Lahey Psychology Exam 1 and 20 other sets
Which part of the peripheral nervous system would be particularly important to a backpacker being chased by a bear?
Sympathetic
Which of the following refer to tiny spaces between the neurons?
Synapses
Observer Bias
Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations.
gender identity is the subjective experience of being male or female
TRUE
Wernicke's area is located in the ____ lobe
Temporal
Visual information is sent to which brain region before being sent to the primary visual cortex?
Thalamus
Where do neurons from the auditory nerve project?
Thalamus, primary auditory cortex
What did Freud think about cocaine?
That it was a "wonder drug", a stimulant, an aphrodisiac and medicinal aid
What did Fechner's theory help prove?
That it's possible to measure mental phenomena
What century did psychology become an independent science?
The 19th century
The nature of the deception must be fully revealed to participants immediately after their participation in the experiment.
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines for research with human participants allow deception in aspects of the study that do not influence the decision to participate. What is the other condition concerning deception in research?
How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
In an experiment, participants are to learn a classically conditioned response. Which of the following will occur on the first learning trial?
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) will not elicit a Conditioned Response (CR).
The older the driver, the fewer errors on the driving test
The Department of Motor Vehicles recently completed a study that indicated there is a negative correlation between the age of the driver and the number of errors on the written driving test. This result means that
different orders to different birds
The Zoology Department's guest speaker should have counterbalanced his experiment. How should he have presented the models of predators?
sociocultural
The ______ perspective suggests that to understand someone, we must understand both their beliefs, attitudes, and skills learned from others as well as we must understand their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity.
lens
The ________ is filled with a gelatinous material that helps focus light.
What explanation did Harlow use to explain why problem-solving ability improved over trials in his study in which apes had to locate food under objects?
The apes acquired a learning set.
B
The band of fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres, known as the ______, has been found to be larger in women than in men. Select one: a. septal region b. corpus callosum c. central sulcus d. postmedial gyrus Incorrect
cognition
The broad term that encompasses procedures such as perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, and making decisions is called
naturalistic observation
The clinical method is a variation of
C
The clinical method is a variation of Select one: a. the survey method. b. correlational methods. c. naturalistic observation. d. the dependent variable.
True
The cocktail party effect could be easily demonstrated in a crowded bar.
B
The color of the white paper and the correction fluid you use to cover up mistakes on the paper are not exactly the same, but they are so close that you cannot see any difference. This is because your _______ abilities are limited. Select one: a. perceptual b. sensory c. associative d. cognitive
gender; sex
The concept of ______ refers to the psychological experience of one's ______.
Independent Variable
The condition that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable.
showing scatterplots of scores
The correlation coefficient is more convenient than which of the following?
relationship
The correlational method studies the __________ between two variables.
Which of the following is a condition that is necessary for the ethical use of deception?
The deception must be revealed immediately after the study is over
Which of the following is a condition that is necessary for the ethical use of deception?
The deception must be revealed immediately after the study is over.
B
The degree of association between variables is expressed statistically as the Select one: a. standard deviation. b. correlation coefficient. c. qualitative mean score. d. integer of relativity.
correlation coefficient
The degree of association between variables is expressed statistically as the....
Which variable depends on the effects of the independent variable?
The dependent variable
depends on
The dependent variable is called dependent because its value ______ other parts of the experiment.
What is individual analysis?
The differences in personality among individuals, these affect how people feel, think and behave.
Cultural Influence
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Reliability
The extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions.
accuracy
The extent to which an experimental measure is free from error.
Validity
The extent to which the data collected address the research hypothesis in the way intended
Germinal Stage
The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception.
correlational
The goal of __________ research is to show the degree of relationship between two variables.
introspection
The goal of ___________ is to observe the contents of the mind as accurately and unemotionally as possible
In psychology, the words describe, predict, understand, and influence relate to
The goals of psychology
Cephalocaudal trend
The head-to-foot direction of motor development.
Where is the hypothalamus located relative to the thalamus?
The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus
What is behaviorism?
The idea that psych should deal with only objectively observable behavior, not study of consciousness
What is psychodynamic theory?
The importance of mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors.
If a neuron is polarized, which of the following conditions exists?
The inside of the cell has a more negative charge than the outside.
What is a zeitgeist?
The intellectual, political and social climate.
C
The intensity of sound is measured in Select one: a. hertz units. b. timbre. c. decibel units. d. frequency.
praise; disapprove of
The intersection of culture and parenting can lead to some interested differences between children. For example, Chinese parents ______ their shy children, whereas American parents ______ their shy children.
publicly observable
The key component of empirical evidence this that it must be based on _____ behavior.
control group
The members of a ______ receive the independent variable in an experiment.
median
The middle point in a set of numbers
What existed before dualism
The mind controlled the body like a puppeteer
True
The minimal change in stimulation that is required to detect a difference between two stimuli is a "just noticeable difference."
the mean
The most common measure of central tendency, but the median is more representative
_____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.
The myelin sheath
The Department of Motor Vehicles recently completed a study that indicated there is a negative correlation between the age of a driver and the number of errors on the written driving test. This result means that
The older the driver, the fewer errors on the driving test.
A research participant walked out during the middle of an experiment without completing the research task. Which of the following statements is true regarding this incident?
The participant cannot be penalized for withdrawing
If there are two different scenarios and the experimenters ask the groups what they want to do, what is the dependent variable?
The participant's response to the question
Control Group
The participants in a study that receive no intervention or an intervention different from the one being studied.
Experimental Group
The participants in a study that receive the intervention.
Prenatal Period
The period from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
clinical psychology
The practice of psychiatry is most like the psychological specialty of _________
Which of the following is a soical factor that influences behavior and mental processes? Emotional responses, learned fears, presence of others
The presence of others
Random Assignment
The procedure for placing research participants into the conditions of the experiment in which each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable.
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Genetic Mapping
The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.
Motor Development
The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain.
The purpose of parallel processing is to
detect head motion.
The purpose of semicircular canals in the inner ear is to
Which of the following topics would be studied by a neuroscientist?
The role of hormones in the regulation of behavior
What is cognitive psychology?
The scientific study of mental processes (perception, thought, memory and reasoning)
Define psychological science:
The scientific study of mind, brain and behavior
parallel processing.
The simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is referred to as
What did Flourens' studies have to do with phrenology?
The studies did not support phrenology, the shape of the skull did not correspond to brain shape because brain tissue was too soft to produce skull changes
What is Phrenology?
The study of structure of the skull to determine mental abilities and character, different functions were in different parts of the brain. Protrusions- abilities, Indentations- mental defects
descriptive
The survey method is an example of a _________ study.
C
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the Select one: a. central nervous system. b. afferent nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. somatic nervous system.
structuralists
The technique of introspection was essential to the group called ____________, within psychology.
learning
The term "conditioning" as used by Ivan Pavlov is another term for _________
experimental
The text describes an experiment that explores the effects of media violence on 400 boys aged 6 to 8. Before playing floor hockey, 200 of the boys viewed a highly violent film and the other 200 boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played floor hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The boys in this experiment who viewed the violent film were in the ________ group.
aggressive behavior of the boys
The text describes an experiment that explores the effects of media violence on 400 boys aged 6 to 8. Before playing floor hockey, 200 of the boys viewed a highly violent film and the other 200 boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played floor hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The dependent variable in this experiment was the
aggressive behavior of boys
The text describes an experiment that explores the effects of media violence on 400 boys aged 6 to 8. Before playing floor hockey, 200 of the boys viewed a highly violent film and the other 200 boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played floor hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The dependent variable in this experiment was the...
A
The theory of color vision that contends that the eye has two kinds of cones, responding to either the red-green or yellow-blue range of wavelength, is the Select one: a. opponent-process theory. b. trichromatic theory. c. dichromacy theory. d. stereochemical theory.
Pubescence
The two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical and sexual maturity take place
Participants study in a lecture hall with windows and one with no natural light and studied how it affected their mood, what is the independent variable?
The type of light
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
The use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions.
independent variable
The variable that the researcher controls is called the...
B
The writings of Aristotle are important to psychology's origins because they were concerned with the nature of Select one: a. light. b. life. c. evolution. d. energy.
Which of the following best describes truth and theory?
Theories are not absolute and they may be revised over time.
A/n _____ is a tentative explanation of facts, findings, and relationship in any of the sciences.
Theory
A
Theory is to explanation as hypothesis is to Select one: a. prediction. b. truth. c. observation. d. understanding.
What is psychoanalysis?
Therapeutic process, brings unconscious material to conscious awareness.
In examining the top 1% of mathematical ability test scores used for college applications, what is the proportion of males and females in this top 1%?
There are seven times more males than females
What does the null hypothesis state?
There is no relationship between variable X and variable Y
What does it mean when there is a zero correlation between two variables?
There is no statistical relationship between the two variables being studied
has a causal impact
There is scientific evidence available stating that exposure to alcohol during pregnancy _____ the level of aggressive and rule-breaking behavior of children later in life.
What do the survey technique and naturalistic observation have in common?
They are both descriptive research methods
What do the survey technique and naturalistic observation have in common?
They are both descriptive research methods.
What do the pons and medulla have in common?
They are both parts of the hindbrain
When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of sodium ions?
They are not let into the neuron.
Which of the following is true about efferent neurons
They carry info to the muscles and organs
What did Christine Ladd-Franklin and Mary Calkins have in common?
They competed a doctoral program in psychology, but never received a doctor degree.
How do endocrine glands exert their action on body organs?
They release hormones
Which of the following appears to be true about people who have androgynous gender roles?
They tend to adapt better to life's changing demands.
Why are people intuitive psychologists?
They try to understand the behavior of themselves and others
According to the stage model of memory, which stage is the most permanent memory store?
Third Stage
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Three types of cones, 3 different receptors, one for blue, one for green, and one for red
What is the triochromatic theory of color vision?
Three types of receptors with different sensations of LIGHT: blue is short cones, green is medium cones, red is long cones. The relationship influences our perception of color
What was the goal of introspection?
To break down consciousness into most basic elements
Calculates the likelihood that the difference in mean scores was caused by chance
To determine whether results are statistically significant, what might the experimenter do?
Mary Whiton Calkins:
Trained with William James, denied degree because she's a woman Founded psych lab at Wellesley First woman president of APA 100 research articles
Cornea
Transparent protective window, bends (refracts) light to focus more sharply
Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe of the brain
True
The small space between to neurons is called the synaptic gap
True
The opponent process theory says that each type of ganglion cell can detect how many colors?
Two
You have a friend who appears to be having frequent anxiety attacks. From what you know about psychoanalytic school, what would a psychoanalyst say was at the heart of your friend's problem?
Unconscious Motives
Which of the following statements is true regarding Sigmund Freud's theory of behavior?
Unconscious sexual and aggressive motives greatly influence our behavior.
penalty
Under the ethical guideline of freedom from coercion, participants are free to change their minds and withdraw from an experiment without ____________, even after the experiment has begun.
A person diagnosed with expressive aphasia can ___ but have difficulty _____
Understand what is said; speaking
What does evidence suggest about the neural networks that mediate the sensations of phantom limb pain?
Unused cortical areas become sensitive to other body areas.
formal experiment
Uri wants to find the best way to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Which research method should he use?
Define scentific study
Use of empirical method to find relationships between variables
What did Pierre Flourens do?
Used extirpation in order to understand brain functions in pigeons, removed/destroyed parts of the pigeon brain
When do researchers use correlational studies?
Variables of interest cannot be altered by the researchers
Visual Illusions
Visual stimuli in which the cues used in visual perception create a false perception.
The study of "Little Albert" is a famous example of the study of learned that was conducted by
Watson
The theory that suggests that all human emotions can be thought of as the combination of two basic elements—positive and negative emotions—comes from
Watson and Tellegen
Gestalt Law of Organization
We try to organize the stimulus into a figure seen against a background. organised whole perceived from bits of information
When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, the difference feels less painful. This is similar to
Weber's Law
When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, the difference feels less painful. This is similar to
Weber's law
When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, the difference feels less painful. This is similar to
Weber's law.
Which question were structuralists primarily interested in investigating?
What are the individual components of the mind?
cooperative
What characteristic helped women band together in groups large enough to scare off predators in search of their young?
A
What did Christine Ladd-Franklin and Mary Calkins have in common? Select one: a. They completed a doctoral program in psychology, but never received a doctoral degree. b. They challenged the assumption that mental events cannot be scientifically investigated. c. They developed psychoanalytic theories that led to major changes in the treatment of mental illness. d. They were the first two women to receive doctorate degrees in American psychology.
There is no statistical relationship
What does it mean when there is zero (0) correlation between two variables?
rigorous methods of observation
What does psychology have in common with all other sciences?
passing judgment
What does the sociocultural perspective promote, especially by emphasizing cultural relativity?
Mary Whiton Calkins
What early researcher studied memory by having his/her participants pair a number and a color together?
Intelligence is PARTLY influenced by heredity
What have twin studies revealed about intelligence?
B
What have twin studies revealed about intelligence? Select one: a. Intelligence is completely influenced by environment. b. Intelligence is partly influenced by heredity. c. Dizygotic twins have almost identical IQ scores. d. Monozygotic twins have very different IQ scores.
Science is critical thinking
What is the relationship between the scientific method and critical thinking?
Scientific method
What method of gathering information involves systematic observation, adhering to strict rules of evidence, and thinking critically about that evidence?
The Scientific Method
What method of gathering information involves systematic observation, adhering to strict rules of evidence, and thinking critically about that evidence?
ethnic identity
What term best defines an individual's sense of belonging to a particular group?
experimenter bias
When _____________ takes place, it means that the experimenter influenced the performance of the participants.
culture
When a group of people share patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values, then a/n ______ exists.
A researcher finds that a person's height and weight are significantly positively correlated. Which interpretation below makes the most sense?
When a person tends to be tall, they tend to be heavy.
debriefing
When a researcher provides the results of their study to all participants, they are following the ethical principle of __________
naturalist observation
When anthropologist Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees in Africa, she carefully watched and recorded their behavior. She used which research method?
naturalistic observation
When anthropologist Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees in Africa, she carefully watched and recorded their behavior. She used which research method?
role
When culture expects a person to behave based on their sex, this is a gender _________
False
When light comes into your eye, it first passes through the lens of your eye.
retina
When light enters the eye, it eventually reaches the light-sensitive ________ at the back of the eye.
rules
When observing nature, all scientists follow strict ______
Selection Bias
When participants in different groups in an experiment differ systematically.
color constancy.
When reading a book, it does not matter whether you are inside or outside because the black ink of the words on the white pages looks the same. This demonstrates an artist's ability to capitalize on
Directionality Problem
When researchers find a relationship between two variables in a correlational study, they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable.
vibrate the eardrum.
When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first
Third Variable Problem
When the experimenter cannot directly manipulate the independent variable and therefore cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the dependent variable.
Reactivity
When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed.
The highly aggressive female mice become more and more aggressive in each new generation.
When the most highly aggressive female mice are bred with random male mice, and for each generation only the highly aggressive female mice are selected to breed, what happens to these selected female mice over successive generations?
What is the "All or None' principle?
When the voltage of the neuron reaches threshold, it fires at the same speed and strength no matter how much stimulation is received.
emotional; sexual
When women are threatened by a man's cheating on them, women are more concerned about ______ infidelity than ______ infidelity.
Weber's law.
When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, it feels less painful. This is similar to
NOT: absolute threshold Maybe: just noticeable difference
Which concept is most critical to a soldier wearing camouflage?
+.80
Which correlation coefficient shows the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.85 B) +.80 C) 0.00 D) +.15
D
Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are? Select one: a. texture gradient b. superposition c. vertical position d. linear perspective
A
Which is the correct order of completion for a psychiatrist, from first to last? Select one: a. complete medical school, internship in general medicine, residency in psychiatry b. internship in general medicine, residency in psychiatry, complete medical school c. residency in psychiatry, complete medical school, internship in general medicine d. internship in general medicine, complete medical school, residency in psychiatry
Evolutionary theory can never be tested.
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary theory?
B
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary theory? Select one: a. Gender differences are not explained well. b. Evolutionary theory can never be tested. c. Parental investment is not included in evolutionary theory. d. Evolutionary theory does not address mating preferences.
proteins are synthesized
Which of the following is actually an example of how a gene might be expressed?
guanine
Which of the following is one of the nucleotides in DNA?
C
Which of the following is one of the nucleotides in DNA? Select one: a. glycol b. GABA c. guanine d. glycogen
the square root of the variance
Which of the following statements about standard deviation is true?
continuing the number of homicides that occur on a TV show
Which of the following would be an operational definition designed to measure the amount of violence on television?
Such research is ethical only when necessary to significantly advance the understanding of human or animal behavior and mental processes.
Which statement concerning the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines concerning the use of nonhuman animals for research is correct?
D
Which subpart of the brain is located at the rear base of the skull? Select one: a. forebrain b. corpus callosum c. midbrain d. hindbrain
B
Which theorist would most likely accuse you of accidentally wrecking your dad's car because (though you were not aware of this) you wanted to hurt your dad? Select one: a. B. F. Skinner b. Sigmund Freud c. William James d. Mary Whiton Calkins
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Who was the early pioneer in memory research that used himself as his only research subject?
Kenneth Clark
Who was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?
B
Who was the first to publish a description of the cells of the brain, now called neurons? Select one: a. Charles Darwin b. Santiago Ramón y Cajal c. Albert Bandura d. Margaret Floy Washburn
B
Why can a psychiatrist prescribe drugs but a clinical psychologist cannot? Select one: a. Because the psychiatrist was in school longer. b. Because the psychiatrist has received medical training. c. Because the clinical psychologist has not studied human behavior broadly enough. d. Because insurance companies will not let clinical psychologists prescribe drugs.
A
Why did women participate less in the development of psychology than men? Select one: a. Sexual discrimination prevented women from contributing to psychology. b. Women were not allowed to attend universities at the time psychology was founded. c. Psychology did not intend to address women's issues, so women were not included. d. Because politicians at the time would not let women study any of the sciences.
The rule will help us determine whether sex and/or cultural differences exist with regard to key research findings.
Why does the U.S. National Institutes of Health require research to involve human subjects of both sexes and members of different racial and cultural groups whenever possible?
the rule will help us determine whether sex and/or cultural differences exist with regard to key research findings.
