitrophenol, which is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. Under these conditions: A) ATP production will remain the same B) ATP production will decrease C) oxygen consumption will increase D) lactic acid production will increase

A) ATP production will remain the same Recall that red blood cells do not have mitochondria. Therefore, they must produce energy anaerobically, and are unaffected by drugs that disrupt the electron transport chain (a component of aerobic respiration). Note that lactic acid buildup would occur only in an aerobic cell forced to revert to anaerobic metabolism.

Glucagon synthesis is inhibited by insulin in a paracrine fashion. Diabetic patients, who do not produce insulin, can experience a response similar to that found in starvation, known as ketoacidosis. which of the following experimental findings would be expected in a patient with this type of diabetes? A) Administration of glucose slightly decreases the level of glucagon, but not significantly. B) Administration of insulin decreases blood glucose but not glucagon secretion. C) Administration of growth hormone increases the production of insulin D) Administration of glucagon would inhibit the production of insulin.

A) Administration of glucose slightly decreases the level of glucagon, but not significantly. The question stem indicates that insulin inhibits the synthesis of glucagon, thus administration of insulin is expected to lower blood glucose and glucagon levels. Glucose typically increases the production of insulin and decreases the production of glucagon. Administering glucose to someone who is incapable of producing insulin would only slightly alter the production of glucagon.

Prior research has shown that whether an individual belongs to an individualist or collectivist society affects how they explain their own and other people's behaviors. Which theory best accounts for these findings? A) Attribution Theory B) Egocentrism C) Ethnocentrism D) Self-concept and identity

A) Attribution Theory Attribution theory describes the way a person uses information to develop causal explanations. (A) would account for how people explain their own and others' behaviors with culture being one aspect of the process.

Further research has shown that individuals with psychopathic personality traits are overly concerned with details and have more trouble with big-picture concepts. What method of perception might these individuals primarily use? A) Bottom-up processing B) Top-down processing C) Gestalt principles D) Somatosensation

A) Bottom-up processing When using bottom-up processing, individuals start with the details and then create the bigger picture. Thus individuals overly concerned with details would primarily use bottom-up processing.

Which of the following parts of the central nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Medulla D) Pons

A) Cerebrum The cerebrum is responsible for integration of sensory input, conscious thought, and all voluntary actions.

Which of the following therapies would most likely be successful in overcoming an infection caused by a persistent virus? A) Deliver RNA complementary to the viral mRNA into all infected cells so that the RNA base pairs with the mRNA, thereby preventing translation. B) Stimulate the B-cells of infected patients to proliferate into antibody-secreting cells so that these antibodies attack the viral antigens. C) Administer a broad-spectrum antibiotic so that viral particles are neutralized. D) Inject infected patients with healthy killer T-cells so that immunosuppressive strains of the virus cannot deplete the immune system of these cells.

A) Deliver RNA complementary to the viral mRNA into all infected cells so that the RNA base pairs with the mRNA, thereby preventing translation.

A sociologist is interested in whether an individual's education levels affects their perception of a teacher who identifies as homosexual. Which of the following is the best study modification to test this theory? A) Expanding the study to include individuals in the surrounding community B) Extending the study longitudinally, so students are tested throughout college C) Using the university's alumni connections to recruit a greater variety of participants D) Compensating participants with a cash reward to incentivize more participants

A) Expanding the study to include individuals in the surrounding community By recruiting individuals from the community, the researcher would have the opportunity to collect data from participants of varying education levels (less than high school, high school, some college, college, professional degree, etc.)

Which of the following best explains why, after several weeks of starvation, acetyl-CoA is primarily converted into ketone bodies? A) Gluconeogenesis depletes the supply of oxaloacetate, which is essential for the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle. B) Starvation leads to the selective production of the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ketone bodies. C) Acetyl-CoA is converted into pyruvate which cannot enter the gluconeogenic pathway. D) Triacylglycerols are mobilized from adipose tissue.

A) Gluconeogenesis depletes the supply of oxaloacetate, which is essential for the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle.

Which of the following will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through air, as measured by a detector? I. Surface area of the detector II. Speed of the source of sound III. Distance from source to detector A) II only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) II and III only

A) II only This question requires application of the Doppler effect: the idea that the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave. If the fine-tuning of that frequency is required, experimenters can change the detected frequency by moving the source at some constant velocity. The surface area of the detector and its distance from the source will only affect the intensity of the wave experienced by that detector. Therefore, (A) is the correct answer.

Which of the following would be an effective policy for improving the upward mobility of women in male-dominated fields? A) Increased mandatory gender quotas in upper level positions for fields historically male-dominated B) Increasing women's wages by 5-10% in fields that have been historically male-dominated. C) Volunteer programs that expose women and encourage them to enter male-dominated fields. D) An increased awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace and harsher penalties for violations.

A) Increased mandatory gender quotas in upper level positions for fields historically male-dominated Any policy that would enhance the status of women within the field by allowing them access to positions with greater power/status would enhance their social mobility. (A) mandates increased gender quotas for upper level positions, which would theoretically ensure women are in higher positions within the field.

The presence of aspartic acid in a protein has a substantial impact on protein folding. A mutation altering a structurally important amino acid like aspartic acid will often lead to a misfolded protein. Which of the following organelles breaks down misfolded proteins? A) Lysosome B) Peroxisome C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) None of the above

A) Lysosome Lysosomes contain numerous enzymes which can break down proteins. Hence (A) is correct. The function of lysosomes is not limited to protein degradation as they also are key in organelle recycling.

Which of the following would be expected in methanol poisoning? A) Metabolic acidosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Hypoventilation D) Decreased anion gap

A) Metabolic acidosis Methanol produces formic acid, which will increase arterial [H+] and lead to metabolic acidosis.

An r-selected species of protist uses pseudopodia for movement. Which cellular component has the most prominent role in cleavage and contractility of the cytoplasm during such movement? A) Microfilaments B) Intermediate filaments C) Microtubules D) Centrioles

A) Microfilaments Polymerization and depolymerization of actin give rise to pseudopodia, and actin is a microfilament.

Which of the following processes best explains why a higher score on the Teaching and Interaction dimension would have a positive impact on a child's expressive vocabulary? A) Modeling B) Top-down processing C) Attachment D) Generalization

A) Modeling The TI dimension in the study assessed children and teachers' interactions. The interactions can help improve children's scores on the cognitive assessment in a number of ways, including encouraging the children to learn and providing opportunities for learning. During interactions, teachers are demonstrating language and new vocabulary, and children learn through observing and interacting.

A non-profit organization is hoping to increase their number of volunteers for events. A psychologist suggests using a technique that follows the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. Which of the following would the psychologist be most likely to suggest? A) People are asked initially to volunteer to complete a small task and then approached later on about volunteering a greater number of hours for events B) People who are already volunteers are encouraged to ask their friends and families to participate in upcoming events and raise awareness C) Creating a better marketing plan where the non-profit organization partners with a well-liked business within the community. D) Creating a token-economy system within the organization, where volunteers get points for each volunteer activity and can redeem the points for prizes

A) People are asked initially to volunteer to complete a small task and then approached later on about volunteering a greater number of hours for events The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to people's tendency to be more likely to comply with larger requests after first agreeing to complete a smaller request.

How might game theory be applied to explain behavior that appears altruistic in nature? A) People will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping. B) We help others who we perceive to be on the same "team" as us C) We help others only after knowing we have a decisive advantage to win. D) Helping others confers us a biological advantage as it labels us as "heroic" and thus superior.

A) People will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping. Game theory would explain acts of altruism by arguing that people were helping others because it did serve some self-interest.

A child with brain damage was told a disheartening story, threatened by another child, and subjected to a loud noise; he exhibited no emotional displays. The child was able to express positive emotion in appropriate scenarios. Which area of the brain was likely damaged? A) Prefrontal cortex B) Cerebellum C) Pons D) Medulla oblongata

A) Prefrontal cortex The right hemisphere, and specifically the right prefrontal cortex deals with processing and displaying negative emotions. Because the child produced no emotional response to scenarios in which a negative response is expected, it can be inferred that damage was to this hemisphere.

A student is standardizing NaoH using KHP (MW = 204). The student dissolves 204.22 g of KHP in 50 mL of water and then titrates with the NaOH of unknown concentration. Which of the following would NOT cause faulty results? A) Using an unknown amount of water that was more than 50 mL B) Using an unknown amount of KHP that was less than 204.22g C) Using an indicator that has a pKa less than pH of the equivalence point D) Using an indicator that has a pKa greater than the pH of the equivalence point

A) Using an unknown amount of water that was more than 50 mL The equivalence point will be reached when the equivalents of acid (KHP) are equal to the equivalents of base (NaOH). In this case, the equivalents of acid is known and constant and the amount of water does not change the amount of acid present, so (A) would not change the outcome.

ZnCO3 (Ksp = 2 x 10^-10) is added to a saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 (Ksp = 3 x 10^-16) and a precipitate is noted. The identity of the precipitate is most likely. A) Zn(OH)2 B) Zn C) H2CO3 D) ZnCO3

A) Zn(OH)2 A saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 implies that the addition of any Zn2+ or OH- ions would cause a precipitate form. ZnCO3 is more soluble than Zn(OH)2 and as such, would dissociate into Zn2+ and CO3 2- ions. This would lead to the precipitation of Zn(OH)2, making (A) the correct choice.

Which of the following is the electron configuration of Zn2+? A) [Ar]3d10 B) [Ar]4s23d8 C) [Ar]4d10 D) [Ar]4s24d8

A) [Ar]3d10 In order to determine the electron configuration of an ion, it's best to first determine the configuration of the neutral species. Zn's electron configuration is [Ar]4s23d10. To form cations, remove electrons beginning with the highest principal quantum number (this may differ from the order in which orbitals are filled). So two electrons are removed from the 4s orbital, and that matches choice (A).

Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator in humans, but is quickly converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air according to the reaction 2NO + O2 --> 2NO2. In this reaction, nitrogen is acting as: A) a reducing agent B) an oxidant C) a catalyst D) a cofactor

A) a reducing agent Nitrogen gets oxidized in this reaction by the O2, and it is thus the reducing agent.

When combined with hydrazoic acid (HN3) in solution, arachidonic acid (C20H32O2) produces nitrogen gas and an intermediate. Decarboxylation of the intermediate gives: A) an amine B) an ester C) a nitrate D) a nitrosyl

A) an amine Arachidonic acid is a fatty acid, or more generally, a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail. A solid prediction can be made by consideration conservation of mass: look what goes into the reaction and what must be present in the products. The loss of CO2 and the consequential loss of oxygen, is strong support that the answer will not have an oxygen present. (A) is the only answer that matches.

What is not a characteristic of proteins? A) can self-replicate B) can act as a hormone C) acts in cell membrane trafficking D) can bind foreign materials

A) can self-replicate Proteins can have numerous functions in the body; they can be hormones (chemical messengers), enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions), structural proteins (physical support), transport proteins (carriers of important materials), and antibodies (which bind foreign particles). However, proteins cannot self-replicate.

A person who regularly cooks Brussels sprouts sees them being prepared and immediately senses the sulfur smell even though it is not present. The erroneous sensation is most likely the result of: A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) parallel processing D) observational learning

A) classical conditioning A stimulus causing a secondary stimulus response fits with classical conditioning. The subject is used to smelling sulfur when cooking Brussels sprouts, and thus reacts as though he or she smells it just based on the visual stimulus.

