Lab Animal Nursing Final

Bruce effect

"Spontaneous abortion" termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identified in mice

Old World Monkeys

Catarrhine • Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaque (crab-eating) ( Macaca fascicularis), Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus), Olive Baboon (Papio anubis) Mangabey • Narrow nose, non-prehensile tail, Rhesus is aggressive, Ischial callosities, menstrual cycle

Which NHP is closest to humans?

Chimpanzee

Submissive behavior in NHPs

Lip smacking, displaying hind end to more dominant animal, fear grimace, aversion of eye Contact, submissive posture (makes themselves appear smaller), vocalizations (squealing or screaming)

Yersinia

bubonic plague "Pseudotuberculosis"

Gerbil scent gland

Ventral sebaceous gland Wet and musty for scent marking

proliferative ileitis (wet tail)

"Hamster enteritis" Lawsonia intracellularis (bacteria) • most common spontaneous disease of hamsters • fecal oral transmission • Young hamsters 3 to 8 weeks • mortality rate of 50% to 90% within 24 to 48 hours of symptoms onset • Strict quarantine of sick animals C.S. - Unkept coat, anorexia, moistened perianal area, foul-smelling, watery diarrhea, dehydration * this can also be found in NHP's

Lee-Boot effect

"Induction of anestrous" When female mice are housed together (without any male urine present), their estrous cycles slow down and eventually stop.

Euthanasia method for nonhuman primates

After sedation with an IM injection of ketamine, primates can be euthanized by an intravenous overdose of a barbiturate or commercial euthanasia solution. Other methods permissible if the animal is fully an exercise, such as a bolus of potassium chloride or exsanguination and perfusion with a tissue fixative

Inbred Strain

produced by 20 generations of brother x sister mating all animals are: 1. Minimal genetic variation 2. Homogeneous (limiting) 3. Strains = specific trait for study 4. 20 generations to exhibit 99% similarity 5. Stable populations can exist indefinitely

Tyzzer's Disease Clostridium piliforme

• Affects weanling rabbits 6 to 12 weeks of age • Morbidity and mortality rates are high • c.S. - acute and profuse diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, fecal matting, lethargy Other facts: stress increases risk, presence of liver lesions on necropsy

Gastric Trichobezoars (Hairballs)

• Trichobezoars - Hairballs • C.S. - Stop eating/drinking, reduced stool output, palpitation of obstruction • results from excessive grooming • prevent with high-fiber diet, hay, and enrichment

Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

• enforced by the USDA and APHIS • Passed in 1966, 1st law, encompasses all aspects of animal well-being, including proper housing, disease prevention, responsible care, handling, and when necessary, humane euthanasia • governs the sale, handling, transport, and use of animals • applies to select species use for research, education, and exhibition. Does not protect birds, farm animals used in agricultural research, rats or mice

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHDV) Calicivirus

• highly contagious, high morbidity and mortality, rabbits older than two months of age are primarily affected, fecal oral contact (copraphagic) • C.S. - neurological concerns (ataxia, shaking); Hemorrhage (trachea, lungs, liver - jaundice) • Death results from disseminated intravascular coagulation, affected colonies are humanely euthanized, preventative vaccines are available

Fur Mites (walking dandruff) Cheyletiella parasitovorax

• infestation found in many species • nicknamed the dandruff mite • Clinical signs - any of her coat, scaly lesions • Pruritus is not associated (mites live on a surface, do not burrow) • treated with ivermectin (revolution)

Spinal injury - paralysis

• lumbar fracture of the L7 - S1 junction • lightweight skeleton - 7% of body mass • strong hind limbs and epaxial muscles • support that rump!

Murine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (MRM) Microplasmosis pulmonis

• more serious and rats than mice • uncommon in barrier maintain laboratory colonies • most common pathogen in conventionally housed and pet rats • remains dormant/subclinical/latent for most all of their lives • clinical signs present with stress, poor husbandry, or alongside secondary respiratory infections • highly contagious C.S. : labored breathing, weight loss, lethargy, hunched posture, puffed appearance (piloerection), sniffling and nasal discharge, ocular discharge, Chromodacryorrhea, otitis interna with or without a head tilt, high ammonia levels, crusty tail, lesions on lungs Transmission: Interuterine, Arissol, direct contact, sexual transfer • Can be subclinical, dormant, or latent, which means hidden or non-symptomatic • 75% receive treatment will recover