Why does the U.S. National Institutes of Health require research to involve human subjects of both sexes and members of different racial and cultural groups whenever possible?
What can introspection tell us?
Why people think (right to left stocking) but not how people think
_____ believed that psychology should be about what people do, and should not concern itself with what cannot be seen (e.g., internal states such as thoughts, feelings, and goals).
Wilhelm Wundt
According to the definition of psychology, which of the following is not a mental process? getting angry, writing down the answer to a math problem, wanting to kiss someone, deciding to ask something
Writing down the answer to a math problem
Explain the tridimentional theory of feelings
Wundt would use a metronome to see feelings of subjects, broken into three parts
Psychology as a science began in the laboratory of ______ using the method of ______.
Wundt, Introspection
negative correlation
Yeh has found that when she spends a lot of time going to movies with her friends, she does not do well in school. This demonstrates a ____________
sociocultural
You are told that Dr. Doe researches the behavior patterns of a group of French descendants who live near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Dr. Doe is most likely a _________ psychologist.
sensory adaptation.
You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it doesn't bother you anymore, and you like it. This change over time describes the process of
C
You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it doesn't bother you anymore, and you like it. This change over time describes the process of Select one: a. light adaptation. b. transduction. c. sensory adaptation. d. sensory deprivation.
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to using the survey method to answer questions of interest?
You can not se sure that answers are completely honest to questions about sensitive topics
C
You can't feel the waistband of your underwear (though you know it is there). This is mostly the result of Select one: a. sensory deprivation. b. difference thresholds. c. sensory adaptation. d. transduction.
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to using the survey method to answer questions of interest?
You cannot be sure that answers are completely honest to questions about sensitive topics
forgetting curve
You have learned a list of 20 nonsense syllables. You are tested at 20 minutes, 1 hour, 10 hours, and 24 hours. If you fit Hermann Ebbinghaus's _________ you will remember approximately the same number of syllables at 10 hours and 24 hours.
monogamy
Young adults of both sexes, when married or in committed relationships, prefer
NOT: frequency Maybe timbre which is another word for perceptual quality.
Your mother's and sister's voices have the same pitch and loudness, but you can tell them apart on the telephone. This is due to the perceptual quality or ________ of their voices.
Neuroscience / Biological Psychology
____ emphasizes the influence of heredity, hormones and specific areas of the brain, which all influence behavior
psychology
____ is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes
Empirical evidence
_______ is based on observations of publicly observable phenomena.
structuralism
_______ is the school of thought did researchers ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing?
Binocular
________ cues are ones that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes.
Ivan Pavlov
________ won a Nobel Prize for his work on digestion?
B.F. Skinner
___________ was the leading spokesman for behaviorism until his death in 1990.
Bandura
___________ was the leading spokesman for social learning theory.
blind experiments
____________ minimize experimenter bias in formal research studies.
Social Learning Theory
____________combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective.
Placebo effect
a 'fake' independent variable, measuring the accuracy of the independent variable being manipulated
Rooting Reflex
a baby's reflex when touched on the cheek, to turn toward touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
social psychology
a basic area of psychology that studies ways in which our behavior is influenced by other people.
When rats learn to navigate a maze based on the location of food rather than a series of left-right turns, this study by Tolman lead to the concept of
a cognitive map
when rats learn to navigate a maze based on the location of food rather than a series of left-right turns this study by tolman lead to the concept of
a cognitive map
DNA
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Jean Piaget
a development psychologist interested in how children think.
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding others lack of mind.
Recessive Gene
a gene whose expression is prevented by a dominant gene
Statistical Significance
a given correlation is likely significant if the sample size is larger
Genotype
a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution
to control behavior
a key goal of psychology
correlation
a link between variables (does NOT imply causation!)
Standard Deviation
a measure of dispersion of scores in the research results
Standard Deviation
a measure that indicates the degree to which scores are spread out in a distribution
scientific method
a method of inquiry involving careful observation and use of experimental methods
Temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Psychometrics
a perspective or theory popularized by Alfred Binet, focuses on the 'measurement' of human mental functions
Freedom from coercion (an ethical principle)
a potential participant must not be forced or threatened to participant in a research experiment
Operational Definition
a precise and specific statement regarding what is being researched
psychiatrist vs. psychologist
a psychiatrist as completed medical school and can prescribe medication while a psychologist has completed only a graduate school program without a medical background
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.
Which of the following statements would be a cognitive explanation ofr learning?
a rat turns right in a maze because it knows where the food has been left.
Correlation coefficient of zero
a research conclusion that there is no relationship between two variables
Survey Method
a research method using interviews and questionaires
Self Concept
a sense of one's identity and personal worth. Answers to questions of "Who am I?"
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
Gender Role
a set of expected behaviors for males and for females
case study
a single case that has already occur- we study the elements and implications of the case
Cutting the corpus callosum results in a condition that is referred to as
a split brain
under what condition does an action potential occur
a strong depolarization of the cell membrane
J. Henry Alston
a student of Wilhem Wundt, expanding the ideas of structuralism in psychology
Edward Titchener
a student of William James, who developed the 'paired associates' method of studying human memory
Introspection
a technique most associated with the psychology group, called structuralists
self concept
a term most closely associated with humanistic psychology
Introspection
a view developed by Max Werheimer, that emphasized thinking about and understanding one's own inner being
structuralism
a view in psychology that seeks to determine the 'structure' of the mind through introspection
Which of the following best describes the relationship between dominant and recessive genes? Select one: a. If both genes are present, the dominant gene is expressed. Correct b. If both genes are present, the recessive gene is expressed. c. Recessive genes are to personality as dominant genes are to physical traits. d. Dominant genes are to personality as recessive genes are to physical traits.
a. If both genes are present, the dominant gene is expressed. Correct
Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity. This method of studying the brain's activity is called Select one: a. an electroencephalogram. Correct b. positron emission tomography. c. magnetic resonance imaging. d. functional MRI.
a. an electroencephalogram. Correct
Therapists and psychological consultants are considered Select one: a. applied psychologists. b. basic psychologists. c. research psychologists. d. experimental psychologists. Incorrect
a. applied psychologists.
If you are doing research on how a patient reacts to a treatment in different settings, you are conducting Select one: a. clinical research. Correct b. observational research. c. correlational research. d. descriptive research.
a. clinical research. Correct
When a group of people share patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values, then a/n ______ exists. Select one: a. culture Correct b. community c. utopia d. commune
a. culture Correct
If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection would be the ________ threshold. Select one: a. difference b. sensory Incorrect c. absolute d. transduction
a. difference
If a gene is active when you are in a state of high stress, but the gene is passive when you are calm, this action depending on your environment would be an example of gene Select one: a. expression. Correct b. exponentiation. c. exhibition. d. excitation.
a. expression. Correct
The approach known as evolutionary psychology Select one: a. is based on the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin. Correct b. discounts the influence of our genes on our behavior. c. has been critical of Darwin's ideas of natural selection. d. believes evolution no longer plays any significant role in human behavior.
a. is based on the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin
A ______ is a bundle of many long neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Select one: a. nerve b. node of Ranvier Incorrect c. synaptic cleft d. terminal stub
a. nerve
What do you experience when nocioceptors are stimulated? Select one: a. pain Correct b. sexual pleasure c. dizziness d. sound
a. pain Correct
There is evidence that the left hemisphere is involved in processing ________, and the right hemisphere is involved in processing ________. Select one: a. positive emotions; negative emotions b. emotional reactions; abstract thought Incorrect c. spatial information; complex language d. spoken language; language production
a. positive emotions; negative emotions
Which goal of psychology are clinical psychologists attempting when giving recommendations to parole boards about which prisoners to release early? Select one: a. prediction b. description c. influencing Incorrect d. understanding
a. prediction
When you see a coefficient of correlation while reading a scientific research report, what does it indicate to you? Select one: a. the strength of a relationship between two variables Correct b. a cause-and-effect relationship between many variables c. that the research was purely descriptive in nature d. the degree to which the research was scientific
a. the strength of a relationship between two variables Correct
basic area of psychology
about 20% of all psychologists work in basic psychology, mostly in colleges / universities, research institutions, and government agencies
The ______ threshold is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be dectected
absolute
The ______ threshold is the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected.
absolute
which of the following is best associated with place learning?
acquiring knowledge of the location of the reinforcer
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in _____.
action of muscles, learning, and memory
The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is _____.
action potential
The chain of events that is instigated by depolarization leads to an
action potential
When an active gene-environment correlation is at work, genes and environments are actively correlated through
actions
when an active gene-environment correlation is at work, genes and environment are actively correlated through
actions
Accomodation
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Puberty marks the onset of
adolescence
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has been. The boy's beliefs are consistent with
adolescent egocentrism.
Cortisol is secreted by the ______ and helps to regulate ______.
adrenal glands; immunity to disease
as you are driving the traffic light ahead of you turns red and you step on the brakes. the info about the nature of the light was conveyed to your brain by ____ neurons
afferent
it is ___ neurons that carry the electrochemical messages from the body to the central nervous system
afferent
Input is to output as
afferent neuron is to efferent neuron
Susan stepped on a bee with her bare foot. Pain receptors transmitted information to her brain on
afferent neurons
Age of Viability
age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months after conception
Teratogen
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Advantage of naturalistic observation
allows observation of behavior in its natural context, not in a laboratory
Advantage of formal experiments
allows researchers to understand cause / effect relationships
Advantage of correlational studies
allows researchers to understand the strength of relationships between two variables
What differentiates parallel processing from serial processing?
amount of information handled at one time
In Pavlov's classic studies with dogs and digestion, what was the response that Pavlov measured?
amount of salivation
Middle ear
amplifies sound
the middle ear ______ sound
ampliflies
Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food) as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the _____.
amygdala
Males have ______ chromosomes and females have ______ chromosomes.
an X and a Y; two X
Habiuation
an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli; getting use to background noise
Michael has schizophrenia. His doctor prescribed a new drug that blocks or interferes with the activity of dopamine. Michael's doctor is using _____ to treat his disorder.
an antagonist
electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity. this method of studying the brains activity is called
an electroencephalogram
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
test a theory
an example of a psychologist's attempt to understand behavior
double blind experiment
an experiment where neither the subjects nor the researcher knows who is in the experimental or control groups (this reduces experimentor bias)
single blind experiment
an experiment where the subjects don't know if they are in the experimental or control group
Critical Period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
The involuntary and simultaneous experience of involuntary spasms of many muscle groups during a sexual experience is known as
an orgasm
Transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Naturalistic observation
an unobtrusive method of observing behavior in real life settings
According to gender difference research, men and women who are ______ perform more accurately on a wide range of cognitive tasks.
androgynous
If a person possesses the desirable characteristics of both males and females, they would best be described as
androgynous
Your best friend Clarice possesses characteristics that are feminine, but also exhibits masculine characteristics as well. Someone who possesses both masculine and feminine characteristics is known as
androgynous.
A young child tells his parents not to put his new stuffed animal in the toy box because it will get lonely. This is an example of
animism
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain may result in an impaired ability to use or understand language, a condition called
aphasia
damage to the left hemisphere of the brain may result in an impaired ability to use or understand language, a condition colled
aphasia
Psychologists who are trained to test school children's abilities and consult with teachers would best fit into the category of
applied psychology
Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement
are more resistant to extinction
compared to continuous schedule sof reinforcement partial schedules of reinforcement
are more resistant to extinction
Persons born into different cultures
are taught very different values from birth.
Disadvantage of formal experiments
artificial settings for the experiment, which may miss real life settings practical for the conclusion
If there is a strong positive correlation of two tested variables, this means that:
as one variable increases, the other also increases
A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the student's grade point average (GPA). This findings means that
as studying increases, GPA tends to increase.
A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the student's grade point average. This findings means that
as studying increases, GPA tends to increase.
Based on the research, which of the following characteristics is more likely to occur in men?
assertive
Men's greater physical strength, according to social-role theory, has led men to develop which particular trait?
assertiveness
the division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is the
autonomic
The division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is the
autonomic division
The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the _____.
autonomic nervous system
Essential body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, sweating, and sexual arousal are under the control of the
autonomic nervous system.
After John was ridiculed by the teacher in his high school English class, he began cutting class. This can be seen as an example of
avoidance conditioning.
According to humanistic theory, if a feeling has been symbolized, it means that we are
aware of it
Objective Permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
If the left occipital cortex was temporarily shut down, what type of impairment would an individual experience? Select one: a. Stimuli in the left visual field would not be detected. b. Stimuli in the right visual field would not be detected. Correct c. Stimuli in the left ear would not be heard. d. Stimuli in the right ear would not be heard.
b. Stimuli in the right visual field would not be detected.
Males have ______ chromosomes and females have ______ chromosomes.
b. an X and a Y; two X
Social learning theory suggests that catharsis in the form of hitting a punching bag or throwing things will lead to
b. an increase in violent behavior. Correct
A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the student's grade point average (GPA). This findings means that Select one: a. as studying increases, students tend to become more distracted. b. as studying increases, GPA tends to increase. Correct c. GPA and number of hours studying are unrelated. d. GPA tends to decrease as the number of study hours increases.
b. as studying increases, GPA tends to increase. Correct
One advantage of formal experiments as compared to correlational studies is that formal experiments a. tend to be easier to conduct and interpret. Incorrect b. can allow conclusions about cause and effect. c. do not require the use of representative sampling. d. can be completed without the use of statistics.
b. can allow conclusions about cause and effect.
The Gestalt principle of ______ suggests that we perceive lines or patters that flow a smooth contour as being part of a single object. Select one: a. figure-ground Incorrect b. continuity c. proximity d. similarity
b. continuity
What term best defines an individual's sense of belonging to a particular group? Select one: a. self-concept b. ethnic identity c. human diversity d. cultural relativity Incorrect
b. ethnic identity
Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the Select one: a. cornea. b. fovea. Correct c. chiasm. d. optic nerve.
b. fovea. Correct
Which of the following is NOT part of the ethical guidelines for research with animals? Select one: a. necessity Incorrect b. freedom from coercion c. healthy care of animals d. humane treatment
b. freedom from coercion
When you look at male versus female math ability scores, you will find Select one: a. more diversity among females. b. more diversity among males. c. equal diversity. d. inconclusive evidence of the differences between males and females. Incorrect
b. more diversity among males.
The gland known as the master gland, because of its extensive influence on the other endocrine glands, is the Select one: a. thyroid gland. b. pituitary gland. Correct c. hypothalamic gland. d. pineal gland.
b. pituitary gland. Correct
Visual stimuli that are close together are usually seen as belonging together; this is called Select one: a. figure-ground. b. proximity. Correct c. continuity. d. similarity.
b. proximity. Correct
Objects that vibrate ______ create ______ sound waves. Select one: a. slowly; high frequency b. slowly; low frequency c. quickly; low frequency Incorrect d. quickly; zero frequency
b. slowly; low frequency
if a persons cerebellum was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with
balance and muscle coordination
If a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with
balance and muscle coordination.
Contemporary psychologists can be roughly divided into two groups:
basic and applied
Formal Operational
beginning at 12 years of age during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in
behavior and mental processes
differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in
behavior and mental processes
Differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in
behavior and mental processes.
A researcher counts the number of times a rat stands on its hind legs after being placed in a new environment. Given what you know about the schools of psychology, which viewpoint best suits her research technique?
behaviorism
unobservable behavior
behaviors that are not able to be recorded and measured: those behaviors that we think, feel, etc.
overt behaviors
behaviors that can be observed
observable behavior
behaviors that can be recorded and measured
Hair cells
bend and trigger impulses at the base of the nerve cells
Lens
bends the light to focus it on retina
which of the following phrases would be an accurate translation of a proverb from the Bariba culture related to pain
between death and shame, death has the greater beauty
Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. It is likely that Dr. Zimand specializes in the _____ approach to psychology
biological
Learned taste aversions are an example oft he role of _____ factors in learning.
biological
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly change in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experiences.
Studying the nervous system as a basis for understanding behavior is characteristic of
biological psychology
The fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrinsic association with danger suggests that people are ____ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear.
biologically
the fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrisic association with danger suggests that people are __ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear
biologically
Mary arrived at work one day in uncommonly good spirits. She told her coworkers she has a terrific idea about starting her own business and that she would soon be rich. She quit her job the same day. Several weeks later her former coworkers learned she was feeling very down and would not see anyone. Mary most likely has _______
bipolar disorder
Sensorimotor Stage
birth to 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
In a study examining the effects of caffeine on memory, the participants are not told if they received caffeine or not. The technical term of this procedure is that the participants were
blind
If you are concerned that your researcher might actually influence the outcome of your experiment, you should conduct a
blind experiment
The somatosensory cortex processes information about _____.
bodily sensations
What characteristic does dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue have in common?
both involve memory loss
Double blind
both researcher and participants being unaware of the condition of the independent variable
applied area of psychology
bout 80% of all psychologists work to apply psychology knowledge to solve problems
the central nervous system is comprised of the
brain and spinal cord
The central nervous system is comprised of the
brain and spinal cord.
Harry Harlow
bred monkeys, basically proved the monkey needed comfort.
Based on available evidence, inheritance influences the _______ of our behavior.
broad dimensions
the area of the brain that controls the production of speech is __ area
broca's
Which question were structuralists primarily interested in investigating? Select one: a. What are the purposes of mental activity? b. What influences people to do the things they do? Incorrect c. What are the individual components of the mind? d. What is the basis of forgetting?
c. What are the individual components of the mind?
The central nervous system is comprised of the Select one: a. thalamus and hypothalamus. b. corpus callosum and the basal ganglia. c. brain and spinal cord. Correct d. hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
c. brain and spinal cord. Correct
The nucleus of a neuron is located in the Select one: a. axon hillock. b. terminal stub. c. cell body. Correct d. synapse.
c. cell body.