A woman comes to the doctor with a two-week history of complete paralysis of her left arm. She has had no injury to the extremity, and full neurological workup fails to demonstrate any underlying cause. She seems surprisingly unconcerned about the paralysis, and seems more worried about an argument she had one month ago in which she hit her daughter. Based on this information, the woman's most likely diagnosis is: A) conversion disorder B) generalized anxiety disorder C) illness anxiety disorder D) histrionic personality disorder

A) conversion disorder Conversion disorder is marked by a motor or sensory symptom in the absence of an underlying physical or neurological cause. It is associated with an inciting event that, in this case, may have been the argument with her daughter. Her lack of concern over the deficit is referred to as la belle indifférence.

If only structural zinc-protein interactions are disrupted in a zinc-binding enzyme, Vmax (the maximum rate of catalysis) for that enzyme would most likely: A) decrease, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised. B) decrease, because the a-helices and B-sheets cannot form as effectively C) remain the same, because structural zinc binds outside the active site. D) remain the same, because the binding of substrate is unaffected

A) decrease, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised. Although paragraph two describes that structural zinc binds outside of the active site, this does not mean it will not affect the function of the enzyme. By destablizing the tertiary structure of an enzyme, the Vmax is almost certainly going to be altered.

For many applications, it is necessary for physiologists to approximate the resistance of the human body. In order to measure this, a physiologist might ask a willing subject to: A) hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current. B) connect his body in series with a circuit and, as the physiologist slowly increases the current, indicate at which amperage the current is perceptible. C) connect his body in parallel with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the voltage across the known resistor. D) connect his body in series with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the current running through the known resistor.

A) hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current. In order to determine the resistance of the human body, a known voltage can be applied and the current can be measured. (B) Perception of current does not provide sufficient information to determine resistance. (C) When a resistor is added in parallel, the voltage across the known resistor does not change, so this approach would provide little useful information. (D) When a resistor is added in series, the current running through the original resistor does not change, so this approach would provide little useful information.

On genetic analysis, a human liver cell (hepatocyte) is found to be 46XX, with each chromosome composed of two chromatids. Microscopic examination of the cell reveals an intact nuclear membrane and no chromatin can be seen. It must be true that this cell is: A) in the G2 stage of the cell cycle B) in the M stage of the cell cycle C) about to undergo meiosis I D) is evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma

A) in the G2 stage of the cell cycle Cells spend the majority of the time in interphase (G1, S, G2). The cell in question is 46XX with two chromatids on each chromosome. So synthesis has already taken place. On microscopy, there is no evidence that the cell has begun mitosis. The cell must be in either S or G2.

An amino acid is subjected to electrophoresis at pH 8.5 and is observed to migrate to the anode. The isoelectric point of this amino acid: A) is less than 8.5 B) is more than 8.5 C) is equal to 8.5 D) cannot be determined without more information

A) is less than 8.5

A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by: A) reacting it with SOCl2 B) heating the solution C) adding aqueous base D) adding excess alcohol and HCl

A) reacting it with SOCl2 Peptide bonds form by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino acid on the carboxyl group of another. The reaction of thionyl chloride with a carboxylic acid substitutes a chlorine atom for the carboxyl hydroxyl group, producing an acyl chloride. An acyl chloride is the most reactive of the various kinds of carboxylic acid derivatives, and certainly more so than the corresponding carboxylic acid. This is because the chloride ion is a much better leaving group than the hydroxide anion and is therefore more easily displaced by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group.

A patient who has gained 40 pounds in the past 3 months complains of fatigue to her physician. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of: A) thyroxine B) aldosterone C) estrogen D) cortisol

A) thyroxine Since thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that plays an important role in regulating metabolism, and since the patient's metabolism is affected, choice (A) is the correct answer. Furthermore, she has a goiter, which is an increase in mass of the thyroid. Goiters occur because in response to low thyroxine, the pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone production. When the thyroid gland is unable to increase thyroxine synthesis, hypertrophy results.

According to Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, at the time they were entering the study (2 years old), all of the children were most likely would have been able to: A) understand object permanence B) partake in extensive pretend play C) understand conservation D) display theory of mind

A) understand object permanence According to Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, two year-olds would have been transitioning from the first stage, sensorimotor, to the second stage, preoperational. In the first stage, children explore and manipulate objects, use intentional behavior and learn about object permanence.

ZnCo3 (Ksp=2x10^-10) is added to a saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 (Ksp=3x10^-16) and a precipitate is noted. The identity of the precipitate is most likely: a.) Zn(OH)2 b.) Zn c.) H2CO3 d.)ZnCO3

A.) ZnOH2 is very unsoluble (low Ksp) and will precipitate first

Which of the following best explains why, after several weeks of starvation, acetyl-CoA is used almost exclusively to produce ketone bodies? a.) gluconeogenesis dpletes the supply of oxaloacetate, which is essential for entry of acetyl CoA into the Krebs cycle b.) triacylglyerols are mobilized from adipose tissue

A.) oxaloacetate is required to react with acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle. if there is a lack of oxaloacetate, acetly CoA will preferentially be used to enter the ketone production pathway

Question 39: Without the proper functioning of surfactant, which of the following best illustrates the likely outcome of the two connected alveoli shown below?

According to the Law of Laplace (described in Paragraph 2), as radius decreases, the pressure required to counter surface tension increases. This disparity in pressure would be equalized if the 2 alveoli were connected. The result would be one larger alveolus with as little surface area as possible (in order to minimize surface tension). This is why when 2 water droplets combine, they form one larger water droplet, not two distinct structures fused together.

Without proper functioning of surfactant, which of the following best illustrates the likely outcome of two connected alveoli?

According to the Law of Laplace, as radius decreases the pressure required to counter surface tension increases. This disparity in pressure would be equalized if two alveoli were connected. The result would be one larger alveolus with as little surface area as possible (in order to minimize surface tension). This is why when two water water droplets combine, they form one larger water droplet, not two distinct structures fused together.

An individual with dry skin has come into contact with a high-voltage DC circuit. In an attempt to rescue the individual, another person, with skin, makes contact with the first, forming a parallel connection. What happens to the amount of time required for 10 C of charge to exit the power source?

Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the overall resistance of the circuit. Therefore, the amount of current passing will increase = coulomb/unit time, so time would decrease to increase current.

Intensity of wave as measured by a detector

Affected by the surface area of the detector and its distance from the source.

Carboxylase

An enzyme that adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-CoA

Question 23: Experimenters set up a protocol to separate Cu+ from Zn2+ in aqueous solution. Assuming all three methods are practical, which of the following could be the basis of their separation? I. Ionic radius II. electrostatic force III. nuclear size

Answer. I, II, and III Although they have the same number of electrons, Cu+ and Zn2+ have different effective nuclear charges because they have a different nuclear charge (number of protons). This results in a difference in ionic radius and nuclear size. They will also experience a different electrostatic force (from some outside electric field) because they carry different charges.

Question 22: ZnCO3 (Ksp = 2x10^-10) is added to a saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 (Ksp = 3x 10^-16) and a precipitate is noted. The identity of the precipitate is most likely: a. Zn(OH)2 b. Zn c. H2CO3 d. ZnCO3

Answer: A A saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 implies that the addition of any Zn2+ or OH- ions would cause a precipitate to form. ZnCO3 is more soluble than Zn(OH)2 and as such, would dissociate into Zn2+ and CO32- ions. This would lead to the precipitation of Zn(OH)2.

Question 20: If only structural zinc-protein interactions are disrupted in a zinc-binding enzyme, Vmax ( the maximum rate of catalysis) for that enzyme would most likely: a. decrease, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised b. decrease, because the alpha-helices and beta-sheets cannot form effectively c. remain the same, because structural zinc binds outside the active site d. remain the same, because the binding of substrate is unaffected

Answer: A Although paragraph 2 describes that structural zinc binds outside of the active site, this does not mean it will not affect the function of the enzyme. By destabilizing the tertiary structure of an enzyme, the Vmax is almost certainly going to be altered. alpha helices and beta sheets compromise the secondary structure of a protein

Question 4: A patient's maximum blood pressure (systolic) is 113 mmHg and minimum (diastolic) is 60 mmHg. If his total peripheral resistance is 20.5 mmHg * min/L, what is the difference in his cardiac output between systolic and diastolic pressure? a. 2.59 L/min b. 25.92 L/min c. 108.6 L/min d. 1086.5 L/min

Answer: A Blood pressure = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance Therefore, the difference in cardiac output can be calculated as (Psystolic - Pdiastolic) / resistance = 2.59 L/min

Question 44: Strong, soluble bases such as alkaline earth metal hydroxides are not used as antacids, but are often used in laboratory titrations. What volume of an aqueous 1.5 M Ba(OH)2 solution would be required to neutralize 10 mL of stomach acid? a. 0.5 mL b. 1.5 mL c. 10.0 mL d. 15.0 mL

Answer: A For neutralization to occur, the # of equivalents of base must be the same as the number of equivalents of acid. 0.15 N HCl corresponds to 0.15 M HCl since it is a monoprotic acid. The # of moles of H+ contained in 10mL of stomach acid is therefore: 0.15 mol/L x 0.010 L = 1.5 x 10^-3 mol This is the # of moles of hydroxide ions (OH-) needed to neutralize the acid. Each mole of the base used, Ba(OH)2, can give up 2 moles of hydroxide ions upon dissociation, and so a 1.5 M solution of the base has a normality of 3.0 N, i.e., the molarity of hydroxide ions is twice the nominal value given for Ba(OH)2. The volume of the base solution that would yield 1.5x10^-3 mol of OH- is: 3.0 mol/L x (xL) = 1.5 x 10^-3 mol xL = 1.5x10^-3 / 3.0 = 0.5 x 10^-3 L = 0.5 mL

Question 19: Which of the following is the electron configuration of Zn2+? a. [Ar]3d^10 b. [Ar]4s^23d^8 c. [Ar]4d^10 d. [Ar]4s^2 4d^8

Answer: A In order to determine the electron configuration of an ion, it's best to first determine the configuration of the neutral species. Zn's electron configuration is [Ar]4s^2 3d^10. To form cations, remove electrons beginning with the highest principal quantum number. So 2 electrons are removed from the 4s orbital. Furthermore, Paragraph 3 sates that Zn2+ has a fully-filled d subshell and an empty s orbital.

Question 28: For many applications, it is necessary for physiologists to approximate the resistance of the human body. In order to measure this, a physiologist might ask a willing subject to: a. hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current b. connect his body in series with a circuit and, as the physiologist slowly increases the current, indicate at which amperage the current is perceptible c. connect his body in parallel with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the voltage across the known resistor d. connect his body in parallel with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the current running through the known resistor

Answer: A In order to determine the resistance of the human body, a known voltage can be applied and the current can be measured. Perception of current does not provide sufficient information to determine resistance. C and D) when a resistor is added in parallel, neither the voltage drop nor the current running through the original resistor changes, so this approach would provide little useful information.

Question 7: A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by: a. reacting it with SOCl2 b. heating the solution c. adding aqueous base d. adding excess alcohol and HCl

Answer: A Peptide bonds form by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino acid on the carboxyl group of another. The reaction of thionyl chloride with a carboxylic acid substitutes a chlorine atom for the carboxyl hydroxyl group, producing an acyl chloride. An acyl chloride is the most reactive of the various kinds of carboxylic acid derivatives, and certainly more so than the corresponding carboxylic acid. This is because the chloride ion is a much better leaving group than the hydroxide anion and is therefore more easily displaced by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group. Heating the solution will have no effect on the structure of the carboxyl group. Increasing the temperature may or may not promote the reaction, depending on the thermodynamics of the reaction, but NOT by activating the carboxyl, which requires some kind of chemical modification. Adding aqueous base to Compound 1 would result int he formation of a carboxylate anion. This would be even less reactive towards an amino nucleophile. Adding excess alcohol and HCl - would replace the hydroxyl group by an alkoxide group (RO). This alkoxide group would be a poor leaving group, and therefore the ester would not be reactive enough to form the peptide bond.