Characteristics of Old World Monkeys

• narrow nose, nostrils close together • none prehensile tail/no tail • more common in research • menstrual cycle • Rhesus is aggressive • Ischial Callosities • opposable thumbs • Sexual dimorphism

Barbering

• not always a dominant behavior • This is the chewing of hair and whiskers of cage mates • both dominant and subordinate mice barber • females are one and a half times more likely to barber and increases during pregnancy • Animals with excessive barbering should be separated

Guinea pig babies

• precocious young (Born fully haired, eyes and ears open, teeth erupted)

Characteristics of New World Monkeys

• prehensile tail • flat, wide nostrils • Less common in research • no opposable thumb • no cheek pouches • lack sexual dimorphism • lack Ischial Callosities • require more protein and Vit D3

Pasreuellosis: Pasteurella multocida (snuffles)

• subclinical - upper respiratory tract . Spreads: trachea to Eustachian tube to nasolacrimal duct • C.S. - nasal/ocular discharge, exudate and inner forearms, sneezing, torticollis - wry neck • Fatal septicemia - untreated infections move into the bloodstream and spread to vital organs

Tularemia - "Rabbit Fever" Francisella tularensis

• wild rabbit carriers • transmitted to rabbits by blood sucking arthropods like ticks and flies • fatal zoonotic disease in humans (ulcers, chest pain, cough, sudden death) • transmitted to humans by either direct contact, inhaling aerosols or ingesting the pathogen through contaminated water

What is an Animal Use Protocol?

1) provides the number of animals used 2) provides reasoning for why this number of animals will be used 3) detailed description of how animals will be used 4) methods for controlling pain, distress, and discomfort 5) provides assurance that pain, distress, or discomfort will be avoided or minimized 6) description of euthanasia methods 7) how the animals will be housed and cared for throughout the project

Common inbred strains of mice

1. C57BL/6 ("black 6"): stable and easy to breathe 2. BALB/C (Albino): sensitivity to carcinogens. Immuno deficient strain for cancer and immunology studies 3. C3H: Infectious disease and cardiovascular, sometimes cancer. Sensitive to Gram (-) bacteria like salmonella 4. A/J: resistant to diabetes and obesity

Common outbred strains of mice

1. Swiss Webster (white): general purpose (drug safety) 2. CD-1 (white): genetics, toxicology, aging 3. ICR (white): toxicology, pharmacology, drug advocacy, immunology

How often should the air with an a room be completely replaced?

10 to 15 times per hour

Postpartum estrus in mice

A fertel postpartum estrus may occur 14 to 28 hours after parturition otherwise, mice will resume cycling 2 to 5 days post weaning

simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)

A retrovirus causes a disease in monkeys similar to AIDS and that is closely related to HIV-2 of humans. Zoonotic potential is not fully understood

Biological Safety Levels (BSL)

Describe the recommended facility features, practices and techniques, and safety equipment appropriate for containing an organism within a laboratory Four levels: BSL 1 is the lowest designation which signifies the lowest level of risk and intensity of recommended containment measures BSL 4 indicates the greatest level of risk and intensity of containment measures needed Levels one and two are common in animal research facilities, three are more complex to build and operate and are more uncommon, for are highly complex and expensive and are rare with only approximately a dozen in the United States and only a few dozen that exist in the world

Breeds of Rabbits

Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagous cuniculus) • New Zealand White (albino) • Dutch Belted (sm black/brown with white belt) • Flemish Giant (Large)

Guinea Pig breeding issue

Dystocia > 6 months (Hypocalcemia, ketosis, prolapsed uterus) If Born after seven months, they will need a C-section

Oral Gavage

Flexible silicone or rigid stainless steel Down the esophagus into the stomach, usually for oral dose in a medication and animals that are difficult to give orally

Guinea pig

Genus : Cavia Sp: porcellus

Rhesus Macaque

Genus: Macaca Sp: mulatta

Rat

Genus: Rattus Sp: norvegicus

Who approves the animal used protocol?