Fresh chemicals used in light reception are stored during the ________ process. Select one: a. transduction b. threshold c. dark adaptation d. light adaptation
c. dark adaptation
In the processing of verbal tasks, women tend to be more accurate and use different parts of their brain. This difference in cerebral hemisphere functioning was determined by using Select one: a. bloodwork analysis. b. psychotherapeutic intervention. c. functional MRI. Correct d. projective testing.
c. functional MRI
Cultures that emphasize the importance of individual rights, goals, and accomplishments are considered to be Select one: a. collectivistic. b. modernistic. c. individualistic. Correct d. culturally diverse.
c. individualistic
Given a list of numbers organized from the smallest to the largest, the number that divides the list of numbers exactly in half is called the Select one: a. average. b. mean. c. median. Correct d. middle point.
c. median. Correct
The clinical method is a variation of Select one: a. the survey method. b. correlational methods. Incorrect c. naturalistic observation. d. the dependent variable.
c. naturalistic observation.
In its resting state (when a neuron is said to be composed of mostly negative ions on the inside and surrounded by mostly positive ions on the outside) a neuron is called Select one: a. sympathetic. b. hyperphagic. c. polarized. Correct d. de-ionized.
c. polarized
Sensory systems have specialized neurons that transform physical energy into neural messages. These specialized neurons are called Select one: a. interneurons. b. transducers. c. receptors. Correct d. adaptors.
c. receptors
J. Henry Alston was notable as an African American psychologist and for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. J. Henry Alston was an early Select one: a. humanist. b. behaviorist. Incorrect c. structuralist. d. functionalist.
c. structuralist.
Aristotle is important to psychology, because he believed that to achieve full understanding of anything we must Select one: a. use Plato's philosophical methods. Incorrect b. use introspective techniques. c. think and observe. d. disregard outward behavior.
c. think and observe.
In which time period did psychology became a recognized field of study? Select one: a. when introduced by Aristotle about 2000 years ago b. when introduced in Greece around the year 384 B.C. c. when the first laboratory was established in the late 1800s d. soon after sciences emerged from philosophy Incorrect
c. when the first laboratory was established in the late 1800s
A university is interested in measuring student's confidence in career decisions and the effectiveness of their career counseling center. One group of students is randomly assigned to receive three weeks of career counseling; another group of students is prevented from receiving career counseling during those same three weeks. After three weeks have passed, the university asks students about their confidence in their future career using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating highest confidence. What is the independent variable? Select one: a. the student's confidence score about the future career Incorrect b. the type of university attended c. whether or not the student received career counseling d. the number of weeks of counseling services
c. whether or not the student received career counseling
One advantage of formal experiments as compared to correlational studies is that formal experiments
can allow conclusions about cause and effect
According to ethical guidelines, studies that inflict pain or stress on animals
can be done when considered essential to the scientific aim
According to ethical guidelines, studies that inflict pain or stress on animals
can be done when considered essential to the scientific aim.
Piaget's use of the term egocentric means that the child
cannot see things from another's prospective.
In Allport's personality theory, ______ traits dominate a person's life.
cardinal
Which type of schizophrenia is most likely to involve disturbances in body movements?
catatonic
Nerve and Hearing impairment
caused by damage hair cells or damage to the auditory nerve itself
We hear a tuning fork when it is struck because it
causes compression and rarefaction of air molecules
We hear a tuning fork when it is struck because it
causes compression and rarefaction of air molecules.
The part of the neuron primarily responsible for keeping the cell healthy is the
cell body
The brain and spinal cord make up the _____.
central nervous system
A person who walks in a jerky, uncoordinated way may well have a disorder most likely involving the ____
cerebellum
The cerebral cortex is made up of two nearly separate parts called the
cerebra hemispheres
The gray matter of the brain is called the
cerebral cortex
conscious experience and voluntary actions are mediated by the
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is made up of two nearly separate parts called the
cerebral hemispheres.
Accommodation
change in lens thickness to focus the light; change focal length for near objects- fattens, for distant objects- flattens
Developmental psychology is best described as a study of
changes in behavior across the entire life span
The three-foot spike which damaged the Phineas Gage's frontal lobe resulted in
changes in personality
Inner ear
changes vibration into action potentials
Pheromones
chemicals secreted into the environment to send a message (e.g., sexual receptivity)
Feral Children
children raised in the wild
Down Syndrome
chromosome that results in physical irregularities and mental retardation is__________
The origins of unusual sexual fetishes may best be explained by
classical conditioning
the origins of unusual sexual fetishes may best be explained by
classical conditioning
Which research technique did Sigmund Freud use while he gathered information to develop his theories of abnormal behavior?
clinical method
The practice of psychiatry is most like the psychological specialty of
clinical psychology.
in general, studies of adopted children IQS show them to be
closer in IQ to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
Four laws of Gestalt Psychology?
closure, proximity, continuity, similarity
where are the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti located?
cochlea
The broad term that encompasses procedures such as perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, and making decisions is called
cognition
The intellectual processes by which information is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved, and used is called
cognition
Dr. Daack has spent a lifetime studying how adults solve mathematical problems. It is likely that Dr. Daack specializes in _____ psychology.
cognitive
There is a specialty in the basic experimental area of psychology that emphasizes reasoning, thinking, and the mental processes associated with perception, language, and problem solving. What is this area called?
cognitive psychology
The modern version of functionalism is known as
cognitive psychology.
The therapy based on the assumption that abnormal behavior is due to faulty ways of thinking and believing is
cognitive therapy
Cultures that emphasize the well-being of the family and the larger culture are considered to be
collectivistic
artists use many colors to depict a single object, because they recognize the influence of light and shadow. this demonstrates an artists ability to capitalize on
color constancy
Which of the following would best describe what a correlational study would accomplish?
compare the amount of violence on TV to the amount of aggressive behavior in children.
Which is the correct order of completion for a psychiatrist, from first to last?
complete medical school, internship in general medicine, residency in psychiatry
In the process of hearing, successive waves of increased density (called ______) and waves of decreased density (called ______) cause us to hear a repeating sound.
compression; rarefaction
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen.......
conditioned response
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat comes running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener, not at the sight of the food. In this example, the running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener is the
conditioned response.
women who breastfeed their babies often notice that the crying of any infant may result in milk ejection. in this case the crying of an infant is an
conditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to understand behavior?
conducting an experiment to test a theory about teenage sexual behavior
Cones
cone-shaped, responsible for fine details and color perception, concentrated in the fovea
The _____ detect colors and fine details.
cones
If you participated in a research study and your results accidentally became public and were linked to you by name , this would be a breach of
confidentiality
Rather than recording data from a study that is linked to the participant's names, the researchers arranged to give each participant a random number. Only the participant knows his or her random number, and these numbers are not connected to the participant's identity in any way. This procedure of conducting a study helps to ensure
confidentiality
The presence of two or more powerful motives, both highly attractive goals, but only one of which can be attained, are the ingredients for _____
conflict
psychoanalysis
conflicts in the unconscious mind are the main source of people's problems
Asch asked college students to make judgements about lengths of lines. Confederates of the researcher purposely made errors, causing the research participant to do the same. This experiment illustrates the phenomenon of
conformity
When Brenda showed up at her supervisor's party, she noticed she had dressed rather formally and everyone else had dressed casually. She quickly went home, changed, and returned. Brenda's behavior is best explained by
conformity
If Pam is rated as negligent, careless, and undependable on a personality test, which of the following personality traits may also be low?
conscientiousness
The endocrine system _____.
consists of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing hormones into the bloodstream
school psychologists
consult about behavioral problems and test
According to research, the happiest older adult are those who
continue to be active in meaningful activites
According to research, the happiest older adults are those who
continue to be active in meaningful activities.
The Gestalt principle of ______ suggests that we perceive lines or patters that flow a smooth contour as being part of a single object
continuity
the gestalt principle of __ suggests that we perceive lines or patterns that flow a smooth contour as being part of a single object
continuity
Visual stimuli that are close together are usually seen as belonging together; this is called
continuity.
In an experiment, the group that is NOT subjected to a treatment condition is known as the _____ group.
control
Cilliary muscles
control accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances
The movement of the eyes as they adjust to objects at different distances is called
convergence
Which of the following is a binocular cue?
convergence
the movement of the eyes as they adjust to objects at different distances is called
convergence
Which of the following is a characteristic that helped women band together in groups large enough to scare off predators in search of their young?
cooperative
The clear membrane just in front of the iris through which light first passes is the
cornea
The clear membrane just in front of the iris through which light first passes is the:
cornea
What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connect the two halves of the brain?
corpus callosum
The degree of association between variables is expressed statistically as the
correlation coefficient
Prediction is the goal of which research method?
correlational
Disadvantage of correlational studies
correlations do not prove cause / effect relationships
in classical conditioning one has the ability to "undo" the association of neutral stimuli with fearful responses by using the process of
counterconditioning
Which of the following would be an operational definition designed to measure the amount of violence on television
counting the number of homicides that occur on a TV show
sociocultural perspective
cultural values vary from society and must be taken into account when trying to understand, predict, or control behavior
When a group of people share patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values, then a/n ______ exists.
culture
As many as ______ % of amputees experience phantom limb pain. Select one: a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 70 Correct
d. 70 Correct
Which of the following is an example of a collectivistic culture? Select one: a. Italy b. United States c. Norway d. China Correct
d. China
Where is the hypothalamus located relative to the thalamus? Select one: a. The hypothalamus lies within the thalamus. b. The hypothalamus lies beside the thalamus. c. The hypothalamus lies on top of the thalamus. d. The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus. Correct
d. The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus
Which of the following best describes truth and theory? Select one: a. It takes at least three consistent truths to comprise a theory. b. Theories that are upheld for at least 20 years are considered truths. c. Truths are tentative conclusions at best. d. Theories are not absolute and they may be revised over time. Correct
d. Theories are not absolute and they may be revised over time. Correct
In psychology, William James was highly influential in developing the school of thought known as Select one: a. psychoanalysis. b. Gestalt psychology. c. structuralism. d. functionalism. Correct
d. functionalism.
The goal of random assignment in formal experiments is to Select one: a. ensure that the correct statistical procedures will be followed. b. make sure that the sample is representative of the population. Incorrect c. make sure all the students signed up get a chance to participate. d. make the groups roughly equal prior to the start of the study.
d. make the groups roughly equal prior to the start of the study.
Science requires that the subject matter be Select one: a. qualitative. b. naturalistic. c. random and indeterminate. Incorrect d. orderly and lawful.
d. orderly and lawful.
Allie is very shy during one-on-one encounters, but tends to be very outgoing in a group. Which viewpoint best explains her behavior? Select one: a. Cattell's trait theory b. conditions of worth c. reciprocal determination d. person x situation interactionism Correct
d. person x situation interactionism
According to studies of gender differences in emotion and social behavior, men are more likely to engage in Select one: a. trusting and open relationships. b. sociable and friendly behavior. c. indirect verbal aggression. d. physical aggression. Correct
d. physical aggression. Correct
Which contemporary viewpoint combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective? Select one: a. Skinner's behaviorism b. psychoanalysis c. humanistic psychology Incorrect d. social learning theory
d. social learning theory
Typically, each chromosome of a normal human cell contains ______ of genes. Select one: a. billions b. millions Incorrect c. hundreds d. thousands
d. thousands
When you can tell the difference between candy apple red and fire engine red, it is partly because the light stimuli differ in their Select one: a. visual acuity. b. cone density. Incorrect c. X rays. d. wavelengths.
d. wavelengths.
Taylor dreamed she was hearing a phone ringing. Taylor is a telephone receptionist who spends most of her day answering the phone at work. This is an example
day residue
One of the ethical principles of research dictates that all participants are provided with a summary of the study in a language they understand; this practice is called
debriefing
Conducting research when the participant does not know the true purpose of the study is the use of
deception
Conducting research when the participant does not know the true purpose of the study is employing the use of
deception.
The unit of measure for the intensity of sound is
decibel
the unit of measure for the inseity of sound is
decibel
In the brain, from childhood to middle age, gray matter ____ and white matter ____.
decreases; increases
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
When a person feels anonymous and unidentifiable as a part of a group, _____ has occurred.
deindividuation
The strange beliefs held by schizophrenias are called
delusions
Small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called
dendrites
small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called
dendrites
Small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called
dendrites.
Kubler-Ross identified the stages experienced by terminally ill patients and placed them in the order from start to finish of
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
A psychologist studied the effect of blood alcohol level on driving behavior. In this study, driving behavior was the ____ variable.
dependent
In a formal experiment, the variable that the experimenter measures is the ________ variable.
dependent
The dependent variable is called the dependent variable because its value ____ other parts of the experiment.
depends on
When positively charged ions rush into a neuron, this process is called
depolarization
Drugs that create a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions by reducing the activity of the central nervous system are called
depressants
The goal of _____ research is to determine the basic definitions and dimensions of the phenomenon under investigation
descriptive
Going to the shopping mall and watching people's behavior is an example of
descriptive research
Going to the shopping mall and watching people's behavior is an example of
descriptive research.
The absolute threshold is the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be ______ and the difference threshold is the smallest magnitude of s stimulus that can be ______.
detected half the time; detected half the time
The absolute threshold is the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be ______ and the difference threshold is the smallest magnitude of s stimulus that can be ______.
detected; detected half the time
Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that works by
detecting and interpreting magnetic activity from atomic nuclei
The first intelligence test was developed to
determine educational pathways for children.
Studies with the visual cliff suggest that infants
develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall
Embryo
developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month.
All of the following represent applied psychology EXCEPT
developmental psychology
All of the following represent applied psychology except
developmental psychology
If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection would be the _______ threshold
difference
If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection would be the ________ threshold.
difference
The _______ threshold is the smallest amount of additional stimulus necessary to detect a change in the stimulus
difference
Place theory
different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
One of the values promoted by sociocultural psychologists is the belief that
different is OK
Bob saw a child crying as if she had lost her mother and he assumed someone else in the crowd at the mall would take care of the situation. This is an example of
diffusion of responsibility
Which of the following occurs as a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
dilatation of the pupils in the eyes
The outer ear ______ sound
directs in
Outer ear
directs sound, relays vibrations
A pigeon learned to peck a lighted disk for a few bits of grain. The bird does not peck when the light is off because no grain will be forthcoming. The light is called the ____ .
discriminative stimulus
The willingness to consider unconventional approaches, to use imagination, and to attempt to develop new definitions of problems are central characteristics of
divergent thinking
The Psy.D. degree stands for
doctor of psychology
The Psy.D. degree stands for
doctor of psychology.
Brown eyes, dark hair, and farsightedness are common examples of ________ traits.
dominant
Mary was asked to contribute $100 to humanitarian relief by a Red Cross representative. After she said no the representative suggested any amount would be welcomed. Mary is likely to contribute the smaller amount because of the
door in the face technique
When both the researchers and the participants do not know who is in the experimental group do not know who is in the control group, this tip of study is known as
double blind
In a _____, neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated.
double-blind experiment
Binocular disparity
each eye sees a slightly different image; closer the object, the larger the disparity
The bones of the middle ear are set into motion by vibrations of the
ear drum
Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through _____, thus enabling the body to move.
efferent nerves
The id, left unchecked, would lead a person into trouble because of the pursuit of selfish and aggressive behavior. It is the responsibility of the ______ to keep the id in check.
ego
Monocular cues
eight visual cues that can be seen with one eye that allow us to perceive depth
electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity this method of studying is called
electroencephalogram
Within the limbic system, the amygdala plays a key role in ________ and the hippocampus plays a key role in _______
emotion, memory
We associate the function of the limbic system with
emotions
neuroscience view
emphasizes the nervous system in explaining behavior and mental thinking
Evidence gathered from publicly observable behavior is known as _____ evidence
empirical
A/n ______ is a substance that inhibits the pain at gate neurons.
endorphin
Frequency theory
entire basilar membrane is like a microphone that vibrates as a whole in response to sound
If you want your study to be sensitive to gender differences, what should you have?
equal numbers of males and females
Environment
every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to people/things around us.
Empirical Evidence
evidence based on observations of publicly observable phenomena that can be confirmed by others
empircal data
evidence from observation of public phenomena describes _________
The phrase "survival of the fittest" is most closely associated with the ______ perspective of psychology.
evolutionary
which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary theory
evolutionary theory can never be tested
Case Study
examination of one person.
the activity of a single neuron was recorded after its membrane was bathed with a neurotransmitter. if the neurons fire increased after the bath what would you conclude
excitatory
For a formal experiment to yield valid results, all alternative explanations for the findings must be ruled out by a process of
experimental control
If a researcher tests the effects of alcohol on the reaction times of participants, the participants who get the alcohol are in the
experimental group
The advantage of a blind experiment is that the research project avoids the ___ effect
experimenter bias
The advantage of a blind experiment is that the research project avoids the ______ effect.
experimenter bias
evolutionary/trait perspective
explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected because they increase reproductive success
Dr. Amani is interested in investigating why women are more able to correctly interpret emotional expressions than men. He is most interested in the scientific goal of
explaining
Whereas social learning theory is interested in _______ of personality, trait theories are interested in _______ of personality.
explaining the origins; describing the nature
If a stroke were to occur in Broca's area, a person might have difficulty speaking, but would likely understand what is being said to them. This disorder is called
expressive aphasia
If a stroke were to occur in Broca's area, a person might have difficulty speaking, but would likely understand what is being said to them. This disorder is called
expressive aphasia.
It is the ______ that gets waxy and connects the outer ear to the middle ear.
external auditory canal
When the original source of learning is removed and a particular response diminishes, ____ has occurred.
extinction
If you are paying your child for every correct math problem on tonight's homework, and the child wouldn't even work on math if left up to him, the use of money would be taken as an example of ______ motivation.
extrinsic
The sleep disorder of narcolepsy occurs when individuals
fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities
all changes in behavior are the result of learning
false
gender identity refers to the behaviors in a culure considered masculine or feminine
false
kinesthetic receptors are found in the cochlea
false
stimulus discrimination occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning
false
the brain processes info in a serial fashion rather than a parallel fashion
false
the principle of similarity suggests that items that are close together are perceived as belonging together
false
the psychophysical law states that the amount of change in a stimulus to be detected half the time is usually directly proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus
false
the ultimate goal of punishment is to strengthen behavior
false
On average, men can throw _____ and with more ______ than women.
farther;accuaracy
Stranger Anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display at 8 months and older
Adler believed that the primary goal of personality development was to overcome
feelings of inferiority
Androgeny
female and male characteristics
You have gone to your car after attending a basketball game with 12,000 fans present. You are unable to start your car. The bystander effect suggests that you will have a better chance of getting help if
few people are left in the parking lot
Low frequency
fewer sound waves, low pitch
Closure
fill gaps and complete a shape
Which of the following is an area where women excel in performance as compared to men?
fine motor skills
If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly, the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ____ schedule.
fixed ratio.
if a student i na classroom was given a piece of candy for every 5 words spelled correctly the students behavior is being reinforced on a __ schedule
fixed ration
Compared to individuals in their 20s, individuals in their 70s showed declines in
fluid intelligence
When observing nature, all scientists
follow strict rules
When the deliberate arrangement and control of variables is possible, the ______ is most likely to allow cause and effect conclusions to be drawn when the research is complete.
formal experiment
Which research technique allows fairly confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships?
formal experiment
Research performed in carefully regulated settings where one or more variables are manipulated while others are held constant is called
formal experimentation
Research performed in carefully regulated settings where one or more variables are manipulated while others are held constant is called
formal experimentation.