Question 58: An 80 kg human body uses about 14 MJ of energy per day. What is the average power of the human body? a. 162 W b. 591 W c. 9.72 kW d. 583 kW

Answer: A Recall that 1 Watt = 1J/s, so power = energy/time Substituting in the appropriate values, 14,000,000 J / 86,400 sec (in one day) = 162 W

Question 30: A student is standardizing NaOH using KHP (MW = 204). The student dissolves 204.22 g of KHP in 50 mL of water and then titrates with the NaOH of unknown concentration. Which of the following would NOT cause faulty results? a. Using an unknown amount of water that was more than 50 mL b. Using an unknown amount of KHP that was less than 204.22 g c. Using an indicator that has a pKa less than the pH of the equivalence point d. Using an indicator that has a pKa greater than the pH of the equivalence point

Answer: A The equivalence point will be reached when the equivalents of acid (KHP) are equal to the equivalents of base (NaOH). In this case, the equivalents of acid is known and constant and the amount of water does not change the amount of acid present. B) The procedure relies on a known amount of KHP, if the value is not 204.22 g, then the results will be affected C and D) To determine the equivalence point an indicator may be used. The pKa of the indicator should be near the pH at the equivalence point, if it is not, then the endpoint will not accurately indicate the equivalence point.

Question 54: Monoacylglycerols are produced through the reaction of glycerol with a long-chain fatty acid. In such a reaction, the hydroxyl group of glycerol acts as the: a. nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl carbon b. electrophile, because it is attacked by the carbonyl carbon c. nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl oxygen d. electrophile, because it is attacked by the carbonyl oxygen

Answer: A The formation of monoacylglycerols is a straightforward esterification reaction -- i.e., a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the oxygen of the hydroxyl group of glycerol attacks the carbonyl carbon, resulting in dehydration and formation of an ester linkage

Question 15: Sources A and B have a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the intensity of Source A is 1000 times greater than that of Source B, what is the difference in relative intensity levels of the 2 sources? a. 30 dB b. 40 dB c. 1,000 dB d. 10,000 dB db = 10 log (I/I0)

Answer: A db = 10 log (1000 / I0) = 10 (log(1000) - log(I0) ) = 10 *3 - log (I0) = 30 - log (I0) db = 10 log (1 / I0) = 10 ( log(1) - log(I0) ) = 0 - log(I0) = -log (I0)

Question 55: Certain species dramatically lower their body temperature in response to seasonal, environmental changes. During the cold-weather adaptation process, the cell membranes of these animals would be expected to incorporate: a. increasing amounts of palmitic acid and decreasing amounts of linoleic acid b. decreasing amounts of palmitic acid and increasing amounts of linoleic acid c. equal amounts of palmitic acid and linoleic acid d. neither palmitic nor linoleic acid

Answer: B A hibernating animal will alter the lipid composition in the plasma membranes of its cells in order to try to maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures are low (in the winter). Therefore, the animal will replace saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids. It can therefore be predicted that there will be less palmitic acid (a saturated fatty acid) and more linoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid) in the membrane.

Question 29: Hydroquinone can react relatively easily and reversibly to form benzoquinone, as shown below in Reaction 1. Coenzyme Q10, a naturally occurring hydroquinone derivative and component of the electron transport chain, carries high-energy electrons. a. by acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid b. in its reduced form c. in its oxidized form d. by acting as a Lewis base

Answer: B Reduction is gain of electrons. Bronsted-Lowry acids donate protons, and are not defined by their electron transactions. Lewis bases donate electrons, they don't hold onto them.

Question 53: Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are: a. CO2 + ATP b. ADP + Pi c. CO2 + ADP + Pi d. ATP + Pi

Answer: B Since the enzyme is a carboxylase, this implies that it adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-CoA. Therefore, CO2 cannot be a byproduct; it must be a reactant, and so Choices A and C can be eliminated. Further, there are no reactions that produce ATP and Pi, either a process consumes ATP and produces ADP + Pi, or it consumes ADP + Pi and produces ATP.

Question 38: When the foramen ovale fails to close, it can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram. During the sonogram, sound waves enter the body and are partially reflected at the interface between different materials. How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues? a. The sound wave will travel faster in blood than it does in muscle b. The sound wave will travel faster in muscle than it does in blood c. at the same temperature, sound will travel the same speed in blood and muscle d. the speed will vary based on the frequency of the sound wave

Answer: B Sound is a mechanical wave, and so it relies on molecular collisions for propagation. For this reason, sound travels fastest in solids (where the molecules are closer together), slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Therefore, sound waves will travel faster through the solid phase of muscle than it would through liquid blood.

Question 16: The average human's eardrum can be approximated to be half a sphere, 1 cm in diameter. If a sound wave is haerd with I = 10^-10 W/m^2, how much energy is transferred to the eardrum every second? a. 1.26 x 10^-16 b. 1.57 x 10^-14 J c. 1.57 x 10^-10 J d. 1.26 x 10^-9 J

Answer: B Surface area of a sphere: 4πr^2 Watts = Joules / second Intensity is measured in W/m^2 as explained in Paragraph 2. If the eardrum is half a sphere, then its surface area can be measured as (1/2)4πr^2. The diameter is 1 cm, so the radius is 0.5 cm, and the surface area is (1/2)4π(5x10^-3 m)^2 or approximately 1.5 x 10^-4 m^2. If intensity is power per area, then power = (intensity)(area) = 1x10^-10 W(1.5x10^-4 m^2), or 1.56 x 10^-14 W. The question asks about energy, and watts are just joules per second. So in 1 second, 1.57 x10^-14 J are transferred.

Question 1: Suppose an individual with dry skin has come in contact with a high-voltage DC circuit. In an attempt to rescue the individual, another person, with wet skin, makes contact with the first, forming a parallel connection. Consequently, the amount of time required for 10 C of charge to exit the power source will: a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same d. there is not enough information to determine a change in current

Answer: B The first person acts as a resistor with resistance 10^4 Ω. If a second person latches on to the first, he too would be a resistor --one that has been added in parallel. Moreover, the second person has wet skin, so will have a lower resistance. Adding resistors in parallel acts to decrease the overall resistance of a circuit. Therefore, if resistance decreases, total current passing through the circuit will increase. Since current is Δcharge / Δtime, an increase in current implies that less time will be required to pass the same amount of charge.

Question 25: Which of the following is the best approximation of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for Reaction 1 at 298 K? (Note: lnx = 2.3 log10x and the universal gas constant, R, is 8.3145 J/mol*K a. 2x10^-17 b. 3x10^-2 c. 1 d. 20

Answer: B The value of Keq can be determined by the equation ΔG = -RT ln(Keq). ΔG for reaction 1 is given as 85.5 kJ/mol, or 8500 J/mol. Therefore, ln(Keq) = -8500 / (8.314 x 298) = 8500/(8.5 x 300) = -3.3 log10(Keq) = -1.5 Keq = 10^-1.5 The value of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, then, has to be between 10^-2 (which equals 0.01), and 10^-1 (which equals 0.1)

Question 31: Shown below is a simplified arm system. The forearm, of negligible mass, is 35 cm long and the bicep inserts on the forearm 20 mm from the elbow. Approximately how much force is required by the bicep shown to keep the system at 90 degrees while holding a 10 kg mass? a. 3500 N b. 1800 N c. 100 N d. 10 N

Answer: B This is a rotational equilibrium question where one of the forces is unknown. The 10 kg weight is applying a torque of approximately 35 Nm. The bicep needs to apply the same magnitude of torque in the opposite direction. Mathematically, we find the value for the unknown force by rearranging the equation for rotational equilibrium to state: F = (35 Nm) / (0.02 m) (sin(75)). Note that sin 75 can be approximated to 1, since the angle is close to 90 degrees. Solving for F gives 1750 N. C) is the downward force applied by the mass, but this force is applied at a distance from the fulcrum (elbow) nearly 20 times that of the distance between the fulcrum and point of insertion of the bicep, therefore the force from the bicep must be nearly 20 times greater

Question 8: Which of the following pH values is likely to favor the form of the alanine molecule shown in the passage? (CO2-, NH2) a. 3.0 b. 7.0 c. 9.0 d. It cannot be determined

Answer: C As with any nonpolar amino acid, the acidic, neutral, and basic forms of alanine roughly correspond to acidic, neutral, and basic values of pH. At their isoelectric point, amino acids exist predominantly in the zwitterion form: positively charged ammonium groups and negatively charged carboxylate groups. As pH falls, the carboxylate groups gain hydrogen ions and become neutral, while the ammonium groups retain their positive charges, so the molecules exist predominantly as cations. In contrast, as the pH rises above the isoelectric point, the ammonium groups lose their extra H to form neutral amino groups, whereas the carboxylate groups remain negatively charged, so that the molecules become anions. The form of alanine shown in the passage is an anion, and as the basic pH value is represented by Choice C, this is the correct answer.

Question 12: When light is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants, it is always true that: a. the light energy ionizes the pigment b. the light provides energy to form new bonds c. electrons are excited to a higher energy level d. electrons return to their ground state

Answer: C It is always true that when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move from their ground state to a higher excited state. A can be correct, but it isn't always true, since there is not always sufficient energy absorbed to actually remove an electron from an atom.

Question 21: "However, its empty s subshell still allows it to coordinate with various electron donors - most commonly: the nitrogen of histidine, the oxygen of aspartate or glutamate, and the sulfur of cysteine" Based on the passage, when glutamate interacts with zinc, glutamate is acting as a(n): a. lewis acid b. oxidizing agent c. lewis base d. reducing agent

Answer: C Paragraph 3 describes glutamate as an electron donor coordinating with Zn2+. An electron donor is a Lewis base. Paragraph 3 states that the zinc ion does not undergo a redox reaction, so B and D can be eliminated.

Question 40: Which statement about the hydrophobic nature of surfactant is true? a. Only the phospholipid components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. b. Only the protein components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. c. Both proteins and phospholipid components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. d. Neither phospholipids nor proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties

Answer: C Phospholipids usually have 2 very hydrophobic fatty acid chains with some polar group attached. Proteins, as a whole, are more hydrophilic, however, they can have a series of very hydrophobic R-groups, lending hydrophobic properties to some portion of a protein.

Question 37: For air at atmospheric pressure, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are 593 mmHg, 160 mmHg, and 7 mmHg, respectively. The mole fraction of oxygen in the alveoli is most nearly: a. 0.10 b. 0.15 c. 0.20 d. 0.80

Answer: C Poxygen = (Ptotal)(mole fraction of oxygen) Ptotal = 592 mmHg + 160 mHg + 7 mmHG = 760 mmHg or 1 atm Poxygen = 160 mmHg 160/760 = mole fraction of oxygen = 0.21

Question 13: In a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hydrogens in tissues are subjected to a magnetic field. In response, the protons emit radio frequency radiation, which is imaged as a bright area. Which of the following tissues is LEAST likely to show up as a bright region in an MRI scan? a. kidney b. eyes c. femur d. biceps

Answer: C Since, as stated in the question stem, MRI relies on the imaging of protons, this question is really asking which tissues is likely to not have very many protons. That is, wince most of the protons in biological tissues are found in water, the question is really asking "which of the following tissues has the lowest water content?" Soft tissues like internal organs (kidney), eyes, and muscles (biceps) will have a higher water content than bones like the femur.