IACUC

Euthanasia Methods for Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea Pigs, chinchillas

Main: CO2 or overdose of inhalant anesthetic or IP admin of barbiturate anesthetic at 3 or 4 times the dose • if anesthetics are tranquilizers will impact research results, euthanize animals by physical means of euthanasia such as cervical dislocation or decapitation Secondary methods to ensure death such as, bilateral pneumothorax, cervical dislocation, removal of a vital organ, or exsanguination by transection of a major vessel

F1 hybrid

Mating between 2 different inbred strains 1. Genetically identical (chosen to help eliminate variability)

Syrian Hamster

Mesocricetus auratus

Mouse

Mus musculus

What do nude mice lack?

Normal immune system and Thymus gland

Rabbit

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Transgenics

Planned alteration to the genetic makeup of an organism; CRIsPR - this is the ability to alter genetic make up in one generation rather than choosing characteristics and bringing them into the animal

New World Monkeys

Platyrrhines • Callitrichidae (Marmosets & Tamarins) • Cebidae (Squirrel Monkeys & Capuchins) • Atelidae (Spider Monkey) • Aotidae (Owl Monkey) • Pitheciidae (Titi, Sakis, Ukaris)

Parturition terms

Rabbits - kindling Guinea Pig - farrowing Swine - farrowing Sheep, goat, cattle - delivery

Outbred stock

Results from random mating to achieve genetic variation 1. Heterogeneous (genetically diverse) 2. Similar characteristics to littermates 3. Carefully planned to prevent inbreeding 4. Produced and maintained in large populations

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Respiratory disease of old world monkeys that frequently turns into meningitis or die

Positive room pressure

Room is kept at a higher pressure than the surrounding rooms Opening the door causes air to flow out of the room Keeps airborne contaminants from entering Surgical suites, barrier rooms, immune compromised animal rooms

Negative pressure in rooms

Room is kept at a lower pressure than the surrounding rooms Opening the door causes airflow into the room Keeps airborne contaminants from escaping Quarantine, isolation, hazardous agents

Gerbil study uses

Stroke, behavior, parasitology, epilepsy, radiobiology, hearing, lipid metabolism, and infectious disease research Important model for stroke research because they have an incomplete circle of Willis, which is the major arterial vascular supply to the base of the brain. This makes it possible to create ipsilateral cerebral ischemia by unilateral carotid ligation They can be infected with a variety of parasites and are particularly useful in studying diseases caused by filarial nematodes

Gerbils and seizures

They have a high incidence of spontaneous epileptiform seizures (stress induced)

Malocculsion

Tooth overgrowth or prognathism, misalignment of teeth, predominantly incisors, check teeth for points, spurs, spikes, Dremel/vile teeth, lifelong issue

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency C.S. - Ataxia (unsteady gait, lameness), emaciation, temporary paralysis, hemorrhage • common in juveniles because they grow quickly • less common in adults unless a malocclusion or poor diet • daily requirement of vitamin C - 10 to 30 mg/kg/day • replacing losses may take up to 50 mg/kg/day • Most common in less than four months of age or if there is a malocclusion in poor diet • SQ bleeding known as petechiae which are small pinpoints in the skin • don't add vitamin C to water because they are neo phobic and don't like new things

Helicobacteriosis

Zoonotic Causes gastritis and gastric ulcers in humans and primates Nonhuman primates symptoms include inappetence and occasional vomiting

Entamoeba histolytica

Zoonotic Protozoal agent that causes dysentery, scene in New World, old world and ape Causes gut ulceration and hepatic abscess

Herpes B virus

Zoonotic - encephalomyelitis (80% die with 14 days) early Intervention can treat but can never get rid of Macacine herpesvirus 1 Macaques should be assumed to be carrying this virus. May remain silent it all life. In saliva and urine. Make come out during stressful times Herpes-like virus, disease in Old World Monkeys, serious neurological symptoms. CS: flu-like symptoms one month follow g exposure - conjunctivitis, oral or general ulcers or Asymptomatic Treatment is antivirals, lifelong carriers

Harderian gland

produce a substance called porphyrin/ "red tears" or chromodacyorrhea.

AWA 1985 Amendment

• IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) • AWIC (animal Welfare Information Center)

Gastro intestinal stasis bloat

• Food so I'll be moving through the G.I. tract, • change in G.I. bacteria • Secondary Issue - dental disease, kidney disease, poor diet Dash low fiber, decreased appetite • Dx- x-rays, bloodwork

Which species need Vitamin C?