Adolescent egocentrism occurs during the _______ stage of cognitive development
formal operational
How many phonemes are found in the word "bottom?"
four
The _____ is the portion of the retina in which vision is the sharpest.
fovea
Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the
fovea
Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the:
fovea
Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the
fovea.
at the beginning of the semester your history instructor announced that you will have a test every 3 weeeks until the end of the semester. what schedule of reinforcement was being used
foxed ratio
Which of the following is NOT part of the ethical guidelines for research with animals?
freedom from coercion
If as a college student you were forced against your will to participate in a research project, this would be a violation of the ethical code regarding
freedom from coercion.
In the somatic nervous system, by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow?
from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Broca's area is located in the ____ lobe.
frontal
Olfactory information is sent to the ________ cortex.
frontal
The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.
frontal lobes
in the processing of verbal tasks, women tend to be more accurate and use different parts of their brain. this difference in cerebral hemisphere functioning was determined by using
functional MRI
If an early psychologist believed that the study of psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind and not on its raw elements, that psychologist most likely adhere to the school of thought known as
functionalism
If an early psychologist believed that the study of psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind and not on its raw elements, that psychologist would most likely adhere to the school of thought known as:
functionalism
In psychology, William James was highly influential in developing the school of though known as
functionalism
In attribution, people display a tendency to see their own behavior as externally causes and the behavior of others as internally causes. This tendency is known as the
fundamental attribution error
The theory that explains why there is not a direct relationship between a pain stimulus and the amount of pain experienced is
gate control theory
The ________ theory explains how pain messages are relayed to the brain.
gate-control theory
The subjective experience of living in the world and being treated either as a male or a female is known as a person's
gender role
The basic biological units of inheritance are the
gene
An animal emits a response in the presence of a certain tone. If a slightly higher pitched tone elicits the same response, then stimulus ____ has taken place.
generalization
The idea that there are an infinite number of possible things a person can say and that these sayings come from a finite number of words and rules of language is called
generativity
A stage theorist is likely to believe that development proceeds according to
genetic blueprint
Individualism
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Individualism
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
It is the _____ cells that transports nutrients from the blood vessels to neurons
glial
Increase in blood sugar is to decrease in blood sugar as
glucagon is to insulin
Which of the following is an example of what women prefer in their mates?
good character
Originally it was thought that neurons transmitted signals through an all or none principle, where the neuron fired at full strength or not at all. It is now understood that this is not the case, and that neurons transmit messages through
graded electrical potentials.
The process of ________ allow us to filter out irrelevant (noisy) stimuli.
habituation
Auditory neurons are called ______ and are located in which structure?
hair cells, basilar membrane
Concerning success in mathematics courses, women tend to attribute their own success to
hard work
Regarding success in mathematics courses, women tend to attribute their success to ______, whereas men tend to attribute their success to ______.
hard work; intellectual ability
Which of the following is a common physical cause of intellectual decline in old age?
hardening of the arteries of the brain.
Abnormal behavior is defined in terms of _____ rather than ____.
harm;unusualness
Teratogen
harmful agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and can cause harm.
Ruffini's end-organ
heavy pressure
The two haves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral
hemispheres
Normal and abnormal aspects of personality, such as sociability, kindness, or anxiety, result from
heredity and experiences in the environment.
high amplitude
higher sound waves, loud sound
A common way of classifying the brain is to divide it into three major parts. What are they?
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
functionalist view
how human consciousness works to help us exist and survive.
Regarding light, wavelength is the ______ as intensity is the ______.
hue; brightness
regarding light, wavelength is the __ as intensity is the __
hue; brightness
Gestalt psychology
human consciousness cannot be broken down into parts
Which of the following is a condition that is required to be present for animal research to be considered valid?
humane treatment
The _____ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny
humanistic
Millie goes to the doctor at least twice a month and is always worried about becoming ill even though the doctor assures her that her health is perfect. Millie's pattern resembles
hypochondriasis
The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward
hypothalamus
Which brain area is most directly linked to the functions of the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
body temperature, sleep, and resistance to disease are functions controlled by the
hypothalamus
A prediction based on a theory is known as a
hypothesis
Key Components of Scientific Method
identifying a testing hypothesis, following rules of evidence, systematic observation
Which of the following best describes the relationship between dominant and recessive genes?
if both genes are present and the dominant gene is expressed.
Juliet refuses to go to the dance because she has just developed a pimple on her chin and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates
imaginary audience
Dementia
impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
Humanists believe that conscious processes are
important
Neural pruning is a process believed to ____ the efficiency of neural systems by eliminating ____ cells.
improve; unnecessary
Neural pruning is a process believed to ______ the efficiency of neural systems by eliminating ______ cells.
improve; unnecessary
One advantage of naturalistic observation is that the researchers can examine behavior
in a setting where subjects are comfortable and relaxed
Advantage of a clinical research method
in depth study of a person's behaviors, thoughts, and mental processes
Gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Naturalistic observation describes a research technique in which careful observation and recording of behavior occurs
in real-life settings
Assimilation
in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance
According to Sigmund Freud, where do motives reside?
in the unconscious mind.
In Horney's theory of personality, anxious insecurity is most likely the result of
inadeguate parenting
In the bloodstream, an increase in epinephrine causes a(n)
increase in heart rate.
In the bloodstream, an increase in epinephrine causes an
increase in heart rate.
Dishabituation
increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
The variable that the researcher controls is called the
independent variable
The variable that the researchers controls or manipulates is called the
independent variable
The _____ is a manipulated experimental factor and _____ is the outcome.
independent variable/ dependent variable
Cultures that emphasize the importance of individual rights, goals, and accomplishments are considered to be
individualistic
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?
individuals will make choices based on what others think of them
Personal expectations, social situations, and moods are factors that may
influence an individual's response to drugs
The study of the sexual life style of the Mangaians serves as an example that the sexual motive is
influence by learning
if the brain used serial processing which of the following would be true
info would be processed in one brain area at a time
If the brain used serial processing, which of the following would be true?
information would be processed in one brain area at a time
According to the principle of _____, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
informed consent
The American Psychological Association has established a set of ethical principles for research with human participants. The experimenter is usually required to give participants a complete description of the experiment before they are allowed to participate. This illustrates the principle of
informed consent
When you let someone know what he/she is about to do in a psychological experiment, you are providing
informed consent
The American Psychological Association has established a set of ethical principles for research with human participants. The experimenter is usually required to give participants a complete description of the experiment before they are allowed to participate. This illustrates the principle of
informed consent.
PhD
initials for Doctor of Philosophy
Psy.D
initials for Doctor of Psychology
Talent
innate ability or capacity for achievement in a domain
Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system best reflects the brain's ability to coordinate information from all five senses?
integration
Hertz is to decibel as
intensity is to amplitude.
The idea that genes influence how environments affect us and the environments influence how genes operate is known as the gene-environment
interaction.
Assimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schema
introspection
inward focusing on mental experiences, also the idea that if we use our own thoughts, we'll find the answer to something (leads to a LOT of bias)
A case study _____.
is an indepth look at a single individual
William Wundt
is credited with launching psychology as a separate field of study in Germany, 1879.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions claims that the physiological arousal associated with emotion _______ the cognitive experience of emotion.
is independent of.
there is clear evidence that the male brain
is larger than the female brain
The corpus callosum _____.
is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and relays information between the two sides
Which endocrine gland regulates blood sugar level?
islets of Langerhans
If you see that a handsome guy in your history class at every sporting event and you want to meet him under the best of circumstances, introduce yourself
just after your team has won a game
In a blind experiment, the researcher does not
know what treatment the participants received
An experimental group of rats was not reinforced for solving a maze problem for a few days. Several days later, they were reinforced and subsequently showed similar scores in the maze as rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. Tolman referred to this phenomenon as ___ learning.
latent
Researchers have demonstrated that learning can occur in the absence of a reinforcer. This learning is demonstrated at a later time. The name for this type of learning is
latent learning
Helen used to love bananas. Then one day she ate nine bananas and got sick. Over the next 45 years, Helen never ate another banana. Helen's behavioral change concerning bananas is called a
learned taste aversion
When a baby is born, it shows no preference for its father's voice, but after a month of living with Dad, a baby will show a clear preference for Dad's voice over other men's voices. This new preference is an example of
learning
Insecure Attachment
less likely to explore surroundings;cling to mother. When she leaves, they either cry loudly or remain upset or seem indifferent to her goings and returnings.
if amounts of parathormone were injected into an individual what would happen
lethargy
Pupil
lets in light
you trained a rat to press a lever using a positive reinforcement. when the behavior was well learned you stopped giving the reward for the lever-pressing behavior. most likely you next disvoered that the
lever-pressing behavior was extinguished
Meissner's corpuscles
light/moderate pressure, texture, location
Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the father away they are?
linear perspective
Connectedness
linked objects grouped together
Amplitude
loudness (decibel, dB)
A low frequency sound would have a ____ pitch
low
The reticular formation is primarily responsible for
maintaining muscle tone and cardiac responsiveness
Unhealthy feelings, no energy, poor appetite, and low motivation are characteristics of someone suffering from
major depression
The goal of random assignment in formal experiments is to
make the groups roughly equal prior to the start of the study.
What type of task might a person be asked to do if taking a projective test?
make up a story.
When a biologist tells you it is the rutting season for deer, it means the _______ deer are _______.
male;producing sperm
If one of your friends was experiencing an intense euphoria that is quite enjoyable, they may be in the midst of an episode of
mania
On the average men score higher than women on
mathematics achievement tests.
If you are studying psychometrics, you are studying the
measurement of mental functions
Umami
meaty/savory
A paramedic arrives at an accident. One of the people injured has a problem breathing and cannot stand upright. Most likely, the area of the hindbrain damaged is the
medulla
The ______ is the part of the hindbrain that is primarily responsible for breathing and upright posture.
medulla
Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?
medulla
a paramedic arrives at an accident. one of the people injured has a problem breathing and cannot stand upright. most likely, the area of the hind brain damaged is the
medulla
the __ is the part of the hindbrain that is primarily responsible for breathing and upright posture
medulla
A person is having trouble with reflexive movements of the eyes and postural reflexes. In which area of the brain would you suspect an injury?
midbrain
Your doctor has given you some awful-tasting pills. To minimize the aversive taste, where should you place the pill on your tongue?
middle
When animals are used in studies, humane treatment dictates that discomforts must be
minimized
If the most frequently occurring age in your classroom belongs to 19-year-olds, then 19 is the ___ age of the class.
modal
Bandura's famous study with the children and the Bobo doll was a demonstration of
modeling
Bandura's term for learning by watching others is
modeling
Smell (Olfaction)
molecules enter the nasal passages and pass over olfactory cells; axons of olfactory neurons form the olfactory nerve
young adults of both sexes, when married or in commited relationships prefer
monogamy
When you look at male versus female math ability scores, you will find
more diversity among males.
High frequency
more sound waves, high pitch
when researches conclude that punishment has "generalized inhibiting effect" what does that mean
most behaviors tend to stop after punishmemnt, including the positive behaviors
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience indicate that
most people will obey inappropriate demands if they are received from an authority figure
Fovea
most sensitive region of the retina for sharp focus
Since most non-primate mammals have no color vision, you would expect their eyes to have
mostly rods
since most of nonprimate mammals have no color vision, you would expect hteir eyes to have
mostly rods
Since most nonprimate mammals have no color vision, you would expect their eyes to have
mostly rods.
Because humans work to feed, shelter, and clothe themselves, we know that human behavior is
motivated
Parallel processing
multiple features of visual scenes are processed in parallel
Gender
n psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
D
n thinking about Mary (a female), a psychologist would tend to view Mary's gender role as being comprised of Select one: a. only feminine characteristics. b. no masculine characteristics. c. neither masculine nor feminine characteristics. d. both masculine and feminine characteristics
If your friend has an unrealistic sense of self-importance, is preoccupied with her fantasies of self-success, requires constant praise and attention, exploits others, and feels entitled to special consideration, then she is most likely possesses ____ personality disorder.
narcissistic
A psychologist who gathers data while watching managers interact with their employees is using
naturalistic observation
The clinical method is a variation of
naturalistic observation
Which of the following is an example of a descriptive method of doing research?
naturalistic observation
In helping to understand how we develop, the ______ approach suggests we are controlled by biological factors, while the ______ approach suggests that the psychological environment determines who we are.
nature;nurture
J.J. became extremely nauseous two hours after eating a fried corn dog at the country fair. Through his experience she learned to dislike corn dogs. What was the UCS in this example?
nausea
Ethical treatment of animals in research
necessity for the benefits of humans, healthful treatment of the animal, humane treatment of the animal
In psychological research, the idea of informed consent is that participants
need to be aware of the risks and benefits of participating in research.
If drinking coffee at night causes you not to sleep, then there is a _______ correlation between caffeine intake and sleep
negative
A teenager has been grounded by her parents for not doing the dishes. Mom tells the teenager that if you do the dishes, then you will not be grounded anymore. This attempt at behavior change is best described as
negative reinforcement
In a double blind study, who knows about the details of the study?
neither the experimenter nor the participant
The _____ system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry
nervous
The idea that in some circumstances the brain can renew itself by growing new neurons is known as
neurogenesis
It is now found that neurons can continue to grow and new neurons form to repair damage in the cortex and hippocampus of monkeys and rats. This process is called
neurogenesis.
which of the following is the most important individual nerve cell in the brain
neuron
Which of the following types of cells in the nervous system handle the information-processing function?
neurons
Auditory cortex
neurons respond to specific types of sounds or pattern of sounds
If you are interested in understanding the structures of the brain that influence emotion, reasoning, speech, and other psychological processes, then you are interested in studying psychology from the ______ perspective.
neuroscience
With the moon illusion, the moon looks larger when it is
next to the horizon.
When a test is given to a large group of individual's varying in age, sex, background, and so on to form a basis for interpreting an individual's score, what is being calculated?
norms
When making cause and effect conclusions, correlational studies are
not appropriate
When making cause and effect conclusions, correlational studies are
not appropriate.
In truly naturalistic observation, researchers should:
not change the situations
Chinese American parents teaching their children mathematics skills use parenting practices that lead to greater mathematics achievement, yet at the same time personal adjustment is ______ in Chinese American children.
not harmed
On the long strands of DNA, ______ are located on the twin rails of the double helix.
nucleotides
On your skin, the level of sensitivity is controlled by the
number of nerve cells.
Frequency
number of sound waves per second (Hertz, Hz)
Behavior is __ mental processes are _____.
observable/private
Disadvantage of naturalistic observation
observers may influence the 'natural settings'
Clinical observation
observing people when they are receiving help from a mental health professional for personal problems
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your ____ lobe.
occipital
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your _____ lobe.
occipital
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulates in your ______ lobe
occipital
Blind sight is a disorder sometimes seen in a patient after they have received damage to the
occipital lobe
The sense of smell is called ______, and the sense of taste is called _____
olfaction and gustation
The sense of smell is called ______ and the sense of taste is called ______.
olfaction; gustation
counseling psychology
one area of psychology not considered a 'basic' area of psychology, but rather an applied psychology area
A danger in using the correlational strategy is that
one might attribute causation between two events.
Carl Rogers
one of the founders of humanistic psychology`
Perfect positive correlation
one variable can be perfectly predicted if you know the value of the second variable
Fluid Intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Crystallized Intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Crystillized Intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge, and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
By definition, gender identity is a matter of
one's personal opinion about oneself
Gender Identity
one's sense of being male or female
Gender identity
one's sense of being male or female
Learning from the consequences of our behavior, which in turn leads to the strengthening, or weakening of behaviors is called
operant conditioning
When voluntary behaviors are either strengthened or weakened by their outcomes, the behavioral changes result from
operant conditioning
in positive reinforcement, the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the
operant response
It is _____ conditioning that studies the relationship between a response and the resulting consequence.
operant.
A student is interested in studying college student success. His professor asked, 'How will you measure it?" The student replies, "with the grade point average at graduation." This instance of specifying how college student success is to be measured is an example of
operational definitions.
A student is interested in studying college student success. His professor said " How will you measure it?" The student replies, "with the grade-point average at graduation." This instance specifying how college student success is to be measured is an example of
operational defintions
According to one theory of color vision, colors are signaled in pairs by neural cells that signal faster to one color and slower to another color. This theory is known as the ________ theory.
opponent-process
according to one theory of color vision, colors are signaled in pairs by neural cells that signal faster to one color and slower to another color. this theory is known as the __ theory
opponent-process
The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the:
optic chiasm
Self-concept refers to the idea of
our view of what we are like
To say that someone is extraverted means that they are socially
outgoing
What do you experience when nocioceptors are stimulated?
pain
In a memory study, you present a color that is presented alongside a number. These items are presented together, at the same time. Later you present the color, and ask the participant to recall (remember) the number. This is called a/n _____ task.
paired associate
Jack was sitting, reading a book when all of a sudden he felt he was "losing his mind." His heart beat faster and he began to sweat and tremble. His behavior mostly resembles _______ disorder.
panic anxiety
After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some mediation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ________ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and muscular tension
parasympathetic
After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ____ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and less muscular tension.
parasympathetic
if you are in a low stress level situation and you experience increases in salivation, constriction of the lungs, contraction of the bladder, and activation of the digestive tract, you know that your ___ nervous system is primarily responsible
parasympathetic
you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. doing these exercises increase the response of the ____ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and less muscular tension
parasympathetic
which endocrine gland secretes a hormone that regulates ion levels in neurons
parathyroid
Which endocrine gland secretes a hormone that regulates ion levels in neurons?
parathyroid gland
When our genes and environment are linked with a person doing anything to cause the link, this is known as ______ gene-environment correlation.
passive
expressive aphasia is a disorder found in some stroke patients where
patients cannot speak language, but can understand speech
Wernicke's aphasia results in
patients who can speak normally but cannot make sense out of language.