Question 52: Which experimental approach would be the most reasonable way for a scientist to separate the reactants and products from the luminol reaction and verify this separation? a. reaction with a racemic reactant, followed by melting point determination b. distillation, followed by gas chromatography of the distillates c. extraction, followed by IR spectroscopy d. NMR spectroscopy followed by mass spectroscopy

Answer: C This question hinges on the differences between luminol and 3-aminophthalate. Luminol is not soluble in water as it isn't very polar, but 3-aminophthalate is very soluble in water as it has 2 carboxy groups attached. Since the solubilities are quite different, extraction is the most appropriate method for separation. Once the two have been separated, performing IR spectroscopy will be the best way to determine the difference between the two, as the 3-aminophthalate will have both a sharp peak at 1750 and a wide peak around 3300. Distillation: the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. Used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids

Question 36: As bradykinin is released from the neonatal lungs, the decrease in cross-sectional area of the ductus arteriosus: a. increases resistance, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus b. increases velocity, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus c. increases velocity, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus d. increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus

Answer: D As the ductus arteriosus constricts, blood has a different path that it is able to take (it can remain in the pulmonary artery). So it is perhaps useful to think of the circulatory system as a current. As the tube gets thinner its resistance goes up, and less fluid will flow through it, as long as there is another path.

Question 3: Which of the following elements would be the best to use for the plates of a defibrillator? a. fluorine b. phosphorus c. lead d. gold

Answer: D Elements with metallic character are best used for conducting electricity and lowering resistance to help shock better. Thus gold, appearing farthest towards the lower left, will be the best option for creating the plates of the defibrillator.

Question 49: Chemiluminescence of which of the following colors corresponds to radiation with the highest frequency? a. red b. yellow c. green d. violet

Answer: D The colors of visible light, in the order of increasing energy and frequency, are ROYGBIV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet The way to remember is that red is on the low-frequency, low-energy and that violet is on the high-frequency, high-energy end is to recall the types of radiation adjacent to visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum: infrared and ultraviolet.

Question 9: During the dipeptide synthesis described in the passage, is the formation of leucine-leucine dipeptides a concern? a. Yes, because the carbonyl carbon of leucine is also susceptible to electrophilic attack. b. Yes, because the phenylacetyl protector of alanine increases the energy of activation c. No, because the amine group of leucine is sterically hindered by its isobutyl side chain d. No, because the carboxyl group of alanine is activated before reacting with leucine

Answer: D The condensation reaction between 2 leucine residues is not a concern because the carboxyl group of alanine is selectively activated before reacting with leucine. The carbonyl carbon is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The activation energy is overcome in the formation of alanine-leucine dipeptides, so this does not adequately address the question. While it is true that leucine has an isobutyl side chain, this does not adequately address the question, because nucleophilic attack by leucine is necessary for the formation of both alanine-leucine and leucine-leucine.

Question 43: While the active ingredients in most antacids are soluble in the acidic environments of the stomach, their solubility is significantly reduced in pure water. If a very finely ground powder of one such compound (CaCO3, for example), is mixed in a 1:5 ratio by mass with deionized water, which of the following is most likely true? I. The mixture will be homogenous II. A colloidal mixture will be formed III. Separation of the mixture will produce a non-electrolytic aqueous phase

Answer: II only The question stem indicates that compounds such as CaCO3 are not very soluble in pure deionized water, so only a small proportion of it dissociates into its component ions, in this case Ca2+ and CO32-. Most of the powder remains undissolved, resulting in a suspension of particles that are larger than the size of an individual molecule. Such a mixture is known as a colloid, and it is not a normal solution because the particles are not dissolved. Light shone through a colloidal mixture will be scattered. Statement II is therefore correct. Statement I is incorrect because the mixture is not homogeneous: the powder remains as an undissolved solid, no matter how finely divided it might be. Choice III) separation of the mixture esentially entails somehow removing the undissolved powder of CaCO3, leaving behind only the aqueous phase. This aqueous phase will contain the small amount of ions resulting from the dissociation of CaCO3. Even though their concentration may be low because of the low solubility of the compound, their presence will enable the solution to conduct current to a certain extent. The aqueous phase, then cannot be considered non-electrolytic.

Question 17: Which of the following will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through air, as measured by a detector? I. Surface area of the detector II. Speed of the source of sound III. Distance from source to detector

Answer: II only This question requires application of the Doppler effect: the idea that the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave. If fine-tuning of that frequency is required, experimenters can change the detected frequency by moving the source at some constant velocity. The surface area of the detector and its distance from the source will only affect the intensity of the wave experienced by that detector.

A student is standardizing NaOH using KHP (MW = 204). The student dissolves 204.22 g of KHP in 50 mL of water and then titrates with the NAOH of unknown concentration. Which of the following would NOT cause faulty results?

Answer: Using an unknown amount of water that was more than 50 mL Explanation: The equivalence point will be reach when the equivalent of acid (KHP) are equal to the equivalents of base (NaOH). In this case, the equivalents of acid is known and constant and the amount of water does not change the amount of acid present so (A) would not change the outcome.

Which of the following is an example of an individual using cultural capital to enhance their upward mobility? A) A 25 year-old male who uses his inheritance to fund his political career B) A 29 year-old female who uses a business degree to further her career C) A 37 year-old actress who uses her disadvantaged background as motivation to excel in her career D) A 50 year-old male whose wealthy wife funds his start up business

B) A 29 year-old female who uses a business degree to further her career Cultural capital can help a person gain social mobility, where they improve their status/role within a society.

Which one of the following is an example of an individual facing demands from the cultural majority? A) A juvenile who is pressured by his elders to not get a tattoo B) A crossdresser who is pressured to dress in gender "appropriate" attire C) A new mother who is pressured by her co-workers to breastfeed D) A new resident who is pressured by her neighbors to paint her house green

B) A crossdresser who is pressured to dress in gender "appropriate" attire Culture refers to a group of people in a society that share common beliefs, customs, and ways of life. (B) shows that crossdressers being the minority group face pressures to conform to larger societies' views on what is acceptable

In the graph of radioactive decay shown below were transferred to logarithmic paper, what would the results be? A) A straight horizontal line B) A straight line with a nonzero slope C) A curved line characteristic of linear decay D) A curved line characteristic of exponential decay

B) A straight line with a nonzero slope A logarithmic graph draw on linear scales translates into a straight line on logarithmic scales. In this case, the line would have nonzero slope since there is a varying relationship between time and the amount of material.

Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are: A) CO2 + ATP B) ADP + Pi C) CO2 + ADP + Pi D) ATP + Pi

B) ADP + Pi Since the enzyme is a carboxylase, this implies that it adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-CoA. Therefore, CO2 cannot be a byproduct; it must be a reactant, and so choices (A) and (C) can be eliminated. Further, there are no reactions that produce ATP + Pi; either a process consumes ATP and produces ADP + Pi, or it consumes ADP + Pi and produces ATP.

How can the two concepts of altruism and inclusive fitness work together to explain and individual's actions? A) The two concepts are wholly distinct, with widely disparate conclusions and therefore cannot be combined. B) Inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism C) Altruism provides a biological explanation within which inclusive theory can operate D) Altruism describes the type of people that would be most likely to engage in inclusive fitness behaviors.

B) Inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism

A drug is used to prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What is the likely effect of this drug? A) Increased sodium reabsorption B) Increased potassium reabsorption C) Increased blood pressure D) Increased blood pH

B) Increased potassium reabsorption Normally, angiotensin II causes secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone serves to increase reabsorption of sodium, while promoting excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Thus, blocking the release of aldosterone should result in decreased absorption of sodium, while decreasing excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.

Which of the following is most likely to occur immediately following a meal? A) Oxidation of fatty acids B) Inhibition of glucagon secretion C) Increased cellular fermentation D) Gluconeogenesis

B) Inhibition of glucagon secretion Immediately following a meal, the concentration of glucose in the blood rises from the recently digested food. Processes that function to lower blood glucose, such as insulin secretion, glycogen synthesis, and glycolysis would occur. On the other hand, processes that function to raise blood glucose, such as glucagon secretion, gluconeogenesis, and hydrolysis of triacylglycerol, will not occur following a meal.

Huntington's disease primarily affects the central nervous system. Which of the following structures would be least impacted? A) Dorsal root ganglia B) Meissner's corpuscle C) Basal ganglia D) Optic nerve

B) Meissner's corpuscle A peripheral structure will be least impacted, thus eliminate portions of the central nervous system. The dorsal root ganglia are associated with the spinal cord, the basal ganglia is a component of the movement association areas of the brain, and the optic nerve is a CNS extension. Meissner's corpuscles are tactile processing units in the skin, thus are least likely to be affected by Huntington's disease.

A 39-year-old woman is diagnosed with otosclerosis, an ear disorder in which excessive bony growth develops around the stapes. As a result of otosclerosis, the woman has developed a mild to moderate hearing loss. Which part of the woman's ear has been affected? A) Outer B) Middle C) Inner D) Cochlea

B) Middle The ear is composed of three different sections: outer, middle, and inner ear. The middle ear is an air filled cavity that has the ossicle bones (malleus, incus, stapes). The question stated that the woman's stapes bone was affected, therefore, the disorder would be affecting the middle ear.

Humans are typically classified as a K-selected species. Which of the following is a hypothalamic hormone that promotes behavior characteristic of a K-selected species? A) Estrogen B) Oxytocin C) Progesterone D) Prolactin

B) Oxytocin All four of the hormones listed promote maternal behavior. However, the question is asking specifically for a hypothalamic hormone. Oxytocin is the only hypothalamic hormone listed. Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released via the posterior pituitary.

The Kyle-Doolittle plot shows the hydrophobicity of the primary structure of a protein from beginning to end where higher values mean more hydrophobic. Given the Kyle-Doolittle plot below, what could regions above the horizontal line represent? A) Regions where transmembrane proteins protrude from the membrane B) Regions where transmembrane proteins transverse the membrane C) Regions where a free floating enzyme interacts with ions D) Regions exposed to the intracellular fluid on a free floating enzyme

B) Regions where transmembrane proteins transverse the membrane These regions have a high degree of hydrophobicity meaning they likely reside in other regions of high hydrophobicity. The inside of a cell membrane is very hydrophobic as it only contains the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids.

Which of the following methods could be used to determine the influence of cell position on differentiation during embryological development? A) Shake a two-celled embryo to separate the cells from one another, then allow each cell to develop B) Reverse the position of two cells from opposite poles at the blastula stage, allow development C) Remove a single cell from a blastula and implant it on the surface of a fully developed fetus D) Observe a hybrid embryo because the distinct parentage will contribute to the positional effects

B) Reverse the position of two cells from opposite poles at the blastula stage, allow development An experiment should be conducted which observes the interaction of cells before the fetal period is reached. It should also manipulate the position of those cells.

What level(s) of protein structure is characterized by alpha-helices and beta-sheets? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Quaternary

B) Secondary

Glycogen is localized mainly in muscle and liver tissue. If a migratory bird used glycogen instead of triacylglycerol as its main stored fuel for a long flight, which of the following would most likely occur? A) The bird would be able to migrate and would use glucose as its main metabolic fuel during flight. B) The bird would not be able to migrate because it would have to carry too much weight in fuel for the flight. C) The bird would be able to migrate and its brain cells would use acetoacetate as their primary fuel during migratory flight D) The bird would not be able to complete the migratory flight because it would lack a ready supply of glucose.