• Guinea Pig • NW, OW, and humans

Rabbit Feces (2 types)

1. Fecal pellets: Round, dark, and dry. Produced in colon. 2. Cecotrophs: large, soft, clusters. They are night droppings, nutrient rich, produced in the cecum. Rabbits eat them to re-ingest water, nitrogen, electrolytes, and B vitamins

Routine Tests done on NHP's

Annual physical exams:

Harem mating

Another common type of polygyny is membership in a harem, a defended group of females associated with one male. Females may initially associate in a harem for group defense, or they may be herded together by a male. Males compete for control of the groups. Harems typically exhibit a dominance hierarchy among the females in the group.

Post partum estrus in rabbits

Can breed again within 24 hours of parturition

Ulcerative pododermatitis: sore hock/Bumblefoot Staphylococcus aureus

Caused by: Poor husbandry and obesity (pressure sores) C.S. - hunched past year, loss of appetite, lethargy, weight shift, visualization of ulcerations

Euthanasia method for rabbits, ferrets

Common method is an overdose of barbiturate or barbiturate-based euthanasia solution given IV • Rabbits that are used for polyclonal antibody production are usually exsanguinated under anesthesia for terminal collection of blood and harvesting the antibodies rich serum • for ferrets, other acceptable methods include an overdose of inhaling anesthetic or IV administration of a supersaturated solution of potassium chloride bolus in conjunction with a surgical plane of anesthesia to induce cardiac arrest

Euthanasia Methods for zebrafish

Common: overdose of MS-222 in water Other immersions agents: buffered benzocaine, quinaldine sulfate, and 2-phenoxyethanol, Eugenol or clove oil, immersion in CO2 saturated water, decapitation followed by pithing Additional methods: rapid chilling, lidocaine hydrochloride (not yet part of AVMA guidelines) Secondary: decapitation, pithing Unacceptable: flushing into the sewer system, slow cooling (placed in freezer), removal of the fish from water (anoxia)

Euthanasia methods for farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs)

Injectable barbiturates Some species can include gas or physical methods

Euthanasia methods for neonates

Neonates are resistant to CO2 • fetal mice <15 days (remain in utero following humane euthanasia of dam) or removed from uterus but if breathe air, promptly euthanized using physical method; • neonatal mice < 10 days longer exposure to CO2 or injection of anesthetics, decapitation, or cervical dislocation

Mongolian Gerbil

Meriones unguiculatus

Aggressive behavior in NHPs

Open mouth threat/Showing teeth, yawning, threatening facial expressions or postures (rigid posture with all feet on the ground), Ear flick, Piloerection, cage shaking, vocalizations (barking, grunting, or screaming), direct eye contact during confrontation can illicit aggressive response

The 3 R's in research

Replacement: avoid or replace the use of animals in research Reduction: minimize the number of animals used in studies, using the least amount of animals as possible Refinement: Alleviate or minimize pain, suffering, or distress, and enhance animal welfare for those animals used for example pear housing as needed in rodents and primates

Squirrel Monkey

Saimiri sciureus

Gerbil stress response

Seizures Spontaneous epileptiform seizures Tail slip - degloving if grabbed at the top of their tail

abnormal behavior of NHPs

Self injurious behavior, stereotypical behavior, rocking, pacing, over grooming, bizarre posture, appetizers orders, saluting, aggressive tendencies

Shigellosis

Shigella flexnari Zoonotic Fecal oral transmission, stress can precipitate a silent infection, Can be fatal in children CS: Bloody/mucus diarrhea, abdominal pain followed by a rapid onset of comatose state

Chinchilla

Short tailed: Chinchilla chinchilla Long tailed: Chinchilla laniger

Whitten effect (mice)

Synchronized estrus Females in presence of a male (or his odor), estrus (fertility & mating behavior) is induced and synchronized (50% by day 3 and age-matched embryos)

Chinchilla characteristics include:

Thick dense fur about 60 hairs per follicle Fur slip: A defense mechanism to escape from predators or from improper handling, where they released a chunk of their hair coat. Grows back within several months but could lead to skin infections They require dust baths 2 to 3 times a week. Over bathing can lead to dry skin They are hindgut fermenters, they do not build nests, they are neo phobic and thigmotaxic

Gnotobiotic

germ-free animals that have been introduced to one or two known nonpathogenic microorganisms (defined flora) Animals in whom all forms of life are known