An ethnic group refers to ______ but an ethnic identity refers to ______.
people who descended from a particular area; a sense of belonging and sharing of group beliefs
The Rorschach inkblot test is based on the assumption that
people will project repressed feelings onto ambiguous stimuli
Theory of Mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thought and the behavior these might predict.
A brain-injured patient cannot interpret sensory stimuli but can detect the presence of a stimulus. This person has a problem with
perception
Sensory information is interpreted through the process of
perception
The phi phenomenon was used by psychologists to argue that:
perception has meaning only when it is seen as a whole, rather than as a collection of elements.
which division of the nervous system is composed of all the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord
peripheral
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the _____.
peripheral nervous system
Which division of the nervous system is composed of all the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord?
peripheral nervous system
the terms spinal cord, somatic nerves, and parasympathetic division are best associated with the
peripheral nervous system
The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during Freud's ______ stage of personality development.
phallic
The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the
phallic stage
Chemicals secreted into the environment to send a message are called ________.
pheromones
Psychology began as a science in the discipline of
philosophy
According to studies of gender differences in emotion and social behavior, men are more likely to engage in
physical aggression
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women's heavy drinking. In severe cases it can cause severe facial mis-proportions.
Aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
If you change the frequency of a sound wave, you change the
pitch
if you change the frequency of a sound wave you change the
pitch
the gland known as the master gland because of its extensive influence on the other endocrine glands is the
pituitary
Other things being equal, when we are forming an impression about a person, we tend to
place a greater emphasis on negative characteristic than on positive
In the middle of a study concerning pain reduction, you give a participant a pill and tell him it is a painkiller. It is actually a sugar pill. The person feels a reduction of pain. The ___ effect helps to explain how this can happen.
placebo
Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the _____ effect
placebo
The capacity of the cerebral cortex, when damaged, to shift functions to other parts of the brain is called
plasticity
When sexual pleasure is very high but not yet at its peak, the person has most likely reached the _______ phase of sexual response.
plateau
John is relatively certain that his company should hire a particular job candidate. If he feels even more strongly about the candidate after a company meeting, what has occurred?
polarization
When a neuron is at rest, which ions are highly concentrated just outside the cell membrane?
positive sodium ions
when a neuron is at rest, which ions are highly concentrated just outside the cell membrane
positive sodium ions
In positive reinforcement, the consequences of a behavior are ___ and the behavior is likely to occur ____.
positive; more
How did Paul Broca use the clinical method?
posthumous examinations of brain to understand function
Ever since Harry was nearly beaten to death by his fellow inmates in prison, his life has been miserable. He still has vivid memories of the episode that he can't escape. Harry's symptoms sound most like?
posttraumatic stress disorder
Experimenter Bias
potential influences on the dependent variable caused by the experimenter interacting differently with participants in the experimental and control groups
Informed consent (an ethical principle)
potential participants must receive a full description of the experiment before agreeing to the experiment
Industrial psychologists who design tests to screen new job candidates for various companies in order to hire workers who should perform best are attempting which goal?
prediction
Which goal of psychology are clinical psychologists attempting when giving recommendations to parole boards about which prisoners to release early?
prediction
in the area of gender diffrences in mating and sexual behavior, women are more likely than men to
prefer an older mate
In the area of gender differences in mating and sexual behavior, women are more likely than men to
prefer an older mate.
The general prejudgement of a person based on inappropriate criteria is formally called
prejudice
Brenda is feeling stress because she is afraid of losing her job due to downsizing. What is the source of Sigrid's stress?
pressure
Stress arising from the threat of negative events is called
pressure
Food, water, warmth, novel stimulation, physical activity, and sexual gratification are all examples of
primary reinforcers
When we use a certain cognitive process to reach a goal temporarily blocked by an obstacle, we are using
problem solving
Conduction hearing impairment
problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea
Natural Selection
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
A disorder which causes an inability to recognize faces is called ________ and is the result of damage to the ________ lobe
prosopagnosia, temporal
which of the following is actually an example of how a gene might be expressed
proteins are synthesized
Correlation Coefficient
provides a standard mathematical method of measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables
When referring to the essence of life, Aristotle used the term ______ translated from the Greek, meaning mind.
psyche
To relax the patient's conscious control and interpret unconscious symbols through therapy describes the approaches of a
psychoanalyst
Avoidance of boredom is best classified as an example of which of the following needs?
psychological need
William James
psychology should emphasize what the mind can do and the factors that have aided our evolution as humans.
J.B. Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that:
psychology should focus on the behavior in the environment that can be seen or measured
behaviorism
psychology should study only overt, measurable behavior
The key component of empirical evidence is that it must be based on ____ behavior
publicly observable
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
published the first description of a neuron
Mr. Harper used to yell at Mrs. Harper for trumping cards unnecessarily when they played bridge. Instead of improving her play, Mrs. Harper gave up bridge altogether. This is an example of
punishment's generalized inhibiting effect.
A researcher has 40 people to assign into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The researcher flips a coin: heads, experimental group and tails, control group. This is an example of
random assignment
The primary function of dendrites is to
receive incoming info
The main function of sensory receptor cells is to
receive outside forms of energy and translate into neural impulses
Rods
receptor cells sensitive to light, responsible for detecting black, white, gray, night vision, peripheral vision, dark adaptation, no rods in fovea
The idea that we learn behaviors from the environment but also that our behavior changes the environment is know as
reciprocal determination.
Most psychologists agree that people can only be understood by
recognizing sociocultural influences
Most psychologists agree that people can only be understood by
recognizing sociocultural influences.
Hering's opponent-process theory
red-green and blue-yellow ganglion cells;
When Jane said "I just feel like my father never listened to me; he just blocked me out like I wasn't significant enough to be considered," her counselor said, "You sound hurt and angry that your father didn't pay more attention to you." The therapist was using client-centered technique of ______
reflection
Iris
regulates the size of the pupil
which of the following is an example of a fixed ration schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after every 15th correct respons
When using positive reinforcement, the _____ should immediately follow the ____.
reinforcer; response
When using positive reinforcement, the ____ should immediately follow the ____ .
reinforcer; response.
A correlation coefficient indicates a _________ between two variables.
relationship
Learning is defined as a ____ change in behavior due to ____.
relatively permanent; experience
Learning is defined as a ______ change in behavior due to ____.
relatively permanent; experience
Successful replication means that certain conclusions about behavior have been
repeated in multiple experiments
Successful replication means that certain conclusions about behavior have been
repeated in multiple experiments.
One of the key characteristics of using a sample to learn about a larger group of beings is that the sample needs to be
representative
One of the key characteristics os using a sample to learn about a larger group of beings is that the sample needs to be
representative
Random Assignment
requirement in research that participants be assigned to experimental groups randomly rather than in some systematic way
Experimental Control
requirement that all explanations for differences in the dependent variable other differences than the independent variable are controlled in the way the formal experiment is set up
survey
research method using questions and interviews
Confidentiality
research participants must be be assured of their anonymity
Correlational research method
research that describes, in statistical terms, systematic relations between 'quantitatively' measured variables
Formal experiments
research that leads to conclusions of cause - effect relationships between variables
During which phase of the human sexual response cycle does the refractory period occur?
resolution
Advantage of survey research method
results can college a great deal of inforamtion in a short amount of time
the structure that plays an important role in maintaining attention and arousal by manipulation of various neurotransmitters is the
reticular formation
The structure that plays an important role in maintaining attention and arousal by manipulation of various neurotransmitters is the
reticular formation.
As light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light-sensitive ____ at the back of the second chamber of the eye.
retina
The receptors for vision are located in the
retina
Within the eye, visual neurons are located within the _____.
retina
as light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light sensitive __ at the back of the second chamber of the eye
retina
The _____ are sensitive to light and detect black, white, and gray.
rods
The 4 basic tastes are sweet, sour, _______, and ________.
salty, bitter
Rather than study the entire population of one group, you decide to focus on a subset of the group. This subset or subgroup is called a
sample
If 10 people say that a color is blue when it actually is not. what is the 11th person likely to do?
say that the color is blue
functionalism
school of psychology that focuses on the adaptive functions of behaviors (how can I adapt my behaviors to my environment?)
Gestalt
school of psychology that says the brain will structure our perceptions of the world in terms of meaningful patterns or wholes
structuralism
school of psychology that tries to understand the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its components parts
psychology
science of behavior and mental processes
basic science
science that is grounded in reserach (study for the sake of having more knowledge)
Hertz is a method of measuring the frequency of sound waves as the number of cycles per
second
hertz is a method of measuring the frequency of sound waves as the number of cycles per
second
Of Allport's categories of traits, which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality?
secondary
Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called ____ reinforcers
secondary
Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called ______ reinforcers.
secondary
Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens. The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store. This system is an example of
secondary reinforcement
The more obvious physical changes that occur during puberty are called
secondary sex characteristics
Correlational methods
seeking to establish a relationship between two variables in a research project
According to Rogers, what are the two kinds of self-concept?
self and ideal self.
The most important aspect of study to a humanist is
self-concept
The most important aspect of study to a humanistic psychologist is
self-concept
In social learning theory, the perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one's goal is known as
self-efficacy
Balance is maintained in the ear by the _______
semicircular canals
The neuron's cell membrane permits some substances to pass through but not others; this is because the membrane is
semipermeable
Regarding stimuli in the outside world, collecting data about that world is the function of ______ and interpreting the data that has been collected is the function of ______. A) the brain; the spinal cord
sensation; perception
In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves a
sense of deep relaxation and susceptibility to suggestion
At the center of every sense organ there are ______ that transduce incoming stimuli.
sense organs
We are aware of our internal and external world because we possess
sense organs.
The color of the white paper and the correction fluid you use to cover up mistakes on the paper are not exactly the same, but they are so close that you cannot see any difference. This is because your _______ abilities are limited.
sensory
As you enter your house, you smell the pleasant aroma of dinner cooking. After several minutes, you hardly notice the smell. This is an example of
sensory adaptation
Tom walked into the anatomy lab for the first time and was overpowered by the odor of formaldehyde. By the end of the lab, he said there was only a slight smell. This can best be explained by
sensory adaptation
You go swimming in cold water. At first you are in agony, but later the water doesn't feel so bad. You have experienced
sensory adaptation
You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it doesn't bother you anymore, and you like it. This change over time describes the process of
sensory adaptation.
In the stage theory of memory, the different stages are the
sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory stages
In the U. S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, segregated school systems could no longer be considered
separate but equal
Depression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
sense organs operate through ___ that transduce incoming stimuli
sesonry receptor cells
low amplitude
shallow sound waves, soft sound
Maria's boss was unhappy with the way her grooming and dress had deteriorated over the last few years. Rather than reprimand her, the boss decided to lavishly praise Maria on days when she was neater and gradually raise his requirements for praise as Maria became nearer and neater. The technique being planned was
shaping
The method of successive approximations is used to achieve the learning goal of
shaping
Women who are exposed to the male sex hormone, adrostadienone,
show improved moods
Necessity refers to the need to use an animal for research because of the ___ potential for advancement of our knowledge about behavior and metnal processes.
significant
Necessity refers to the need to use an animal for research because of the _______ potential for advancement of our knowledge about behavior and mental processes.
significant
Similarity
similar objects grouped together
Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as
size constancy.
Where is the midbrain located in relation to the hindbrain?
small area at the top of the hindbrain
Compared to the male brain, the female brain is ____ and has a ____ surface area
smaller; larger
Compared to the male brain, the female brain is ______ and has a ______ surface area.
smaller; larger
Absolute Threshold
smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
Difference Thresholds
smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
A bicyclist finds that she can cycle faster during competition than when she is riding alone. This is likely to be caused by
social facilitation
Followers of Albert Bandura's viewpoint would best be described as
social learning theorists
A book designed to help people develop the personality features they desire suggests that readers pattern their lives on the model provided by someone they admire a great deal. The approach employed here is most compatible with
social learning theory
Which contemporary viewpoint combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective?
social learning theory
The ___ perspective had its greatest influences from social anthropology.
sociocultural
The ______ perspective suggests that to understand someone, we must understand both their beliefs, attitudes, and skills learned from others as well as we must understand their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity.
sociocultural
A person can only be understood by studying the beliefs and the values of the community in which the person has lived. This statement best exemplifies the
sociocultural approach.
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach) under conditions of stress?
somatic
Over the last two semesters, Henry has been experiencing sharp chest pains just before a test is scheduled. He has had a thorough medical exam but no physical cause for pain has been found. Henry most likely has
somatization
In the area of cognitive ability and achievement, the largest difference in cognitive performance between men and women is seen in the area of
spatial and mechanical reasoning.
Edwin is afraid to ride in elevators, and he quit his job because he was being moved to the 27th floor of his office building. He would probably be classified as exhibiting a
specific phobia
High school students taking the SAT.....
standardization
Moro Reflex
startle reflex. Spray limbs and retract them
A researcher using the correlation method is interesting in determining if there is a _____ relationship between two variables
statisical
Generally speaking, the larger the sample size, the more likely a correlation will be
statistically significant
The reticular formation is primarily responsible for
stereotyped patterns such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise
there are 2 vending machines in your dorm. the one on the left always worsk;the one on the right is usually broken. you put your money only in the machine on the left. this is
stimulus discriminatio
If the state troopers drive yellow Fords in your state, there may be an immediate braking response when you see any yellow Ford. This reaction is known as...
stimulus generalization
The opposite of stimulus discrimination is
stimulus generalization
The phrase "seven plus or minus two" refers to the
storage capacity of short-term memory
In neuron functioning, the role of the synaptic vesicle is to
store neurotransmitters in the synaptic knob.
When the occurrence of an event causes an individual's ability to cope to be exceeded, _____ occurs.
stress
The ______ psychologists preferred to study behavior as a collection of elements, while the ______ psychologists preferred to study behavior as a whole, in its entire context.
structural; Gestalt
Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of _____, whereas William James was the founder of _____
structuralism/functionalism
Mary Ainsworth
studied attachment difference by observing mother-infant pairs during 1st six months.
social anthropology
studies the ways in which cultures are both similar and different from one another and how cultures influence human behavior
Psychophysics
study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
educational psychologists
study the ways children learn
humanistic perspective
studying the roles of the consciousness, free will, and awareness of the human condition
In terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement is referred to as
sublimation.
The neuropeptide involved in slow-pain transmission is
substance P.
A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult sex magazines. In Freud's theory, the source of this guilt is the
superego
The development of morality rests with the ______ in Freudian personality theory.
superego
If you are considering the potential disadvantage of the lack of completely honest answers, particularly about sensitive topics such as sex and drug use, then you are probably considering using the _____ research method.
survey
Interviews and questionnaires are techniques that are used in ______ research.
survey
describe
surveys are conducted in order to _________ the goals of psychology
Natural selection is also known as
survival of the fittest
Which part of the peripheral nervous system would be particularly important to a backpacker being chased by an angry bear?
sympathetic
just before you went on a job interview you broke out into a cold sweat, experienced shortness of breath, and felt a need to go to the bathroom. these symptoms were most likely produced by your ___ nervous system.
sympathetic
you broke out into a cold swear experienced shortness of breath and felt a need to go to the bathroom these symptoms most likely produced by your ___ nervous system
sympathetic
Which of the following are the two integrated parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
The physical junction between two neurons is called the
synapse
The physical space between two neurons is called the
synapse
A teacher insists that diagramming complex sentences helps students comprehend the _____ of the English language
syntax
Wernicke's area is located in the ___ love
temporal
Wernicke's area is located in the ________ lobe.
temporal
Structures in the cerebral cortex that are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory are called _____.
temporal lobes
Wernicke's area is located in the ______ lobe, while Broca's area is located in the ______ lobe.
temporal; frontal
Perceptual constancy
tendency for perceptions of objects to remain unchanged in spite of changes in raw sensations.
Habituation
tendency of babies to stare longer, at things that are universal, unexpected, or new. study of what babies know.
The knowledge that science provides is ______ because theories are ______.
tentative; subject to change
Scientific Method
testing the hypothesis, following the rules of evidence (despite any prejudice by the experimenter), systematic observation, analysis of data, following the conclusion
in a painting, details in the front of a scene are clearer than details in the rear of the scene. this is an example of
texture gradient
Gustatory information projected to _______ and then ___________ in the ____________.
thalamus, primary gustatory cortex, frontal cortex
Olfactory nerve projects to ________, which then projects to ____________ in the ____________
thalamus, primary olfactory cortex, frontal lobe
Sensory information to the _________, then the ____________ in __________.
thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe
You took a personality test, and the results indicated you were high in extraversion and moderate in agreeableness. These are examples of
the "Big Five" personality traits
Gestalt
the 'phi' phenomenon illustrates this branch of psychology
An architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. She asks a psychologist what the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. Her question is most related to
the absolute threshold
The smallest intensity of a stimulus that is detected 50 % of the time is
the absolute threshold
an architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. she asks a psychologist what the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. her question is most related to
the absolute threshold
Disadvantage of survey research method
the accuracy of information may be questionable
Gender Typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender-Typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
essential body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, sweating, and sexual arousal are under the control of
the autonomic nervous system
Mean
the average of all collected statistics
Object Permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Animism
the belief that all things are living
Genes
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
Dendrites are _____.
the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons
Personal Space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
what happens to the neuron just before a neural message is transmitted to adjacent neurons?
the cell membrane near the axon becomes more permeable
What happens to the neuron just before a neural message is transmitted to adjacent neurons?
the cell membrane near the axon becomes more permieable
If a child's mental age were higher than his or her chronological age, this would mean that
the child is brighter than normal
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Thorndike's "law of effect" suggests that
the consequences of a behavior influence the probability of that behavior being repeated.
From childhood to middle age, the increase in white matter in the brain is attributed to
the continued growth of myelin.