B) The bird would not be able to migrate because it would have to carry too much weight in fuel for the flight. Triacylglycerols hold six times more energy than glycogen. Thus, if an imaginary migratory bird used glycogen rather than triacylglycerol as its stored energy source, it would have to lug around 6x the weight in fuel than a real migratory bird. This bird would be so weighed down by the amount of glycogen necessary to make the flight that it wouldn't be able to get off the ground to fly.

When the foramen ovale fails to close, it can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram. During the sonogram, sound waves enter the body and are partially reflected at the interface between different materials. How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues? A) The sound wave will travel faster in blood than it does in muscle B) The sound will travel faster in muscle than it does in blood C) At the same temperature, sound will travel the same speed in blood and muscle D) The speed will vary based on the frequency of the sound wave.

B) The sound will travel faster in muscle than it does in blood Sound is a mechanical wave, and so it relies on molecular collisions for propagation. For this reason, sound travels fastest in solids (where the molecules are closer together), slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Therefore, sound waves will travel faster through the solid phase of muscle than it would through liquid blood.

Both immediately before and during exercise, there is increased sympathetic activity. As revealed by the slopes of the lines in Figure 1, there is a rise in both systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise. Which of the following best accounts for this observation? A) Vasoconstriction of all blood vessels in active muscles B) Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle C) Vasodilation of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle. D) Buildup of lactic acid in active muscle tissue.

B) Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle Vasodilation increases the blood flow through those vessels supplying the active muscle, and vasoconstriction of other systemic blood vessels diverts blood flow to the tissue that needs it most.

A student studying aspartame is given samples of aspartic acid and phenylalanine, without labels. The student plans to use isoelectric focusing to determine the identities of the samples. Which of the following correctly describes a possible outcome? A) When placed at a pH of 2, only phenylalanine will migrate towards the cathode. B) When placed at a pH of 4, aspartic acid will migrate towards the anode and phenylalanine will migrate towards the cathode. C) When placed at a pH of 6, aspartic acid will migrate towards the cathode and phenylalanine will migrate towards the anode. D) When placed at a pH of 9, only aspartic acid will migrate towards the anode.

B) When placed at a pH of 4, aspartic acid will migrate towards the anode and phenylalanine will migrate towards the cathode. During isoelectric focusing, amino acids migrate towards a pH near their pI. The pI for aspartic acid is around 3 and the pI for phenylalanine is around 6. Additionally, it is necessary to know that the anode is at the end of the gel with a low pH and the cathode is at the end of the gel with a high pH. (B) is the only correct statement, aspartic acid is at a pH above its pI and will migrate towards the anode and phenylalanine is at a pH below its pI so it will migrate towards the cathode.

Individuals I-I and I-2 along with the married couple II-5 and II-6 decide to move to a deserted island and start a community that would likely have a higher frequency of individuals who either have the disorder or carry the allele for the disorder than most other areas of the world. This is an example of: A) disruptive selection B) a founder effect C) a bottleneck effect D) genetic drift

B) a founder effect The evolutionary phenomenon where certain areas of the world show a higher frequency of particular alleles than other areas is known as the founder effect.

Suppose an individual with dry skin has come in contact with a high-voltage DC circuit. In an attempt to rescue the individual, another person, with wet skin, makes contact with the first, forming a parallel connection. Consequently, the amount of time required for 10C of charge to exit the power source will: A) increase B) decrease C) remain the same D) There is not enough information to determine a change in current.

B) decrease The first person acts as a resistor. If a second person latches on to the first, he too would be a resistor - one that has been added in parallel. Moreover, the second person has wet skin, so will have a lower resistance. Adding resistors in parallel acts to decrease the overall resistance of a circuit. Therefore, if resistance decreases, total current passing through the circuit will increase. Since, current is change in charge/change in time, an increase in current implies that less time will be required to pass the same amount of charge.

Certain species dramatically lower their body temperature in response to seasonal, environmental changes. During the cold-weather adaptation process, the cell membranes of these animals would be expected to incorporate: A) increasing amounts of palmitic acid and decreasing amounts of linoleic acid B) decreasing amounts of palmitic acid and increasing amounts of linoleic acid C) equal amounts of palmitic acid and linoleic acid D) neither palmitic nor linoleic acid

B) decreasing amounts of palmitic acid and increasing amounts of linoleic acid A hibernating animal will alter the lipid composition in the plasma membrane of its cells in order to try to maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures are low (in the winter). Therefore, the animal will replace saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids. It can therefore be predicted that there will be less palmitic acid (saturated) and more linoleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid).

A person suffers from food poisoning after eating a spoiled lemon, and later finds that the smell of limes and other citrus fruits make her nauseous. This is an example of: A) acquisition B) generalization C) discrimination D) negative reinforcement

B) generalization Generalization is the process by which similar stimuli can produce the same conditioned response. Here, the response to the taste and smell of lemons has generalized to that of all citrus.

Coenzyme Q10, a naturally occurring hydroquinone derivative and component of the electron transport chain, carries high-energy electrons: A) by acting a Bronsted-Lowry acid B) in its reduced form C) in its oxidized form D) by acting as a Lewis base

B) in its reduced form Reduction is gain of electrons. By definition, when gaining electrons the hydroquinone derivative is being reduced and once the electrons are gained the molecule is in a reduced state.

A developed vertebrate contains skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle types, yet only skeletal muscle: A) is striated B) is under voluntary control C) contains one nucleus per cell D) lines blood vessels

B) is under voluntary control Both skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated. Skeletal muscle cells are long, multi-nucleated cells and smooth muscle is the tissue that lines the inside of blood vessel walls just underneath the endothelial layer of cells.

Stenosis is a condition in which the leaves of a heart valve adhere to each other, decreasing the volume of blood flow through the valve. A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his: A) left ventricle. B) left atrium. C) right atrium. D) aorta.

B) left atrium. The mitral valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the left atrium. Since with stenosis the size of the opening for the valve is decreased, there will be less blood pumped through that valve. That means that blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle will be impeded, resulting in increased blood volume and therefore increased blood pressure

For air at atmospheric pressure, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen and argon are 593 mmHg, 160 mmHg, and 7 mmHg, respectively. The mole fraction of oxygen in the alveoli is most nearly: A) 0.10 B) 0.15 C) 0.20 D) 0.80

C) 0.20 Poxygen = Ptotal x mole fraction of oxygen P total = 760 mmHg or 1 atm Poxygen = 160 mmHg 160/760 = mole fraction of oxygen = 0.21

Which of the following would best explain the adaptive origins of someone being averse to ingesting Brussels sprouts as a result of their sulfur odor? A) Vegetables have been cooked for a relatively short period within human existence. B) Other plants that release sulfur odors, such as garlic, are consumed far more sparingly than Brussels sprouts C) A sulfurous odor was indicative of a harmful compound present in a prevalent potential food source D) Vegetables that do not release sulfur odors usually do not contain harmful compounds

C) A sulfurous odor was indicative of a harmful compound present in a prevalent potential food source The correct answer would present a clear reason as to why someone would be averse to eating Brussels sprouts based on an adaptive reaction. (C) suggests that chemoreceptors responsible for detecting sulfur would have protected those who were presented with harmful food by indicating danger.

Which of the following would most likely be first affected in the cells of an organism infected by a persistent virus? A) Lipid biosynthesis B) Glucose degradation C) ADH synthesis D) Ribosome synthesis

C) ADH synthesis

Which of the following best explains how social identity may work in the coercive actions framework? A) If an individual is surrounded by aggressive acts, he too will engage in similar behavior. B) If an individual is labeled as aggressive by society, he will engage in the behavior expected. C) An individual may use aggression to help defend or assert his membership in a social group D) An individual may use aggression if they want to distance themselves from a label or social group.

C) An individual may use aggression to help defend or assert his membership in a social group

Which statement about the hydrophobic nature of surfactant is true? A) Only the phospholipid components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties B) Only the protein components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. C) Both phospholipids and proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. D) Neither phospholipids nor proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties.

C) Both phospholipids and proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties. Phospholipids usually have two very hydrophobic fatty acid chains with some polar group attached. Proteins, as a whole, are more hydrophilic, however, they can have a series of very hydrophobic R-groups lending hydrophobic properties to some portion of a protein.

A 5 year old participant is told by a researcher that she will receive a candy bar if she is able to correctly identify 90% of the emotional cues. What tactic is employed by the researcher? A) Classical conditioning B) Intrinsic motivation C) Extrinsic motivation D) Operant conditioning

C) Extrinsic motivation The 5 year old is enticed by the candy bar. This is an example of extrinsic motivation, or external reward.

C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O This process is completed: A) in the cytoplasm B) in the area of the cell membrane C) in the mitochondria D) in the area around the ribosomes

C) in the mitochondria The process presented is respiration; overall, in the presence of oxygen, a glucose molecule is broken down so as to give energy in the form of ATP and two byproducts - carbon dioxide and water. Respiration begins in the cytoplasm but is completed in the mitochondria.

In magnetic resonanace imaging (MRI), hydrogens in tissues are subjected to a magnetic field. In response, the protons emit radio frequency radiation, which is imaged as a bright area. Which of the following tissues is LEAST likely to show up as a bright region in an MRI scan? A) Kidney B) Eyes C) Femur D) Biceps

C) Femur Since, as it the question stem, MRI relies on the imaging of protons, and the brightness is proportional to the number of protons, this question is really asking which tissue is likely to not have very many protons. That is, since most of the protons in biological tissues are found in water, the question is "which of the following tissues has the lowest water content?" Soft tissues like internal organs, eyes, and muscles will have a higher water content than bones like the femur, so choice (C) is the correct answer.

Which of the following terms best defines the tendency to have more severe symptoms and earlier onset with greater numbers of CAG repeats? A) Increased dominance B) Decreased penetrance C) Increased expressivity D) Decreased mortality

C) Increased expressivity Expressivity is the measure of the severity of a disease or the intensity of a phenotype. This increase in expressivity due to an increase of trinucleotide repeats is also known as anticipation.

According to Erikson's theory of identity development, normally developing children testing at the end of the study (4 years old) would have most likely been in which of the following stages? A) Industry and inferiority, when they develop a sense of accomplishment B) Trust versus mistrust, in which they are learning to trust their caretaker C) Initiative and guilt, when they begin to develop peer relationships D) Autonomy and doubt, when they begin to question caretaker motives

C) Initiative and guilt, when they begin to develop peer relationships According to Erikson, children ages three to five would then be in the third stage, the initative versus guilt stage, when they begin to develop peer relationships and language to communicate.

Which of the following best describes the populations targeted by Medicare and Medicaid, respectively? A) Medicare: mostly patients without employer-guaranteed health care; Medicaid: mostly patients who have recently immigrated B) Medicare: mostly patients who have recently immigrated; Medicaid: mostly patients without employer-guaranteed healthcare C) Medicare: mostly patients in older age groups; Medicaid: mostly patients with low socioeconomic status D) Medicare: mostly patients with low socioeconomic status; Medicaid: mostly patients in older age groups

C) Medicare: mostly patients in older age groups; Medicaid: mostly patients with low socioeconomic status Medicare covers patients over the age of 65 (older age groups), those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Medicaid covers patients below a certain socioeconomic level.

Which one of the following is a method of replication for epithelial cells? A) Fertilization B) Meiosis C) Mitosis D) Gastrulation

C) Mitosis Epithelial cells are constantly shed from the body and have to be replaced. Epithelial cells are identical to one another, and are produced via mitosis.