Social Clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Which variable depends upon the effects of the independent variable?
the dependent variable
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
the early pioneer in memory research that used himself as his only research subject
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
A population is _____.
the entire group about which researchers want to draw conclusions
Placebo
the example of a participant receiving a sugar pill to see if the effect is the same as the participant receiving the actual medication
If you are a participant in a blind experiment,
the experimenter does not know the experimental condition you are in.
When experimenter bias takes place, it means that
the experimenter influenced the performance of the participants
When experimenter bias takes place, it means that
the experimenter influenced the performance of the participants.
Independent Variable
the factor in a formal experiment that is manipulated to measure the outcome of the manipulation
Stranger Anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo
The semi-wakeful period that proceeds light sleep is called
the hypnagogic state
Cultural Relativity
the idea that all cultures should be thought of as being different rather than superior or inferior
biological perspective
the idea that behavior is directed by chemical and biological forces, such as neurotransmitters and the brain
phrenology
the idea that personality traits can be determined by feeling the head and "reading it"
dualism
the idea that the mind is tied to consciousness and self-awareness
cognitive perspective
the idea that to understand behavior, we must understand how we THINK!
Phi phenomenon
the idea the the whole is different than the sum of its parts
Irreversibility
the inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then reverse the steps ex:the biggest obstacle to logical thinking in the properational child
Interaction
the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
psychometrics
the measurement of mental function, such as intelligence, personality
Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing?
the medulla
Median
the middle point in a set of numbers
Mode
the most frequently appearing score
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional ************* in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional _________ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex
Descriptive method
the most simple purpose and outcome of any research method
The Department of Motor Vehicle recently completed a study that indicated there is a negative correlation between the age of the driver and the number of errors on the written driving test. This result means that
the older the driver, the fewer errors on the driving test
Which theory proposes that behavior may be aimed at increasing or decreasing alertness and activity depending on the circumstances?
the optimal level of arousal
Dependent Variable
the outcome of a formal experiment, measuring the effect of manipulating an independent variable
Cause / effect
the outcome of formal experiments
The axon is _____.
the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending or carrying information away from the cell body toward other cells
Experimental group
the participants in an experiment who are interacting with the independent variable
Control group
the participants in an experiment who are not interacting with the independent variable, being used as comparison to the experimental group
An interval schedule in operant conditioning, whether fixed or variable, is based on
the passage of time
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
In humanistic psychology, the ideal self is
the person I wish I was.
Phenotype
the physical appearance of chromosomes
Egocentric
the preoperational child's difficulty in take another's viewpoint.
Conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects
Natural Selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Natural Selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period.
Replication
the process in which a study is repeated until reasonable confidence in the research results is achieved
While attending a car show, you see a custom-painted car that seems to change color as you view its paint from different angles. The most likely explanation for this is
the reflected wavelength of light changes with position.
A nonhuman animal experiment meets the condition of necessity when
the research can significantly advance our understanding of behavior or mental processes
Disadvantage of a clinical research method
the research represents tow small of a sample size to be representative
Debriefing is the process of providing ______ to participants.
the results of the study
Early in history of psychology Ebbinghaus, a memory researcher, used himself as the only research participant in his study. Given this information, what might cause you to be skeptical about his results?
the sample was probably not representative
X Chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two; males have one. An * chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
X Chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have two. Males have one.
Y Chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
When you see a coefficient of correlation while reading a scientific research report, what does it indicate to you?
the strength of a relationship between two variables
A university is interested in measuring students confidence in career decisions and effectiveness of their career counseling center. One group of students is randomly assigned to receive three weeks o career counseling; another group of students is prevented from receiving career counseling during those same three weeks. After three weeks have passed, the university asks students about their confidence in their future career using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating highest confidence. What is the dependent variable?
the students confidence score about the future career.
behavioral perspective
the study of observable behavior
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Behavior Genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavioral Genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavior Genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
Molecular Genetics
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Gender Schema Theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures the concept of what it means to be male or female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
Social Learning Theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Social Learning Theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
Heterozygous
the two genes in a specific pair are different
When there is a positive correlation between two variables, this means that
the value of one variable increases as the value of another variable increases.
When there is a positive correlation between two variables, this means that
the value of one variable increases as the values of another variable increases.
independent variable
the variable manipulated in an experiment
dependent variable
the variable that is measured and the factor that may change as a result of manipulation of the independent variable
Placenta
the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
your brain receives information about your body orientation and movement from
the vestibular organ
functionalism
the view that emphasizes the functions of consciousness, not the structure, and not the unconscious mind
psychoanalytic perspective
the view that our behavior is influenced by the struggle between the unconscious impulses and opposing forces that try to keep this material out of our consciousness
A/n ______ is a tentative explanation of the facts, findings, and relationship in any of the sciences.
theory
When a scientist says that the theory is tentative, the scientist means that the
theory is subject to revision
Gender Schema Theory
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behaviors accordingly
Siblings would have the same genes if
they are monozygotic twins.
What do drugs, mediation, and intense religious experiences or sexual orgasms have in common?
they produce altered states of consciousness
The ciliary muscle of the eye controls the
thickness of the lens
Aristotle is important to psychology, because he believed that to achieve full understanding of anything we must
think and observe.
cognitive perspective
this view emphasizes the processes involving perceiving, believing, think, knowing
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Semicircular canals
three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain
During childhood development, cretinism results from insufficient levels of ____
thyroxin
Otoliths
tiny motion sensitive crystals in semicircular canals; sense forward, backward, or up-and-down motion, as well as the pull of gravity
Why does the sociocultural perspective promote cultural relativity?
to discourage passing judgment on other cultures
the somatosensory are plays an important role in behaviors involving
touch
the somatosensory area pplays an important role in behaviors involving
touch
Polygenic Traits
trait controlled by two or more genes
The main function of rods and cones is to
transduce light.
The process of converting the physical energy from hearing music (for example), into electrochemical energy is called
transduction
Adolescence
transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
which theory of color vision most accurately describes the process of color vision at the level of the retina?
trichromatic theory
One way to think about how we process color images is that the ______ describes the events at the first level of neurons in the visual system, while the ______ best describes the activities of neurons in the rest of the visual system.
trichromatic theory; opponent-process theory
accordingg to evolutionary theory, the parental investment for women who were pregnant was high
true
hungry people are more sensitive to the taste of sweetness and saltiness compared to when they are full
true
melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland
true
rats who know where something is in a mazze relative to a starting place posses a cognitive map
true
sensory receptor cells transduce stimulus energy into neural impulses
true
the testes and ovaries are endocrine glands
true
the wavelength of light is chiefly responsible for hue or color
true
wenickes area is essential for understanding spoken language
true
The first stage of Erikson's personality development theory (occurring during infancy) is
trust vs. mistrust
Identical Twins
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal Twins
twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
Fraternal Twins
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
dizygotic twins occur when a female produces __ that are fertilized by ___
two separated eggs; to different sperm cells
How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves an association between _____
two stimuli
Binocular cues
two visual cues that require both eyes to allow us to perceive depth.
A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash out the dirt. If this were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt would be labeled as the
unconditioned stimulus
A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash out the dirt. If this were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt would be labeled as the _____ .
unconditioned stimulus
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat runs toward the plate of food when it sees it being set on the floor. In this example, the placement of the food on the floor is a/n
unconditioned stimulus
a parent bring shis 15 month old to the pediatrician office for her first shot. the child is happy and playful right up until the time the shot is injected. now, every time the child sees someone in a white lab coat, she cries in terror. the injection in this scenario served as the
unconditioned stimulus
You have a fiend who appears to be having frequent anxiety attacks. From what you know about the psychoanalytic school, what would a psychoanalyst say was at the heart of your friend's problem?
unconscious motives
You have a friend who appears to be having frequent anxiety attacks. From what you know about the psychoanalytic school, what would a psychoanalyst say was at the heart of your friend's problem?
unconscious motives
When considering how OTHER people behave, we tend to ____ the effects of the social situation and _____ the importance of their personal characteristics
underestimate; overestimate
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
understand
A person diagnosed with expressive aphasia can _____ but have difficulty ______.
understand what is said; speaking
Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as
unlearned is to learned.
If a psychologist can measure a concept in such a way as to get a numerical value, then that concept is also referred to as a
variable
In a research study, participants recorded the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. "Number of cigarettes they smoked per day" is referred to as an
variable
If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for, on average, every three words correctly spelled, this would be an example of being reinforced on a ____ schedule.
variable ratio
Slot machines are set to pay off on average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. this is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement
variable ratio
Slot machines are set to pay off on the average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
slo machines are set to pay off on the average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. this is an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement
variable-ration
In a research study, participants recorded the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. "Number of cigarettes they smoked per day" is referred to as a(n)
variable.
Generally speaking, women perform better on ______ while men perform better on ______.
verbal memory; science
Groupthink tends to occur more often if the group is
very cohesive
When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first
vibrate the ear drum
When learning by watching others, we tend to learn more from a model we see being reinforced. Learning by watching someone else's reinforcement is called _____ reinforcement
vicarious
the study of little albert is a famous example of the study of learned that was conducted by
watson
Light is made up of electromagnetic energy measured in _______
wave lengths
Color vision
we can see up to 7 million colors
the ability to detect small changes of weak stimuli and large changes in strong stimuli is known as
weber's law
Gilligan objected to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning primarily because his stages
were biased, favoring male-styled morality.
Debriefing (an ethical principle)
when a researcher provides the results of the study to all participants
placebo effect
when a subject "experiences" the effects of the experiment, even when nothing happens to them
Babinski Reflex
when bottom of the foot is stroked, the toes will spread a part and stretch.
When is deception allowed in psychological research?
when it will not harm the participant and when the participant is debriefed.
Gate-control theory of pain
when neurons in spinal cord are activated due to injury, a "gate" to brain is opened and we experience pain
Positive correlation
when one variable increases in value in relation to another value's increase
applied science
when you put psychology directly into practice (therapist meets with client and helps them out)
Optic Disk
where the optic nerve exits the eye, has no receptors and produces a blind spot
A researcher wants to study the effects of caffeine on student performance on quiz scores. The research gives a caffeinated drink to half the students and a non-caffeinated drink to the other half of students. The researcher then measures quiz scores by counting the number of correct answers. Given the above scenario, what is the independent variable?
whether the students receive the caffeinated drink or not
In a blind experiment, the participants do not know
which level of the independent variable they received.
In adulthood, the larger cerebral cortex in men as compared to women is due to men having a greater volume of
white matter.
New studies of infidelity and the ways in which men and women think about such behavior reveal
women care more than men about emotional infidelity.
What is the current enrollment pattern for men and women interested in graduate education in psychology?
women outnumber men
If the results of a study are found to have statistical significance, this means that the results
would happen by chance less than 5% of the time
What monograph did Freud publish about cocaine?
Über Coca
What does discourse analysis assume?
Attitudes are relatively unstable
an anti psychological view
"We passively let experiences teach us about the world and we let experiences mold our personalities." Which of the following is true regarding this statement?
Amniocentesis
(pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities
Variable X in creases as variable Y increases. Choose the correlation coefficient that best applies.
+0.80
Variable X increases as Variable Y increases. Choose the correlation coefficient that best applies.
+0.80
Two visual cues that require both eyes to allow us to perceive depth.
1. Convergence 2. Retinal disparity
we are able to taste due to approx __ taste buds on our tongue
10,000
The launching of psychology as a separate field is usually credited to have occurred during the
1800s
When did psychology become an experimentally oriented science?
1830s
Psychology and homosexuality
1973: gayness was a mental illness
Pre-Operational Stage
2-6/7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Summarize Wundt's influence?
24 labs established by students (Edward Tichener, Cornell, G Stanley Hall: Clarke University)
How far can the origins of psychology be traced back?
5 BC
Concrete Operational
6-7 to 11 years old during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
A person begins to lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds beginning in his or her
60s
In order to be classified as mentally retarded, a person must have an IQ score below
70
What is the speed of natural impulses?
90 f/s
Meta - Analysis
A "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion.
developmental
A ______ psychologist is interested in changes that take place during the lifespan
formal experiment
A __________ compares quantitative measures in relation to the conditions created by researchers.
social learning
A basic belief of ________ is that we learn the most important aspects of our behavior from each other.
-.85
A correlation coefficient shows the strongest relationship between two variables if it has a _____ rather than a -.18 or a +.85 (p.31-32, Lahey)
causation
A danger in using the correlational strategy is that one might attribute _________ between two events.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A device that measures electrical activity in the brain.
configuration.
A gestalt is best described as a(n)
ScatterPlot
A graphical depiction of the relationship between two variables.
23 unpaired chromosomes
A human sperm cell has __________
experiment
A kind of research in which the researcher controls all of the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the manipulated variable (independent variable.
Mean
A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers.
Mode
A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers.
Median
A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that fall exactly halfway between the lowest and highest values.
standard deviation
A measure that indicates the degree to which socres are spread out in a distribution
Central Tendency
A measure that represents the typical behavior of the group as a whole
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A method of brain imaging that produces high-quality images of the brain.
Self-Report Method
A method of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys.
Theory
A model of interconnected ideas and concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events.
What is the relationship between a nerve and a neuron?
A nerve is a bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
behavior or mental processes
A nonhuman animal experiment meets the condition of necessity when the research significantly advances our understanding of _______________.
Longitudinal research involves _____.
A observing and measuring the same variables periodically over time
Naturalistic Observation
A passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior.
Vulnerability
A person's diminished ability to deal with demanding life events.
mutate
A polymorphic gene is special because it can ______
hypothesis
A prediction based on tentative explanations of observations in science is called _____________
Hypothesis
A prediction based on tentative explanations of observations in science is called a
Which type of therapist would most likely use free association and dream analysis to explain unconscious motivations?
A psychoanalyst
understanding
A psychologist is developing a theoretical explanation about a behavior. This is an example of the ________ goal of psychology.
correlation
A psychologist is studying the effects that different noise levels have on stress. Noise levels are considered the ___________
dependent variable
A psychologist studied the effect of blood alcohol driving behavior. In this study the driving behavior was the _____
C
A psychologist studied the effect of blood alcohol level on driving behavior. In this study, driving behavior was the ________ variable. Select one: a. control b. independent c. dependent d. manipulated
Professor Ebbinghaus
A psychologist who developed a system of nonsense syllables to study human memory
survey method
A psychology student wants to find mor information about text anxiety. She constructs a 'test anxiety questionaire' and gives it to other students, This is an example of a ...
brain imaging
A range of experimental techniques that make brain structures and brain activity visible.
Response Performance
A research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus.
Observational Technique
A research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior.
Cross Sectional Study
A research method that compares participants in different groups (e.g. young and old) at the same time
Correlational Study
A research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them.
Descriptive Studies
A research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals in order to provide a systematic and objective analysis of behavior.
Longitudinal Studies
A research method that measures the same participants multiple times.
behaviorism
A researcher counts the number of times a rat stands on its hind legs after being placed in a new environment. Given what you know about the schools of psychology, this represents __________
When a person tends to be tall, they tend to be heavy.
A researcher finds that a person's height and weight are significantly positively correlated. Which interpretation below makes the most sense?
random assignment
A researcher has 40 people to assign into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The researcher flips a coin: heads, experimental group and tails, control group. This is an example of
A theory can be defined as:
A set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations
Inferential Statistics
A set of procedures used to make judgments about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers.
Hypothesis
A specific prediction of what should be observed in the world if a theory is correct.
Cutting the corpus collasum results in a condition that is referred to as
A split brain
Standard Deviation
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean.
Under what condition does an action potential occur?
A strong depolarization of the cell membrane
Experiment
A study that tests casual hypothesis by measuring and manipulating variables.
Sample
A subset of a population.
Scientific Method
A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what causes it, and why.
Dr. Simpson finds a positive .50 correlation between ice cream cone sales and violent crimes in a community. Which of the following represents the best interpretation of this result?
A third variable, such as heat, may account for the association between ice cream sales and violent crime.
Participant Observer
A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation.
Theory
A way of organizing related hypotheses
23 pairs
A zygote has ________ of chromosomes.
When a neutron is at rest, what is the composition of the ions in the intra-cellular fluid?
A- and K+, with small amounts of Cl- and Na+
public
Behaviors refer to actions that are ______ and mental processes refer to events that are private.
essential body functions such as heartbeat breathing digestion sweating and sexual arousal are under the control of the
AUTONOMIC
Natural Selection
According to Charles Darwin, the process of ______ is responsible for the variety of plant and animal species emerging from a set of very few ancestors.
Aggression
According to Freud, two innate (inborn) motives that are at the root of psychological problems are sex and ____.
representative
According to chapter 2, in order to be valid a sample must be...
D
According to evolutionary theory, dominance and aggression were useful to men because these traits helped men Select one: a. establishing lasting friendships. b. form intimate bonds with women. c. nurture the young children. d. gain access to fertile women.
gain access to fertile women
According to evolutionary theory, dominance and aggression were useful to men because these traits helped men__________
father
According to evolutionary theory, men have a lower parental investment in each offspring because men cannot be certain they are the _______ of a particular child.
B
According to evolutionary theory, why would men tend to prefer younger, more attractive women? Select one: a. Men were as sexist then as they are now. b. Youthfulness is associated with reproductive health and fertility. c. Women who were older were thought to be virgins. d. Men believed that younger women would be better cooks.
representative
According to the textbook, in order to be valid, a sample must be ____________
Sensation
Activation of the sensory organs by a source of physical energy (i.e., stimulus)
Experimenter Expectation Effect
Actual change in the behavior of the people or animals being observed that is due to observer bias.
Accomodation
Adapting one's current understanding to incorporate new information
Who was Johannes Müller?
Advocated the use of the experimental method, believed that each sensory nerve produced specific sensation.
Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark
African American psychologists who conducted research that influenced Brown vs Board of Education, a Supreme Court decision, changing the way many American schools treated minority students
survey research allows a lot of information to be gathered in a relatively short period of time.
After learning that people who respond to surveys may not be providing answers that are completely honest, Monty asks Professor Duran why surveys would be used. Professor Duran advises Monty that the primary advantage of the survey method is that
survey research gathers info in a relatively short period of time.
After learning that people who respond to surveys may not be providing answers that are completely honest, Monty asks Professor Duran why surveys would be used. Professor Duran advises Monty that the primary advantage of the survey method is that...