What is the response of the immune system to downregulation of MHC molecules on somatic cells? A) B-cells are activated and antibodies are released B) T-cells are activated, resulting in a cytotoxic response C) Natural killer cells induce apoptosis of affected cells. D) Macrophages engulf the pathogen and display its antigens.

C) Natural killer cells induce apoptosis of affected cells Healthy cells exhibit MHC class I molecules. Natural killer cells monitor the expression of MHC molecules on the surface of cells. Viral infection and cancer often cause a reduction in the expression of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. Natural killer cells detect this lack of MHC and induce apoptosis in the affected cells.

When researchers altered the topic of the lecture, they found an interesting gender effect. When the lecture contained scientific or math related material, female respondents' retention scores significantly dropped. Which sociological process may help explain these findings? A) Prejudice B) Self-fulfilling prophecy C) Stereotype threat D) Fundamental attribution error

C) Stereotype threat Stereotype threat is the paradoxical effect where if one is aware of a negative stereotype of their social group, they are more likely to conform to that stereotype. The example in this question is that females are stereotyped to do less well in math than males. Thus, when the subject of the test was switched to math, females suddenly performed worse.

If it was found that open communication about sexual orientation by the instructors was effective in making the learning environment less hostile for homosexual students, then which of the following strategies would most likely be effective? A) A written university policy prohibiting students from rating teachers based on their gender, race, or sexual orientation B) Increased university efforts to hire more administrators that identify as being heterosexual C) Student and teacher groups that promote awareness and provide support for individuals that identify as homosexual D) A mandatory school-wide workshop focused on the importance of treating fellow students with respect

C) Student and teacher groups that promote awareness and provide support for individuals that identify as homosexual If it was found that teachers sharing their own sexual orientation created a more tolerant and open environment, any other policy that promoted awareness and tolerance would likely have the same effect. (C) describes a situation that would encourage not only support, but increase awareness about homosexuality.

Which statement about cyclic AMP (cAMP) is NOT true? A) cAMP is formed from ATP B) The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP is adenylate cyclase. C) The enzyme that catalyzes cAMP formation is generally located in the cytoplasm. D) cAMP is regarded as a second messenger, since it can trigger a cascade of intracellular reactions after a hormone binds to the cell membrane.

C) The enzyme that catalyzes cAMP formation is generally located in the cytoplasm. cAMP is responsible for carrying the chemical stimulus into the cytoplasm and triggering a response; it is generally referred to as a second messenger because it is mobilized after a receptor binds a ligand. Ligands (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) bind their membrane receptors, activating them. Through a G-protein intermediate, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is activated, and converts ATP into cAMP. Adenylate cyclase is attached to the inner layer of the phospholipid bilayer; it is not located in the cytoplasm, which means that choice (C) is a false statement, and therefore the correct answer for this question.

The KOF index is a well-known measure of a country's degree of globalization relative to the other countries of the world. It is measured in three dimensions: economic, social, and political. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be directly relevant to the KOF calculation? A) The number of internet users with access to the worldwide internet network (per 1000 people) B) The sum of arrivals and departures C) The magnitude of CO2 emissions per person D) The number of McDonald's restaurants per capita

C) The magnitude of CO2 emissions per person Globalization is the phenomenon of the exchange of ideas, information, and culture across borders creating a more homogenous "world" culture. (C) is neither a contributor to, nor a measure of, the exchange among countries.

The same researcher is attempting to verify that the vector he has developed is indeed a persistent virus. He obtains several cell cultures of different types and coats them with a solution containing his vector. After multiple cycles of cell division, intracellular viral DNA is still present but no cell death is noted. What conclusion can the researcher reach? A) The new vector is a persistent virus. B) The new vector is a persistent virus or a virus in the lysogenic phase C) The new vector is a persistent virus, a slow virus, or a virus in the lysogenic phase. D) The new vector is not a persistent virus.

C) The new vector is a persistent virus, a slow virus, or a virus in the lysogenic phase.

If the athlete normally has a greater cardiac output than the non-athlete, which of the following would most likely occur during strenuous exercise? A) The athlete would have a higher systolic pressure than the non-athlete. B) The non-athlete would have a higher diastolic pressure than the athlete C) The non-athlete would have a greater build-up of lactic acid in muscle cells than the athlete D) The athlete would have a higher rate of glucose catabolism than the non-athlete

C) The non-athlete would have a greater build-up of lactic acid in muscle cells than the athlete The athlete's muscles are receiving more oxygen per minute than the non-athlete's. This means that the athlete's muscle cells will be able to produce more energy by aerobic respiration than the non-athlete's per given time. The non-athlete will have to resort to anaerobic respiration more than the athlete. Since the end product of anaerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells is lactic acid, the non-athlete would be expected to have a higher concentration of lactic acid in his muscle than the athlete.

A researcher attempting to use persistent viruses as a vector for gene therapy in insulin-resistant diabetics. The new gene will code for a glucose transporter in muscle, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue. Which of the following features of the persistent viruses is the researcher NOT likely to modify? A) Any viral genes that are likely to disrupt housekeeping functions of the cell B) The viral genes which are most likely to impact specialized functions of the cell C) The protein coat recognition markers for tissue type specificity D) The genetic sequences that code for proteins that inhibit host transcription.

C) The protein coat recognition markers for tissue type specificity The primary features of persistent viruses that make them desirable vectors are the tendency to not insert into vital genes, and the tendency to not illicit an immune response. The researcher would like to incorporate the virus into a wide number of cell types without detrimental effects on specialized function.

Which of the following observations would lead a geneticist to suspect that an inherited disorder of cell metabolism is due to a defective mitochondrial gene? A) All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait. B) There is no male to male transmission of the trait. C) The trait is passed down only from mothers and not fathers. D) The trait often skips generations.

C) The trait is passed down only from mothers and not fathers. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down only through the mother's egg, since sperm cells do not have any organelles - all organelles in the embryonic cells come from the mother. The mitochondria used to power the sperm cell's tail are outside of the DNA-packed head, so they do not enter the egg. Because mitochondrial DNA is passed via the mother's egg, we would see the trait passed from females to their children; males will not pass on the disorder or the mitochondrial genes in any way.

If Machiavellianism were to be categorized under a theory of personality, which of the following theories would provide the best model? A) Psychoanalytic theory B) Conflict theory C) Trait perspective D) Biological perspective

C) Trait perspective The trait perspective believes that individual personality can be broken down into countless stable traits that are ubiquitous across all humans and cultures. Machiavellianism would be considered one of these traits, the tendency of an individual to justify questionable means with the end.

Which of the following statements regarding gene transcription is true? A) Transcription of the gene for pepsin is highest in the duodenum B) Transcription of the gene for hexokinase takes place only in the liver C) Transcription of the gene for trypsinogen is highest in the pancreas D) Transcription of the gene for amylase is highest in the stomach.

C) Transcription of the gene for trypsinogen is highest in the pancreas

When light is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants, it is always true that: A) the light energy ionizes the pigment B) the light provides energy to form new bonds C) electrons are excited to a higher energy level D) electrons return to their ground state

C) electrons are excited to a higher energy level It is always true that when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move from their ground state to a higher excited state. Therefore, (C) is the correct answer.

CFTR is active in most epithelial tissues, but not in structural tissues such as bone. The form of the CFTR gene found in bone cells, unlike the form found in epithelial cells, exhibits: A) a 5' cap B) introns C) increased DNA methylation D) a poly(A) tail

C) increased DNA methylation The question states that the CFTR gene is not active in bone, and asks for a feature that the inactive gene would exhibit that the active gene would not. One such feature is DNA methylation: methylated genes are inactive, while a lack of methylation denotes an active gene.

Cadmium (Cd) does not behave similarly to Zn in the human body and can be toxic at very low levels. It likely differs in its behavior from Zn because: A) without a fully filled d-subshell it undergoes redox chemistry B) its higher electronegativity causes it to bind too tightly to proteins C) its size prevents it from coordinating effectively within enzymes D) its ion has no empty s-orbital in which to accept coordinating electrons.

C) its size prevents it from coordinating effectively within enzymes The periodic table indicates that Cd is directly below Zn - in the same group. The two, therefore, have the same predicted valence electron configuration. This rules out choices (A) and (D). Both of these characteristics were described as making Zn suitable for binding with enzymes. Zeff and electronegativity both decrease from the top of the periodic table to the bottom so (B) cannot be correct. As Zeff decreases, atomic radius increases, so (C) is the only viable answer.

The nucleoli in the alpha cells will be the largest in a patient with: A) Type I diabetes B) diabetes insipidus C) pancreatic cancer D) acute pancreatitis

C) pancreatic cancer Since the nucelolus is the site of production of rRNA transcription and processing, the size of the nucleolus in a cell will be proportional to the amount of protein produced by that cell. Cancerous cells usually have the largest nucleoli since they are replicating and have high metabolic activity.

IR spectra sharp peak at around 1750

C=O

Acetic acid

CH3- COOH

Protecting a carbonyl group

Carbonyls are protected more effectively by conversion to cyclic ketals. A non-cyclic ketal is formed when a carbonyl group reacts with the hydroxyl group of two alcohol molecules. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that a cyclic ketal can be formed by the reaction between a carbonyl group and a diol.

Ionic radius

Cu+ and Zn2+ have different nuclear charges because they have a different number of protons. This results in a difference in ionic radius and nuclear size.

A 6ft man lifts a 100-lb weight from the floor to a height 1 ft above his head. How much work is done in lifting the weight? A) 0 foot-pounds B) 6 foot-pounds C) 600 foot-pounds D) 700 foot-pounds

D) 700 foot-pounds Recall the equation used to determine work, W = Fd cos θ, where F is the force, d is the displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and the displacement. In this case, the direction of the force and the direction of the displacement are the same, so that θ = 0° which means that cos θ = 1. So we have W = Fd. Now we note that the force required to lift an object is simply the weight of the object. So we have W = (100 pounds)(6 ft + 1 ft) = 700 ft-pounds, making choice (D) the correct answer.

According to the passage, which of the following examples best represents the family socialization process for immigrant families in the United States? A) A boy from Korea is adopted by an American family and grows up bilingual, speaking both Korean and English. B) A girl from Russia moves to the United States to attend college and decides to stay in America after graduating C) A father raised in Venezuela reluctantly abandons his traditional family beliefs so he can raise his son according to American values. D) A mother who moved from China to America selectively emphasizes traditional Chinese values to her daughter that coincide with American values.

D) A mother who moved from China to America selectively emphasizes traditional Chinese values to her daughter that coincide with American values. Immigrant families will face demands from the majority culture, which they will have to reconcile with their beliefs from their origin culture.

Which of the following is an example of parallel processing? A) Two students in a math class learn the material better when presented with visual aids. B) A student consistently approaches problems by first considering the larger context and then examining the smaller details. C) Two students are able to improve the efficiency and quality of their writing by developing a general organizational plan and consistently applying it. D) A student is capable of simultaneously perceiving color, shape, and motion of a steel ball during a physics experiment.

D) A student is capable of simultaneously perceiving color, shape, and motion of a steel ball during a physics experiment. Parallel processing refers to one's ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information about objects in the environment. (D) discusses how an individual is simultaneously processing three separate pieces of visual information about an object.