C
After staring at a green circle for 30 seconds, a person trains his or her gaze on a white surface. Even though the surface is white, the person begins to see a red circle. The red circle is a(n) Select one: a. adaptation image. b. stereochemical image. c. color afterimage. d. opponent image.
mean
Ahmad takes a test in his psychology class. The professor adds up the scores that each student got on the test, then divides that sum by the total number of students who took the test. When the professor tells the class what the "average grade" was on the test, the professor is referring to which statistic?
mean score
Ahmad takes a test in his psychology class. The professor adds up the scores that each student got on the test, then divides that sum by the total number of students who took the test. When the professor tells the class what the "average grade" was on the test, the professor is referring to which statistic?
Important aspects of behavior and mental processes are learned from others. Which psychologist most likely made a statement similar to this?
Albert Bandura
Who is most closely associated with social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
Which psychologist founded France's first psychology laboratory and was a pioneer in intelligence testing?
Alfred Binet
ABC's of Laboratory Research
All animal research must comply with the __________ to ensure that it complies with the law and is carried out in an ethical and human manner.
What was the Zeitgeist of the 18th century?
All knowledge comes from sensory experience
When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of sodium ions?
All the sodium has been completely absorbed.
maladaptive
Although we are usually able to adjust to life's challenges, sometimes we act in harmful ways, behaviors can be either adaptive or ________.
NOT: sensory failure maybe criterion
An Air Force pilot is flying over enemy lines. He has been assigned a target to destroy, but also knows that the target is in a heavily populated civilian area. His knowledge of the region represents what aspect of signal detection theory?
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; young children and caregiver.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
An imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain.
statistical significance does not equal practical significance.
An important issue to bear in mind when interpreting tests of statistical significance is that
statistical significance does not equal practical significance
An important issue to bear in mind when interpreting tests of statistical significance is that...
Critical Period in a Child's Life
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences procedure proper development.
Which of the following situations is a clear violation of the optimal level of arousal theory?
An overburdened student starts a new job during finals week.
Norm
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. prescribe "proper" behavior.
What is structuralism?
Analyze basic feelings and elements using introspection. Understanding basic feelings would help understand conscious mind. Understanding quality, clarity, intensity, duration of stimuli could help understand conscious experience.
What were were his research goals?
Analyze conscious processes into basic elements, discover how elements were organized, determine laws governing organizations
What did Titchener believe about the task of psychology
Analyze consciousness into basic elements and determine how they're related
Stimulus
Any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sensory organ; can vary in type and intensity
Confound
Anything that affects a dependent variable and may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study.
damage to the left hemisphere of the brain may result in an impaired ability to use or understand language, a condition called
Aphasia
What did Broca discover through Monsieur LeBorgne?
Area of inferior frontal lobe responsible for speech production.
observe and think
Aristotle is important to psychology, because he believed that to achieve full understanding of anything we must _________
psyche
Aristotle used the term _________ to refer to the 'essence of life'.
What is the median calculated by?
Arranging all scores in numerical order and finding the midpoint
What is creative synthesis?
Associations are more than sums of their parts
married
At the beginning of the 20th century, women who had successful careers in psychology were not ________
When should research subjects receive a debriefing?
At the end of their participation or the end of the experiment
Developmental Norms
Average ages that children reach developmental milestones: 6 mos-babbling, 9 mos-stand with assistance, 10 mos-crawling, 12 mos-walking, 18 mos-vocabulary of 50-70 words
If a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident you would expect the person to have a problem with
Balance and muscle coordination
If a person's cerebellum were damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have problem with:
Balance and muscle coordination
broad dimensions
Based on available evidence, inheritance influences the _______ of our behavior.
motivated
Because humans work to feed, shelter, and clothe themselves, we know that human behavior is __________
Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus make up nonsense syllables for his memory studies?
Because if he used real words, his prior experience with those words might influence his memory.
parental investment in
Because of the amount of effort put forth to give birth to a child and to nurture a child after it is born, women have a higher ______ children than men.
informed consent
Before participating in research, potential participants must receive a full description of the experiment, demonstrating the ethical principle of ___
Which of the following is a key term in the definition of psychology?
Behavior
Psychology is defined as the study of:
Behavior and mental processes
formal experiment
Bill wants to find the best way to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Which research method should he use?
Glycogen causes the liver to convert its stored sugar into
Blood sugar
What is the general consensus about nature and nurture?
Both are correct.
unconscious mind
Both psychoanalytic and humanistic views view the ________ as a source of human problems.
sensory receptors.
Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
What did Franz Joseph Gail believe?
Brain size and Mind were positively linked. He was interested in mapping the outside of the brain as well
4 parts of Perceptual Constancy
Brightness Color Size Shape
Why was Germany such a hub of psychological activity?
Broadly defined science, freedom of teaching, more universities BASICALLY MORE OPPORTUNITIES
C
Brown eyes, dark hair, and farsightedness are common examples of ________ traits. Select one: a. neutral b. recessive c. dominant d. regressive
By definition, gender identity is a matter of
By definition, gender identity is a matter of
What part of the brain controls conscious experience and intelligence
Cerebral cortex
Who developed the Difference Engine No 2
Charles Babbage
Recapitulation, define:
Children growing up represents evolutionary history of humanity
Which of the following is an example of a collectivistic culture?
China
Which of the following would be the best example of an approach-approach conflict?
Choosing between one good job offer and a second good job offer
DNA
Chromosomes are constructed of long strands of
Which statement about genes and chromosomes is most accurate?
Chromosomes are made up of genes
replicate
Clara hoped that other researchers would be able to get the same results she did in her experiment, which would provide more support for her findings. Therefore, she was extremely careful in laying out the steps of her research project so that, in scientific terms, the other researchers could _______ her study.
Choose the researchers who provided scientific evidence used by the U. S. Supreme Court to decide the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. Select one: a. Clark and Clark Correct b. Sanchez and Cajal c. Calkins and Ebbinghaus d. Prosser and Brown
Clark and Clark Correct
In terms of therapeutic approaches, which approach is based on the premise that people possess the capacity to solve their own problems if given help and a safe environment to confront what is troubling them?
Client-centered therapy
The practice of psychiatry is most like the psychological specialty of
Clinical psychology
Rene Descarte
Coined DUALISM, mind and body affect each other through the pineal gland (seat of the soul)
Which is the correct order of completion for a psychiatrist, from first to last?
Complete medical school, internship in general medicine, residency in psychiatry
hard work
Concerning success in mathematics courses, women tend to attribute their own success to _______
Such research is ethical only when necessary to significantly advance the understanding of human or animal behavior and mental processes.
Concerning the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines concerning the use of nonhuman animals for research ....
What is the stimulus error?
Confusing mental process with stimulus
B
Conscious experience and voluntary actions are mediated by the Select one: a. limbic system. b. cerebral cortex. c. cerebellum. d. cingulate cortex.
What does the phantom limb experience tell us about conscious experience?
Conscious experience is not always a direct representation of sensory information.
According to Frued, what are the three levels of consciousness?
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
active
Considering anti-social behavior, when the genes that increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior also lead to experiences that increase the risk for antisocial behavior, a(n) ______ correlation is occurring.
Although related, school psychologists ____ and educational psychologists ____.
Consult about behavior problems and test; study the ways children learn.
How does contemporary psychoanalysis differ from the original form of psychoanalysis?
Contemporary psychoanalysts place greater importance on motives other than sexual or aggressive.
Which hypothesis states that abnormal behavior is similar to normal behavior but is more severe and harmful form of it?
Continuity hypothesis
What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connect the two halves of the brain
Corpus collosum
causation
Correlation does not necessarily mean _____________
Which of the following statements about correlational research is false?
Correlational methods involve the study of naturally occurring relationships among two variables
B
Cortisol is secreted by the ______ and helps to regulate ______. Select one: a. pituitary gland; human growth b. adrenal glands; immunity to disease c. pituitary; immunity to disease d. adrenal glands; human growth
Correlational studies
DO NOT reach conclusions of cause - effect relationships between variables, but the strength of a relationship
What did William James do?
Defined psychology as the study of mental life (phenomena and conditions), debunked introspection/structuralism and said how consciousness was a stream of thought and psych should be used to investigate it
What is the route a message takes within a neutron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon
Surveys
Descriptive methods that involve asking questions of groups, who are representative of the entire population
Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to predict behavior?
Determining whether a job applicant is likely to perform well on a job.
What did Hermann von Helmholtz do?
Developed a method for measuring speed of natural impulses
Problems with behaviorism
Different interpretations of words during development How people could remember a story Why grammar develops systematically
What was the two point threshold?
Distance between two points before reporting two distinct sensations
other siblings
Dizygotic twins are as genetically alike as
Parkinson is the result of low levels of what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine (DA)
the survey method
Dr. Carr needs a lot of information directly from people and has only one week to collect that information. Dr. Carr would probably benefit most by using
A researcher who places closely spaced electrodes on her subjects' heads in order to study brain activity is using the ______ technique
EEG
A researcher who places closely spaced electrodes on her subjects' heads in order to study brain activity is using the ________ technique.
EEG
B
Early in the history of psychology a memory researcher (Ebbinghaus) used himself as the only research participant in his study. Given this information, what might cause you to be skeptical about his results? Select one: a. The results were not gathered scientifically. b. The sample was probably not representative. c. People are smarter than they used to be. d. Most studies of memory focus on college students.
Who introduced Wundt's theories to the US?
Edward Titchener
Separation Anxiety
Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
gender roles
Emotional expressiveness, dependence, and nurturance are traditional feminine
_____ are secreted by the adrenal glands
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which four scientists demonstrated the experimental method?
Ersnt Weber, Gustav Fechner, Wilhelm Wundt and Herman von Helmholtz.
What did G Stanley Hall do?
Established first psych lab in the US at JHU. Founded american journal of society, first president of apa
What were some of the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt?
Established the first pysch laboratory at U of Leipzig, edited the first psych journal
Population
Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in.
What did Galileo believe?
Everything is made of atoms which affect each other through direct contact
empirical
Evidence gathered from publicly observable behavior is known as ______ evidence.
Group A received progressive relaxation training prior to test taking, while group B recieves no treatment. Group A is the________ and group B is the ___________.
Experimental group, control group
Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers to determine causality?
Experimental studies
Neural pruning and neurogenesis are the exact same process
False
T or F: According to Weber's Law, the amount of additional stimulus needed to be detected is independent of the intensity of the starting stimulus
False
If a stroke were to occur in Broca's area a person might have difficulty speaking but would likely understand what is being said to them this disorder is called
Expressive aphasia
_____ refers to the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address.
External validity
Endocrine glands secrete neurotransmitters into the bloodstream
False
According to the definition of psychology, which of the following is not a behavior? Smiling at a baby, watching birds fly, sleeping during a lecture, feeling hungry
Feeling hungry
Frances Cecil Summer
First African American to get a phD at Clark University with Hall Race relations, equality and psych of religion department chair at howard university
What the significance of the difference engine?
First successful attempt to "think" like humans
Margaret Floy Washburn:
First woman to get a PHD (Cornell, with Edward Titchener) Second woman president of APA Animal Mind, important insight into animal behavior
How does crystallized intelligence differ from fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence shows age-related declines before crystallized intelligence
Which research technique allows fairly confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships?
Formal experiment
Differing conditions
Formal experiments compare quantitative measures of behavior under_____ ________
Alfred Binet's work originated in ______ but has been translated for use in ______.
France; the United States
What differentiated Sigmund Freud from most of the other influential founders of psychology?
Freud was interested in the unconscious mind.
placebo
Frieda participated in a study to test a medication for treating osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease. Half of the participants in that study received a pill containing the real medication and the other half received a pill that contained no active ingredients, i.e., no medication. Those who received the pill with no active ingredients were given...
help their offspring survive
From an evolutionary perspective, a woman selects a particular man for mating because the man will
In the somatic nervous system, by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow?
From the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
In psychology, William James was highly influential in developing the school of thought known as:
Functionalism
Using William James' analogy, the study of a flowing stream is like ____ as the study of individual water molecules is like _____.
Functionalism; structuralism
The axons of which neurons form the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
competitive; nurturing
Generally speaking, men tend to be more ______ while women tend to be more ______.
verbal memory; science
Generally speaking, women perform better on ______ while men perform better on ______.
recessive traits
Genetically speaking, blue eyes, light hair, normal vision, and freckles are the result of_________
Who launched the cognitive revolution?
George Miller, with his paper on short term memory capacity
Which approach to psychology would be apt to say "The whole is greater then the sum of its parts"?
Gestalt
Which school of psychology used the phi phenomenon to demonstrate its belief about human consciousness?
Gestalt Psychology
It is the ___ cell that transports nutrients from the blood vessels to neurons.
Glial
The most common cell in the brain is the
Glial cell
Who published the Nature of Prejudice?
Gordon Allport
Originally the thought was that neurons transmitted signals through an all or none principle where the neuron fired at full strength or not at all. It is now understood that is not the case and that neurons transmit messages through
Graded electrical potentials
When a therapist helps a person overcome a phobia by gradually accompanying the patient from mildly fearful event to more fearful events, the therapist is using the ______ technique.
Graded exposure
Institutional Review Boards
Groups of people responsible for reviewing propsed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants.
Top-Down Processing
Guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations. based on context
What is the main contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to psychology?
He demonstrated that carefully controlled experimentation can be conducted.
Dr. X required all of his students, without exception, to participate in an experiment for part of their course grade. What is true regarding Dr. X's use of the ethical principles of human research?
He is violating freedom from coercion
What happens if auditory neurons are damaged or destroyed?
Hearing impairment
What was the early pioneer in memory research that used himself as his only research subject?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Which su part of the brain is located at the rear base of the skull
Hindbrain
Which subpart of the brain is located at the rear base of the skull?
Hindbrain
A common way of classifying the brain is to divide it into three major parts. What are they
Hindbrain midbrain forebrain
What are the key differences between historical and scientific data?
Historical data is available in the form of letters, diaries etc and is subject to loss and bias.
How are hormones different from neurotransmitters?
Hormones are carried in the bloodstream.
What effect did computers have on psych?
How computers processed info was used to understand how people processed info
What is social analysis?
How groups affect how people interact and influence each other
If you are interested in the functionalist approach to psychology, you would be most interested in:
How humans use their thoughts to function in their environment
what can changes in a clock's operation be used for?
How it's parts function
What is cultural analysis?
How people's thoughts, feelings and behavior are similar/dissimilar across culture
What is biological analysis?
How the body contributes to bind and behavior through chem and genetic processes
What did plato believe about nature vs nature?
Humans are born with innate knowledge
What do we know to be true about human behavior?
Humans are social animals
Allie has a theory that there is a relationship between the amount she studies and her grades. In order to test her theory, she must formulate a:
Hypothesis
What did John Locke believe about ideas?
Idea is the fundamental unit of the mind, all ideas arise from sensation and reflection
A
If a neuron is polarized, which of the following conditions exists? Select one: a. The inside of the cell has a more negative charge than the outside. b. The inside of the cell has a more positive charge than the outside. c. The cell has fired and no electrical charges are present. d. Electrical charges are equally balanced between the inside and outside of the cell.
A
If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection would be the ________ threshold. Select one: a. difference b. sensory c. absolute d. transduction
androgynous
If a person possesses the desirable characteristics of both males and females, they would best be described as ________
Confounding of participant variables is less likely
If a researcher assigns participants randomly to the various groups used in an experiment which of the following will apply?
Four
If a student asks you why we can see colors and you want to provide an answer based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, you tell the student it is because there are ________ different types of cone receptors.
freedom of coercion
If a student is required to participate in a research study, in order to pass a course, this a violation of the ethical principle of ____
B
If after examining the evidence you conclude that gender differences exist between ancestral men and women who faced different pressures during the Pleistocene era, you believe in the ______ theory of gender differences. Select one: a. sociocultural b. evolutionary c. Freudian d. nature-nurture
Which of the following best describes the relationship between dominant and recessive genes?
If both genes are present, the dominant gene is expressed
positive
If criminal activity were found to increase as temperatures increase, researchers could conclude that there is a ________ correlation to crime and temperature.
C
If the results of a study are found to have statistical significance, this means that the results Select one: a. would happen by chance more than 5% of the time. b. happen about 50% of the time, no matter what. c. would happen by chance less than 5% of the time. d. have important implications for society.
Results were probably not due to chance
If the results of an experiment are statistically significant, what may we conclude?
perfect positive correlation
If two variables have a ___________, one variable can be perfectly predicted if you know the value of the second variable.
Why is mechanism important?
If universe is composed of atoms, there's a cause and effect rule, therefore the effect is predictable
NOT:the figure-ground relationship. Maybe : size constancy
If we see a German shepherd standing thirty feet from us, we still recognize its size even though the image on our retina is much smaller than if the dog was directly in front of us. This is primarily due to
B
If you are a participant in a blind experiment, Select one: a. the task is a visual task. b. the experimenter does not know the experimental condition you are in. c. you do not know what experimental condition you are in. d. the task involves not using your visual system.
C
If you are in a low stress-level situation, and you experience increases in salivation, constriction of the lungs, contraction of the bladder, and an activation of the digestive tract, you know that your ______ nervous system is primarily responsible for these operations. Select one: a. somatic b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. efferent
social-role
If you believe that gender differences are a result of different opportunities, challenges, experiences, and restrictions, then you hold to the ______ theory of gender differences.
C
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your ________ lobe. Select one: a. temporal b. frontal c. occipital d. parietal
D
If you were a psychologist who was labeled a structuralist, you would be interested in the _______ of the mind, using ______ as you primary research method. Select one: a. function; experimentation b. structure; experimentation c. function; introspection d. structure; introspection
dependent
In a formal experiment, the variable that the experimenter measures is the ________ variable.
How did Hume define impressions and ideas?
Impressions are basic elements of natural life, Ideas are mental experiences we have without stimulating objects
no variables can be manipulated
In a correlational study which of the following is true?
positive
In a correlational study, variable A is found to generally increase in value as variable B increases. The two variables have a _______ correlation.
neither the experimenter or the participant
In a double blind study, who knows about the details of the study?
placebo effect
In a drug study, sometimes the pill with an inert substance (such as a sugar pill) may have an unintended effect. This is called the _______
the paired associate task
In a memory study, you present a color that is presented alongside a number. These items are presented together, at the same time. Later you present the color, and ask the participant to recall (remember) the number.