To investigate whether culture influences communication, a psychologist paired U.S. citizens with either another U.S. citizen or a foreign visitor. Participants were then asked to choose a happy or sad message to convey to their partner through nonverbal communication. Which of the following is the independent variable? A) Country of origin B) Type of message C) Type of nonverbal communication D) Communication partners pairings

D) Communication partners pairings The independent variable in the study refers to the variables being manipulated to see if it has an effect on the result. In this study, the communication pairings are being manipulated to see if it has an effect.

In a neutral solution, a region of a protein has a solvation shell with the hydrogens of water directed towards the protein. Which of the following are most likely to predominate the segment? A) Phenylalanine and tyrosine B) Histidine and lysine C) Alanine and tryptophan D) Glutamic acid and aspartic acid

D) Glutamic acid and aspartic acid Since the hydrogens are directed towards the protein, it can be reasonably concluded that the region is predominantly negatively charged.

Which of the following elements would be the best use for the plates of the defibrillator? A) Fluorine B) Phosphorus C) Lead D) Gold

D) Gold Elements with metallic character are best for conducting electricity and lowering resistance to help shock better. Thus gold, appearing farthest towards the left, will be the best option for creating the plates of the defibrillator.

What is the value of the DeltaG of formation for H20 (l)? Given that the DeltaG for the following reaction is 8.5kj/mol H20(l) + CO2(g) --> H2co3(aq) and Delta G formation of CO2=-394kj deltaGformation of H2CO3=-623

DeltaGformation of reaction= free energy of formation of products-free energy of formation of carbon dioxide DeltaGformation of h20(l)=-237.5

Experimenters set up a protocol to separate Cu+ from Zn2+ in aqueous solution. Assuming all three methods are practical, which of the following could be the basis of their separation? I. Ionic radius II. Electrostatic force III. Nuclear size A) III only B) I and III only C) II and III only D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III Although they have the same number of electrons, Cu+ and Zn2+ have different effective nuclear charges because they have a different nuclear charge (number of protons). This results in a difference in ionic radius and nuclear size. They will also experience a different electrostatic force (from some outside electric field) because they carry different charges.

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with increased urbanization? A) Diabetes B) Asthma C) Influenza D) Lyme disease

D) Lyme disease Lyme disease is an infectious disease associated with bites from deer ticks. These ticks live in the woods of North America and rarely venture in to urban areas. Thus, this disease is not associated with urbanization. Urbanization is associated with decreased physical labor and a more sedentary lifestyle (diabetes), increased pollution and exposure to polluted areas (asthma), and increased risk for communicable diseases (influenza)

Would the decomposition of H2O(g) into its elements proceed spontaneously under standard conditions? A) Yes, because the entropy increases B) Yes, because H2O does not exist as a gas at 25 degrees C C) No, because the reaction is endothermic. D) No, because delta G for the reaction is positive

D) No, because delta G for the reaction is positive Choice (A) is incorrect because change in entropy alone cannot predict the spontaneity of a reaction. Choice (B) is incorrect because while it is true that H2O is not a gas at 25 degrees C, this fact does not allow us to predict the spontaneity of the reaction. Finally, (C) is incorrect because the change in enthalpy alone cannot predict the spontaneity of a reaction.

During the dipeptide synthesis described in the passage, is the formation of leucine-leucine dipeptides a concern? A) Yes, because the carbon of leucine is also susceptible to electrophilic attack B) Yes, because the phenylacetyl protector of alanine increases the energy of activation C) No, because the amine group of leucine is sterically hindered by its isobutyl side chain. D) No, because the carboxyl group of alanine is activated before reacting with leucine.

D) No, because the carboxyl group of alanine is activated before reacting with leucine. The condensation reaction between two leucine residues is not a concern because the carboxyl group of alanine is selectively activated before reacting with leucine.

While modern America has enjoyed a decline in prejudicial attitudes, some sociologists argue that surveys do not reflect people's true beliefs. Instead, they argue that Goffman's theory of dramaturgy can be applied to modern racism, arguing that overt racism is unacceptable. How might Goffman's theory explain "modern racism"? A) People may not consciously hold prejudicial beliefs, but subconsciously hold such attitudes. B) People are most likely to lie when confronted by a stranger (or researcher) than when asked by a friend. C) People will only convey their true feelings in situations in which they already have a strong sense of self. D) People are hesitant to share their true feelings in public if they know such beliefs are not acceptable.

D) People are hesitant to share their true feelings in public if they know such beliefs are not acceptable. Since racism is unacceptable in modern society, some sociologists use Goffman's theory to argue that individuals may be managing their self-presentation by denying such beliefs in public, but hold prejudicial beliefs in private.

The mRNA codons GAT and GAC both code for aspartic acid. If the mRNA codon reading GAT experienced a point mutation causing thymine to be replaced by cytosine, which of the following correctly classifies this mutation? A) Frameshift mutation B) Missense mutation C) Nonsense mutation D) Silent mutation

D) Silent mutation If the GAT codon is changed to a GAC codon by replacing thymine with cytosine, then aspartic acid is still coded for. This is an example of a silent mutation.

Individuals with psychopathic personalities have difficulty with which of the following social aspects? A) Deindividuation B) Groupthink C) Assimilation D) Socialization

D) Socialization

After surveying 1,000 people, a sociologist finds a positive correlation between wealth and happiness for individuals living at or below poverty level and a negative relationship for individuals living in households where the family income exceeded $100,000. Based on the results, which of the following is true? A) People who live at or below poverty level are dissatisfied with their lives. B) People who live above poverty level are satisfied with their lives. C) People who live at poverty level report higher satisfaction than people who live below it. D) There is no correlation between wealth and life satisfaction for individuals living above the poverty level.

D) There is no correlation between wealth and life satisfaction for individuals living above the poverty level.

Chemiluminescence of which of the following colors corresponds to the radiation with the highest frequency? A) Red B) Yellow C) Green D) Violet

D) Violet The colors of visible light, in the order of increasing energy and frequency, are ROYGBIV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. The way to remember that red is on the low-frequency, low-energy and that violet is on the high-frequency, high energy end.

As bradykinin is released from the neonatal lungs, the decrease in cross-sectional area of the ductus arteriosus: A) increases resistance, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus B) increases velocity, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus C) increases velocity, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus D) increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus

D) increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus As the ductus arteriosus constricts, blood has a different path that it is able to take (it can remain in the pulmonary artery). Where there is greater resistance there is less current. As the tube gets thinner its resistance goes up, and less fluid will flow through it, decreasing blood flow.

A patient who resides in the United States says, "I love you" and hugs his doctor after every routine visit. This behavior violates: A) personal beliefs B) patient autonomy C) social values D) social norms

D) social norms In the United States, it is not a common practice to say, "I love you," and hug one's physician after each routine checkup; therefore, this behavior could be considered deviant, going against the social norm. Values, choice (C), are what an individual deems to be important.

Sensory information for taste is perceived by chemoreceptors in the tongue and projected to the brainstem. Before being routed to the cortex, through which of the following structures must the sensory information for taste pass? A) inferior colliculus B) hippocampus C) hypothalamus D) thalamus

D) thalamus The thalamus is the brain's sensory relay station responsible for sorting sensory stimuli before routing to the target areas in the cortex.

According to the passage, when a current of 70 mA passes through the heart, it will cause: A) less severe damage than a current of 65 mA since a larger current reduces the risk of death B) less severe damage than a current of 1.5 A because the effect on the heart would not be as great C) greater damage than a current of 1.5 A because it will cause the heart to stop, resulting in death. D) the heart to acquire an irregular rhythm, resulting in improper blood flow.

D) the heart to acquire an irregular rhythm, resulting in improper blood flow. Recall that a 70 mA current causes more damage to cardiac tissue than a current in excess of 1A. The passage says nothing about a 70 mA current versus a 65 mA current. The passage states that current in excess of 1A can stop the heart, unlike current of 70 mA. A current of 70 mA will cause the heart to contract irregularly, resulting in improper blood flow.

Why do workplace-related mental health issues continue to rise?

Due to the perception of the Monday-Friday work week as inviolable and to slow-moving institutional change, over-burdened individuals have disproportionately little downtime to compensate for rising workplace demands.

What elements are best to use for the plates of a defibrillator?

Elements with metallic character are best for conducting electricity and lowering resistance to help shock better. Gold, appearing farthest to the lower left, will be a good option for creating the plates.

The intensity of a given sound source is given in W/m2. The surface are of the ear drum is much smaller so the intensity will be much smaller.

Eliminate any options larger than 10^-10

During periods of starvation, the average human can generate glucose from: I. glycogen II. the glycerol portion of triacylglycerol III. amino acids

I, II, and III Glucose can be generated from glycogen. Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissues, essentially providing a metabolic energy source for between meals. Glycerol, derived from triacylglycerol, can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis. Amino acids can be utilized as substrates for gluconeogenesis.

The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be influenced by which of the following? I. Temperature II. pH III. Salinity

I, II, and III. The activity of an enzyme is heavily influenced by its environment. The temperature, acidity, and salinity all have significant effects on the ability of an enzyme to carry out its function.

Separating Copper (I) from Zn (II) in aqueous solution. Which of the following could be their basis for separation?

I. ionic radius II. electrostatic force III. nuclear size ANSWER: I, II, III WIMI: i didn't notice that it was Cu (I) and not Cu (II) so I assumed the electrostatic force would be the same

Which of the following will effect the frequency of sound waves traveling through the air as measured by a detector?

I. surface area of the detector II. speed of the source of sound III. distance from source to detector Answer: II only WIMI: content Doppler effect: the idea that speed of both the source and the detector of a wave will influence its perceived frequency. The other two factors (surface area of detector and distance from source) will only affect the intensity of the wave detected. f' = f[ (v + vo)/(v-vs)] f' = doppler frequency f= frequency of source v = speed of wave vo = speed of detector (can be + or -) vs = speed of source (can be + or -) when the source is moving further away the denominator is (v + vs) --> think about ADDING distance when the observer is moving towards the source the numerator is (v + vo) --> OPPOSITE of denominator, think about gaining on the source!! if only the source is moving vo = 0 if only the detector is moving vs = 0

Which of the following regions of the antibody are involved in the binding of antigenic hormones during RIA? I. Constant region of the heavy chain II. Variable region of the light chain III. Constant region of the light chain IV. Variable region of the heavy chain

II and IV The variable regions of both the heavy and light chains are involved in antigen binding, while the constant region of the heavy chain is involved in cellular recognition and the constant region of the light chain binds tightly to the constant region of the heavy chain

While the active ingredients in most antacids are soluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, their solubility is significantly reduced in pure water. If a very finely ground powder of one such compound (CaCO3 for example), is mixed in a 1:5 ratio by mass with deionized water, which of the following is most likely true? I. The mixture will be homogenous. II. A colloidal mixture will be formed. III. Separation of the mixture will produce a non-electrolytic aqueous phase

II only The question stem indicates that compounds such as CaCO3 are not very soluble in pure deionized water, so only a small proportion of it dissociates into its component ions, n this case Ca2+ and CO32-. Most of the powder remains undissolved, resulting in a suspension of particles that are larger than the size of an individual molecule. Such a mixture is known as a colloid, and it is not a normal solution because the particles are not dissolved. Statement I is incorrect because the mixture is not homogenous: the powder remains as an undissolved solid, no matter how finely divided it might be. The aqueous phase will contain the small amount of ions resulting from the dissociation of CaCO3. Even though their concentration may be low because of the low solubility of the compound, their presence will enable the solution to conduct current to a certain extent. The aqueous phase, then cannot be considered non-electrolytic.

Which of the following is/are true with regard to neurulation? I. The neural tube differentiates from endoderm. II. The neural tube becomes the peripheral nervous system. III. Neural crest cells migrate from their original site.

III only Neurulation occurs when the notochord causes differentiation of overlying ectoderm into the neural tube and neural crest cells. The neural tube ultimately becomes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and neural crest cells migrate to other sites in the body to differentiate into a number of different tissues.

Trust vs. mistrust

Infancy - 1 year old -sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection

log10(Keq) = -1.5, solve for Keq

Keq = 10^-1.5, which is between 10^-2 (.01) and 10^-1 (0.1).

In magnetic resonance, hydrogens are subjected to a magnetic field. Which is least likely to show up as a bright region in an MRI a.) femur b.) eyes c.) bicep

MRI relies on presence of protons. Femur is least likely to have hydrogens (protons) because lack of water. thus they would not appear bright in MRI

Colloid

Most of the particles in a solution remain undissolved. Light shone through a colloidal mixture will be scattered.

Optimal pH for pepsin activity

Pepsin requires the highly acidic environment of the stomach for optimal function. pH approximately 2 due to the continuous secretion of HCl by the stomach's parietal cells.

partial pressure

Px = (Ptot)(mole fraction of x)

Which colors have the highest frequency?

ROY G. BIV (-> increasing frequency and higher energy)

A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by:

Reacting it with SOCl2 This creates and acyl chloride because chlorine replaces the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid. The chloride is a much better leaving group for nucleophilic attack of the amino group and peptide bond formation.

Rotational equilibrium and torque

T = F x d sin 75 degrees can be approximated to 1 since the angle is near enough to 90.

Torque

T = Flsin(theta) where theta = angle between lever arm and force applied

Equivalence point of the titration using a weak acid and strong base

The equivalence point will be above the pH of 7. The slope around the equivalence point will not be as steep (small steady slope at beginning).

Equivalence point of the titration using a strong acid and strong base

The equivalence point will be around the pH of 7. A steep slope exists around the equivalence point (flatlined at the beginning).

Doppler effect

The idea that the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave.

What would a logarithmic graph drawn on a linear scale translate to on a logarithmic scale if there is a varying relationship between time and amount of material?

The line would translate into a with a nonzero slope.

Question 6: Which of the following products would be formed if Compound X were reacted with LiAlH4 without first being converted to a cyclic ketal?

The passage states that LiAlH4 will reduce the ester group to an alcohol and would also react with the ketone if left unprotected. LiAlH4 will reduce a ketone to an alcohol.

When light is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants, it is always true that:

When an atom absorbs light, electrons always move from a lower to a higher energy state. WIMI: critical thinking/content Wrong answer: the light provides energy to form new bonds

REMEMBER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENTROPY AND ENTHALPY! DO NOT CONFUSE THEM!

When asked for the delta G of formation or entropy of formation of a product of a reaction, you only need to consider the listed values for THAT product (don't need to do (Gprod-Greact)

Saturated

When the solute is in equilibrium with its undissolved state, the solution is saturated. If more solute is added, it will not dissolve.

Do soft tissues (ie. kidney, bone, and eyes) have a higher water content than bones?

Yes

Electron configuration of Zn2+

[Ar]3d10

temperature is what type of function

a state function

A point mutation occurs, changing the sequence 5'AUGAUCUGUUGC to 5'AUGAUCUGCUGC. What is the likely effect on the subsequent polypeptide? a.) no effect b.) primary structure will be affected c.) tertiary structure will be affected

a.) a cytosine is changed to a uracil. they are pyramidines so may not have too much of an effect. More importantly, the base substitution is at the wobble position; thus, a substitution at this position is unlikely to have a major effect on amino acid composition and thus structure.

For hibernating animals, which is preferred a.) linoleic acid (less saturated fatty acids) b.)less unsaturated fatty acids(palmitic acid)

a.) unsaturated fatty acids have more kinks and double bonds thus more fluidity, which is important for cold. it resists rigidityt

According to Piaget, children of 2 years of age would be able to display: a.) understand object permanence b.) display theory of mind c.) partake in extensive pretend play

a.) in the first stage, children explore and manipulate objects, use intentional behavior, and learn about object permanence.

when solubilites are most different between compounds use a.) extraction b.) distillation

a.) extraction

prejudice

act of judging an individual based on the social group the individual belongs to

When combined with hydrazoic acid (HN3) in solution, arachidonic acid produces carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and:

an amine a carboxylic acid group on the fatty acid reacts with the amino group of the acid to make an amine

When combined with hydrazoic acid (HN3) in solution, arachidonic acid produces carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and:

an amine a carboxylic acid group on the fatty acid reacts with the amino group of the acid to make an amine (NH2) arachidonic acid is a fatty acid or more generally, a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail.

weak acid titration curve (see question #47)

appears somewhat sigmoidal hydrofluoric and acetic acid are both weak acids but acetic acid is "organic" as specified in the question stem

Dorsal root ganglia do what

are associated with the spinal chord

basal ganglia

are components of the movement association areas of the brain

heuristics

are speedy mental shortcuts

Meissner's corpuscles

are tactile processing units in the skin

disulfide linkage

arise due to the covalent interaction between two cysteine residues

Law of Laplace (as pertaining to surfactant and alveoli)

as radius decreases the pressure required to counter surface tension increases. This disparity in pressure would be equalized if the two alveoli were connected resulting in one large alveolus with minimized surface area (minimizes surface tension). This is when when two water droplets combine they form one larger droplet!

escape reinforcement

based on behavior eliminating an existing negative consequence

Gestalt principles

based on visual cues causing specific types of conceptual or visual recognition

According to Erikson's theory of personality development, children at age 3 would be in what stage? a.) industry and inferiority b.) trust vs. mistrust c.) initiative and guilt

c.

A culture of red blood cells is grown on nutrient medium containing dinitrophenol, which is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. Under these conditions ATP production will a.) increase b.) decrease c.) remain the same

c.) red bloods cells PRODUCE ENERGY anaerobically. they have no mitochondria and organelles. Most space is used for hemaglobin.

social cognitive perspective

centers around the idea that personality is something that can be learned through observation and social interaction

dissociative disorders

classified as conditions in which the building blocks of reality, such as memory, identity, or awareness are broken down

If Vmax is the same but Km is higher there is a ___inhibitor

competitive

Goffman's theory of dramaturgy

concerns an individual's sense of self and self-presentation that changes depending on the situation

radiation

conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic waves

Display rules

cultural rules that determine how emotions are used in public

right prefrontal cortex (right hemisphere)

deals with expressing negative emotions

left prefrontal cortex (left hemisphere)

deals with expressing positive emotions

Suppose an individual with dry skin has come in contact with an 1.5A DC circuit. In an attempt to rescue the individual, another person, with wet skin, makes contact with the first, forming a parallel circuit. Consequently, the amount of time required for 10C of charge to pass through the circuit will: a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same

decrease adding more resistors in parallel -decreases total resistance of the circuit. thereby, by V=IR total current through the circuit will increase. current is charge over time, thus time will increase as well. Less time will be required to pass the same amount of charge.

selective attention

defined as focusing one part of the sensory environment while ignoring other stimuli

dissociative disorder are

disorders and conditions where reality, memory, identity, or awareness is broken down

in thermo, work done by a system is

expansion

negative escape reinforcer

eliminating an existing negative consequence

convection

energy transferred by movement of a fluid

state functions include

enthalpy, entropy, gibbs, temperature, density, ect.

psychoanalytic perspective

focuses on an individual's childhood, subconscious development, and sexual instincts

game theory

focuses on the rational behavior of interacting people

Which of the following elements would be best to use for the plates of a defibrillator?

gold elements with metallic character are best for conducting electricity and lowering resistance to help shock better. Gold is farthest towards the left on the periodic table

high thermal and electrical conductivity are good or bad transferers of heat

good

altruism

idea of doing a good deed for someone else without any self-motive

Groupthink

idea that when an individual participates in a group, a consensus is always the most desired.

confidence intervals

identify the range in which the true mean for a population will fall based on the findings from the sample When comparing the mean and confidence interval for two samples, the two means can be said to be statistically distinct if the confidence intervals do not overlap.

A difference is z effective nuclear charge will result

in a difference in atomic radius

explicit bias

involves an individual knowingly making stereotypes or judgements about a group of people

feature detection

is a process by which specialized nerve cells respond to visual stimuli.

cultural capital

is any non-financial social asset that helps improve an individual's position

cerebrum

is responsible for integration of sensory input, conscious thought, and all voluntary actions

groupthinkk

is the idea that when an individual participates in a group, a consensus is always the most desired result.

social facilitation

is the phenomenon by which individuals are more likely to perform simple tasks when in the presence of another individual

mortality

measure of the death rate in a population

penetrance

measure of the number of persons with an allele for a condition that display the condition

spreading activation

memory storage

heuristics

mental shortcuts

the ossicle bones are part of the a.) exterior b.)middle c.)inner ear

middle ear

glutamic acid and aspartic acid's charge

negative

Monoacylglycerols are produced through the reaction of glycerol with a long-chain fatty acid. In such a reaction the hydroxyl group of glycerol acts as the:

nucleophile because it attacks the carbonyl carbon the formation of monoacylglycerols is a straightforward esterification reaction (i.e. nucleophilic substitution in which oxygen of the hydroxyl group of glycerol attacks the carbonyl carbon, resulting in dehydration and formation of an ester linkage)

ethnocentrism

occurs when individuals compare their own cultural practices with others

oxidant is a __agent

oxidizing agent

a child picks his nose during class and the teacher reprimands him in front of his classmates. this is an example of

positive punishment

representativeness heuristic

predicated on categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical image of that category

retrieval cues

recalling memory

Lithium aluminum hydride when reacted with a ketone will

reduce the ketone to an alcohol

oxidants get

reduced

reductants are __

reducing agents

genetic drift

refers to the likelihood that the gene pool of a small population will be significantly altered by random mutations

assimilation

refers to the loss of the cultural identity of a minority group when living within a larger, more dominant culture

brainstem functions

responsible for controlling the very basic necessities for sustaining life, such as breathing, hunger, and adjusting heart rate

somatosensation

senses in the body outside the five traditional senses such as balance, proprioception and kinesthesia

isothermal is a fast or slow process

slow process

rate-determining step

slowest step in a proposed mechanism

deindividuation

social phenomenon in which an individual may lose his or her identity in a group setting

bottom-up processing

start with details and then create the bigger picture

humanistic perspective

states that personality and human nature follows a hierarchy of needs in which the most basic needs such as food and water are at the bottom, whereas philosophical needs, such as self- realization, are at the pinnacle

humanistic perspective

states that personality and nature follow a hierarchy of needs in which the most basic needs such as food and water are at the bottom, whereas philosophical needs, such as self-realization are at the pinnacle.

Colloids

suspensions of particles that are larger than the size of individual molecules. Light shone through a colloidal mixture will be scattered.

fundamental attribution error

tendency for people to judge individuals based on their personal traits than the environmental factors surrounding the event

Weber's law

tests the threshold at which a stimulus is detected

weber's law

tests the threshold at which a stimulus is detected

signal detection theory

tests whether a specific stimulus is detected

Normality can be considered equivalent to molarity if

the acid or base is monoprotic (ie. 1 N HCL= 1M HCL) however, 1N Ba(OH)2 is not equivalent to 1M Ba(OH)2

carboxylases do what

they ADD carboxyl groups

high thermal conductivity

transfer of heat is fast; higher rate of heat transfer. metals are great!

boiling point equals when..

vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure, higher the ambient pressure, the higher the boiling point