Secure Attachment
In a mothers prescence an infant plays comfortably, happily exploring their new environments when she leaves they are distressed and on return seek her attention.
variable
In a research study participants recorded the number of cigarettes smoked per day. "Number of cigarettes" smoked per day is referred to as a ____
Variability
In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean.
B
In a study examining the effects of caffeine on memory, the participants are not told if they received caffeine or not. The technical term for this procedure is that the participants were Select one: a. uninformed. b. blind. c. manipulated. d. placeboed.
independent
In an experiment, the factors that are manipulated by the experimenter are known as _______ variables.
Dependent Variables
In an experiment, the measure that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable.
D
In formal experiments, the experimental group is the ______ group and the control group is the ______ group. Select one: a. inactive; inactive b. inactive; active c. active; active d. active; inactive
replicated
In order to be accepted, research results must be __________
Sociocultural Perspective / Theory
In order to fully understand people it is necessary to understand the beliefs and values of other cultures.
A
In sensory transduction, neural energy is derived from Select one: a. physical sources of energy. b. Weber's law. c. stereochemical energy. d. perceptions.
separate but equal
In the U. S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, segregated school systems could no longer be considered ___________.
spatial and mechanical reasoning
In the area of cognitive ability and achievement, the largest difference in cognitive performance between men and women is seen in the area of
A
In the somatic nervous system, by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow? Select one: a. in from the rest of the body to the central nervous system b. from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere c. from the central nervous system to the rest of the body d. from the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere
According to Sigmund Freud, where do motives reside?
In the unconscious mind
C
In which school of thought did researchers ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing? Select one: a. behaviorism b. functionalism c. structuralism d. cognitive
human treatment
In working with nonhuman animals, ______ refers to the concept of minimizing the discomfort of animals, such as performing surgeries under adequate anesthesia.
a true statement about scatterplots
Indicates the relation between two variables
Howard Gardner's research indicates that
Intelligence includes more than just verbal and mathematical abilities
prediction
Industrial psychologists who design tests to screen new job candidates for various companies in order to hire workers who should perform best are attempting __________
If the brain used serial processing, which of the following would be true?
Information would be processed in one brain area at a time
Which of the following are the operations associated with the information-processing model of memory?
Input, storage, and retrieval
How did behaviorists explain mental behaviors?
Instincts, Inherited behaviors, emotions, thought
_____ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
Internal validity
What did Ernst Weber do?
Introduced the experimental method to psychophysiology
How did Wundt measure conscious experience?
Introspection (internal perception), observation of one's own mental state
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
It decreases the chance of depolarization
What did David Hume believe about the material world?
It does not exist unless perceived
What is the significance of a hypothesis?
It is used to test theories
What is the significance of a hypothesis?
It is used to test theories.
What did he believe should be done with psychology?
It should be less philosophy and more scientific ideas and experimentation
What did this zeitgeist do?
It showed the convergence of the importance of senses and HOW they functioned.
Why is psychology a science?
It uses rigorous methods of observation
Who won a Nobel Prize for his work on digestion?
Ivan Pavlov
Who won a Nobel price for his work on digestion?
Ivan Pavlov
conditioning
Ivan Pavlov discovered that his dogs associated the sound of the bell with food. He called this process....
structuralist
J. Henry Alston was notable as an African American psychologist and for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. J. Henry Alston was an early _______
applied
Job dissatisfaction would be a problem best dealt with by _______ psychologists.
behaviorism
John B. Watson's belief that psychology should focus only on overt behavior became the foundation of the _______perspective or theory.
Operational definition
José and his research group are studying the effects of acculturation on first graders. To clarify what they mean by "acculturation" they need a specific ________ for the term.
operational definition
José and his research group are studying the effects of acculturation on first graders. To clarify what they mean by "acculturation" they need a specific ________ for the term.
Weber's law
Just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus ex. 1:5
Which Ion contributes the most to hyper polarization (the fall)?
K+
When the voltage of the neuron reaches threshold, what happens to the protein channels?
K+ and Cl- channels are open and Na+ gates open
Who was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?
Kenneth Clark
What is the field theory, and who defined it?
Kurt Lewin, human thinking can be explained in terms of one's field and societal influences.
Strange Situation
Lab setting used by Mary Ainsworth
Why has introspection been abandoned?
Largely unreliable and subjective in nature
white male
Late 19th- and early 20th-century psychology was dominated by _____________ thinking.
What does functionalism do?
Look for underlying causes in specific behavior, mental abilities.
NOT: the figure-ground phenomenon. Maybe the Ponzo Illusion.
Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as
If a neurologist wants an extremely accurate image of a patient's brain, the neurologist would probably order a(n)
MRI
The reticular formation is primarily responsible for
Maintaining muscle tone and cardiac responsiveness
Independent Variable
Manipulated by the experimenter
Which early researcher studied memory by having his/her participants pair a number and a color together?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Which drug is not physically addictive but can cause psychological withdrawal symptoms, decreased cognition efficiency, and weakened immune system with prolonged use?
Maryijuana
Sound is a type of _____ energy
Mechanical
What was the zeitgeist of the 17th century?
Mechanism, All processes are determined and capable of being explained by chem and physics
Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing
Medulla
Some individuals use bright light to treat seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. It is believed that bright light therapy is effective due to its influence on
Melatonin
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely impair
Memory formation
What did the toe-thigh experiment suggest?
Mental processes do not occur simultaneously, reaction time could be used to study the brain
What did Gustav Fechner suggest?
Mind and body were not separate, simply two sides of the same reality (MIND IS SUBJECTIVE, BODY IS OBJECTIVE)
What did Berkeley believe about association (learning)?
Mind constructs complex ideas with mental building blocks, applied to sensation (depth perception)
What did John Stuart Mill believe about the mind?
Mind plays an active role in association of ideas
conflicts
Modern psycohanalysts still believe that unconscious ___ are the chief source of psychological problems.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money
biology
Most psychologists agree that ________ influences human behavior.
sociocultural
Most psychologists agree that people can only be understood by recognizing ______ influences.
What did Newton believe?
Movement is communicated by forces that attract and repel atoms
Sound
Movement of air molecules brought about by vibration (sound waves); mechanical energy
Operational definition
Must remain constant throughout the experiment
Which ion contributes the most to depolarization (the rise)?
Na+
When the neutron is at rest:
Na+/K+ pumps is pumping out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+, K+ and Cl- channels are open
negative correlation
Nancy has found that when she spends a lot of time going to movies with her friends, she does not do well in school. This demonstrates a...
What federal agency now requires all new research grants that involve human participants include both sexes and members of major racial and ethnic groups?
National Institutes of Health
___________ Attempts to view behavior without disturbing the environment.
Naturalistic observation
in real life settings
Naturalistic observation describes a research technique in which careful observation and recording of behavior occurs
A
Naturalistic observation describes a research technique in which careful observation and recording of behavior occurs Select one: a. in real-life settings. b. through archival research. c. in a controlled laboratory. d. under legal scrutiny.
the optic nerve.
Near the center of the retina there is a spot where there are no rods and no cones. This spot exists because of
Proximity
Nearby objects grouped together
How do nerves differ from neurons?
Nerves are bundles of long neurons.
How do nerves differ from neurons
Neurons are bundles of long neurons
Feature Detection (Hubel and Wiesel)
Neurons in visual cortex respond to specific stimulus features (shape, angle, movement, etc.)
Psychologists who study the role of the brain in psychological processes use the:
Neuroscience perspective.
The general name for the chemicals that travel across a synaptic gap are called
Neurotransmitters
Are neurons physically connected to one another
No they are separated by the synaptic gap
Is the peripheral nervous system part of the central nervous system?
No, but the peripheral nervous system is divided into two subsystems
Are neurons physically connected to one another?
No, they are separated by a synaptic gap
Are neurons physically connected to one another?
No, they are separated by a synaptic gap.
When an authority figure gives you specific instructions and you follow them to the letter, _____ has occurred.
Obedience
Data
Objective observations or measurements.
similarity.
Objects that resemble one another are often perceived as a group. This is the perceptual principle of
What did Freud do as a doctor?
Observed patients with nervous disorders (Anna O) Believed stress was due to conflicts and trauma that occured as kids
What experiments did Wundt perform regarding reaction time?
Observers were presented with two tasks with varying difficulty, time elapse was known as the reaction time
descriptive
Of all the research methods described in the text, the ___ is the simplest method.
What did Charles Darwin do?
On the Origin of species, evolution and natural selection. Helped psychologists consider how humans and animals function in adaptation
nucleotides
On the long strands of DNA, ______ are located on the twin rails of the double helix.
B
On your skin, the level of sensitivity is controlled by the Select one: a. temperature of the surroundings. b. number of nerve cells. c. level of arousal. d. thickness of the epidermis.
What is an advantage that formal experimentation has over other research strategies?
One may exert control over the influence of variables.
A
One of the pleasure centers of the brain is found in the Select one: a. hypothalamus. b. corpus callosum. c. cingulate gyrus. d. thalamus.
NOT:opponent-process theory; trichromatic theory Maybe: trichromatic theory; opponent-process theory
One way to think about how we process color images is that the ________ describes the events at the first level of neurons in the visual system, while the ________ best describes the activities of neurons in the rest of the visual system.
What is John B. Watson's belief about studying human behavior?
Only visible behavior can be measured and understood
In positive reinforcement, the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the ____.
Operant response
If a psychologist were to study 'love' she would need to have an _________ love or else the hypothesis could not be tested.
Operational definition for
_____ provide an objective description of how variables are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.
Operational definitions
The place where the optic nerve cross is called the _____.
Optic chiasm
Descriptive Statistics
Overall summary of data.
" I realize that everyone is taling about me, mostly behind my back. Yesterday I read the paper and found that all the reporters were writing specifically about me. I found coded messages in sever articles, which of course only I could decipher." Which disorder is the person in this question most likely to be diagnosed with?
Paranoid Schizophrenia
If you are in a low stress level situations and you experience increases in salivation, constriction of the lungs, contraction of the bladder and activation of the digestive tract, you know that your ____ nervous system is primarily responsible for these operations
Parasympathetic
"single blind study"
Participant expectations will not affect the results
Drawbacks for a single case research study
Participants may not be representative of the population as a wholev
Who was Monsieur LeBorgne?
Paul Broca's patient, could not speak except for "tan", could understand speech and communicate gestures
What did aristotle believe about nature vs nurture?
People develop knowledge in life experiences
motivated
People do things for reasons; behavior is _______
What was Wundt's introspection experiment like?
People were given stimulus and reported their experience after that
What did George Berkeley believe about perception?
Perception is dependent on the perceiver
Bottom-Up Processing
Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole
control group
Permits a contrast between manipulating the independent variable and no treatment
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
PhDs at columbia Studied how racism affected black self image Testified in B v B of ed Kenneth was first black president of APA
The beginning of psychology as a science began in the discipline of
Philosophy
Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism
What were the three feeling parts on tri theory?
Pleasantness/Unpleasantness, Strain/Relaxation, Excitement/Stress
What was the Zeitgeist of the 19th Century?
Positivism, based on facts that are obviously observable and not debatable (anything other than scientific facts were nonsense)
statistical
Practical significance is different than _________significance.
What was the difference engine?
Precursor to a modern calculator, easy to solve complicated problems
Why is the clock a model of the universe?
Predictability, precision, regularity
What are two ways to measure sensation?
Presence of stimulus, absence of stimulus
Pacinian Corpuscle
Pressure
What could sensation be broken down to?
Primary and Secondary qualities.
What is Historiography?
Principles, methods and philosophical issues of psych research
Convergence
Produced by feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward to view a close object
What were secondary qualities?
Properties that are noticed by perception
What were primary qualities?
Properties that exist whether or not we perceive them (things actually made of matter)
Which of the following is actually an example of how a gene might be expressed?
Proteins are synthesized
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Psych approach emphasizing what we perceive as a whole rather than individual components
What is the major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
Psychiatrists are medical doctors
What is the major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
Psychiatrists are medical doctors.
Which of the following schools of thought involves an analyst's unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings?
Psychoanalysis
Which school of psychology was founded and developed by Sigmund Freud?
Psychoanalysis
With what psychological approach is Sigmund Freud associated?
Psychodynamics
How did WW2 affect psychology?
Psychologists fled Europe and settled in the USA, USA became cutting edge center for psych research, attempts to understand the war were generative in psych
basic research
Psychologists who do their work in industrial settings, medical centers, and school systems often use psychological information obtained from__________
A
Psychologists who study the role of the brain in psychological processes use the Select one: a. neuroscience perspective. b. psychoanalytic approach. c. humanistic viewpoint. d. sociocultural viewpoint.
understand
Psychology is achieved when we can explain and ________ behavior.
careful and controlled observation
Psychology is considered to be a science because psychologists use....
What were Wilhelm Wundt's research interests?
REACTION TIME, consciousness (sensation, feeling)
confidentiality
Rather than recording data from a study that is linked to the participant's names, the researchers arranged to give each participant a random number. Only the participant knows his or her random number, and these numbers are not connected to the participant's identity in any way. This procedure of conducting a study helps to ensure
The primary function of dendrites is to
Receive incoming info
Gustation (Taste)
Receptor cells (taste buds) respond to four basic stimulus qualities: Sweet, Sour, Salty, and Bitter
The trichromatic theory says that 3 types of cones detect what color?
Red, blue, and green
You cannot remember much of what you learned in high school chemistry but you learn the same chemistry material in college much faster than you did in high school. Which method of memory evaluation does this illustrate?
Relearning
Replication
Repetition of an experiment to confirm the results.
high; decrease
Research evidence has suggested that ______ levels of lead or mercury in a child's bloodstream may ______ the intellectual ability of a child.
descriptive
Research methods 'survey technique' and 'naturalistic observation' both are _________ in nature.
predict
Research that is conducted to find out under what circumstances bystanders will help in a crisis is part of which goal of psychology?
experimenter bias
Researchers who act differently toward some participants are engaging in ______
What are the laws of association?
Resemblance (similarity), contiguity
Which of the following is an example of a control process?
Retrieval
You are unable to remember your previous address because you tend to confuse it with your current address. This illustrates _____ interference.
Retrograde
Visual stimuli form the left visual field is sent to which visual cortex?
Right
a placebo
Rose participated in a study to test a medication for treating osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease. Half of the participants in that study received a pill containing the real medication and the other half received a pill that contained no active ingredients, i.e., no medication. Those who received the pill with no active ingredients were given
Who was the first to publish a description of the cells of the brain, now called neurons?
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
What was Ernst Weber interested in?
Sensation and perception (weight, temperature, pressure)
Which personality disorder includes individuals who have no interest in social contact?
Schizoid personality disorder
orderly and lawful.
Science requires that the subject matter be
Research
Scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data.
According to research studies, what should happen if Scott observes Allison being rewarded for picking up toys?
Scott's toy picking up behavior will increase
Collection data about the world through seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting is a function of ______, and interpreting data collected is the function of ________.
Sensation, Perception
According to Titchner, one could break down all human experiences into three components, which were:
Sensations, feelings, images
Difficulty sleeping, paying attention in class and suffering from depression are symptoms of low:
Serotonin
There is a numerical relationship between the two variables.
Several lab groups found a strong positive correlation between number of hours spent on campus and grades. What can you conclude from this information?
When a researcher says she is concerned about experimenter bias, what is she concerned about?
She is concerned about influencing the behavior of the participants because she knows what condition of the study they are in
What did Evelyn Hooker do?
Showed that gays and straights didn't differ in cognitive functioning, helped declassify homosexuality as a mental illness
D
Siblings would have the same genes if Select one: a. their parents are brother and sister. b. each inherits dominant genes. c. they are fraternal twins. d. they are monozygotic twins.
Which person is most closely associated with the study of human behavior as it pertains to the unconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
Which theorist would most likely accuse you of accidentally wrecking your dad's car because (though you were not aware of this) you wanted to hurt your dad?
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud believed very strongly that one's unconscious motives are the roots of all behavior and psychological problems.
Compared to the male brain the female brain is ___ and has a ___ surface area
Smaller; larger
A researcher wants to study the relationship between lifespan and cigarette smoking. For this study, he cannot ethically manipulate people to smoke cigarettes, so the researcher must rely on a correlational study. Based on the correlational approach, which of the following statements would be an appropriate conclusion?
Smoking cigarettes is related to decreases in lifespan.
Continuity
Smooth, continuous patterns preferred
It is easier to classically condition a fear of ___ compared to a fear of ___.
Snakes; lunch boxes.
Which contemporary viewpoint combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective?
Social learning theory
Cognition
Social learning theory has attempted to integrate the ideas of behaviorism with the study of ....
What was the main finding of Zimbardo's study?
Social situations can have a powerful influence on behavior
You are told that Dr. Doe researches the behavior patterns of a group of French descendants who live near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Dr. Doe is most likely a:
Sociocultural psychologist.
A low amplitude sound would sound ______
Soft
A
Some individuals use bright light to treat seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. It is believed that bright light therapy is effective due to its influence on Select one: a. melatonin. b. parathormone. c. estrogen. d. thyroxin.
Variable
Something in the world that can be measured and can vary.
gene environment correlation
Sometimes individuals who have a gene that influences a psychological characteristic also have experiences that also influence the same psychological characteristic. When this happens, it is called
Perception
Sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sensory organs and brain
Which of the following statistics describes the spread of a series of numbers?
Standard Deviation and Variance
In which school of thought did researchers ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing?
Structuralism
In which school of thought did researches ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing?
Structuralism
With which school of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt associated?
Structuralism
J. Henry Alston was notable as an African American psychologist and for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. J. Henry Alston was an early:
Structuralist
What did John Watson do?
Studied animals, published an article in Psych Review, switched to psych in advertising.
Culturally Sensitive Study
Studies that take into account the ways culture affects thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Define mind
Subjective experience of psychological phenomena, resulting from biological processes within the brain
What was Wundt's method called?
Subtractive method
experiments.
Successful replication means that certain conclusions about behavior have been repeated in ________
descriptive
Surveys, naturalistic observations, and the clinical method represent which type of scientific inquiry?
descriptive studies
Surveys, naturalistic observations, and the clinical method represent which type of scientific inquiry?
