PSY 201 Final
A study of first-year law students found that the students who had an optimistic outlook:
had stronger immune systems than the students with a pessimistic outlook.
Psychologist Lewis Terman tracked 1,500 California schoolchildren with high IQs throughout their lives. The general finding was that:
high intelligence can contribute to success in life but motivation and other personality factors are equally important.
A measure of general intelligence that is derived by comparing an individual's score to scores of others in the same age group is a definition of:
intelligence quotient (IQ)
intelligence
the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
Multiple Intelligence
1983- 8 kinds of intelligence& that each kind has its neurological base in a different area of the brain. Like Thurstone, thought that mental abilities are independent of each other & cannot be given a single measure. Intelligence or special talents?
Duration of short term memory
3 seconds or less
Heritability
50% of intelligence for the general population
100 average
6 yr MA/ 6 yr CA x 100
80 below average
8 yr MA/ 10 yr CA x 100
Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.
85; 115
Stage model of memory
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neuron's, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia.
Languages
Languages share a similar underlying structure called a universal grammar. Therefore, the human brain is wired with a neural system (LAD) that permits the understanding of language structure and provides a set of strategies & techniques necessary to lean the language.
Which of the following psychologists developed and promoted the use of the intelligence quotient or IQ as a measure for intelligence?
Lewis Terman
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memory caused by inability to store new information; forward acting amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward acting amnesia.
Which of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are seven different primary mental abilities, each of which is a relatively independent element of intelligence?
Louis L. Thurstone
_____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age.
Mental age
David Wechsler
developed many IQ tests Wechsler's definition is broader- it is reflected in effective, rational, and goal directed behavior.
Wernicke's Aphasia-
difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language-they cannot think of the proper word to express their own thoughts- use proper syntax
Miguel's wife brought him to the emergency room because Miguel could not remember his name, the names of his family members, where he worked, or any other information he should easily be able to remember. Extensive tests at the hospital indicated that Miguel's memory problems were not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or any other physical or medical condition. A clinical psychologist suggested that Miguel might be suffering from:
dissociative amnesia.
The most controversial dissociative disorder involves extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities. This disorder is called:
dissociative identity disorder.
Exactly three years ago today Denise was eating lunch with two friends at a restaurant when a very confused man came into the restaurant and began firing a gun at the pictures hanging on the walls. Denise remembers many details of that day, including the clothes she was wearing and what she ate for lunch. Denise has such clear memories of that day partly because those memories are characterized by a high degree of:
distinctiveness.
To David Wechsler, intelligence is reflected in:
effective, rational, and goal-directed behavior.
Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?
episodic memory
According to Martin Seligman, a person who reacts to negative events with an optimistic explanatory style uses:
external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.
During the EARLIEST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the most common symptoms are:
forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
As he began his internship in a hospital emergency room, George felt very anxious. Throughout the internship he experienced intense and prolonged stress, did not eat well, and did not get enough sleep. When he successfully completed his internship, he felt completely worn out and got very sick with the flu. George is probably experiencing the:
"exhaustion" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
(WAIS)
1955 Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 11 subtests measuring different abilities Verbal score Performance score Might indicate a learning disability or an unfamiliar cultural problem. IQ- compared an individual's score with the score of others in the same general age group (100 average/normal 85-115 IQ).
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
1980-Yale University psychologist- views intelligence in terms of information processing-how does information flow through us & is modified as we adapt to our environment.
IQ=MA/CA X 100
100 average = 6 yr MA/ 6 yr CA x 100 80 below average = 8 yr MA/ 10 yr CA x 100 120 above average=10 yr MA/8 yr CA x 100 Therefore, people who answer more items correctly than the average for people of the same age attain IQ scores higher than 100 & people who answer fewer items correctly than the average for their age attain scores lower than 100.
Charles Spearman
1904 British psychologist-suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlying factor- "g" general intelligence- problem solving abilities & "s" specific abilities those who exceed in one area Developed factor analysis- statistical technique- more like Terman
GAS-General Adaptation Syndrome
1)Alarm reaction-triggered by the perception of a stressor-the body is aroused in preparation for defense-fight or flight reaction-Number of body changes-hormones are released, white blood cells increase in number to fight off pathogens-adrenaline & noradrenaline are secreted to arouse the body by accelerating the heart rate & causing the liver to release glucose which provides the energy that fuels the fight or flight reaction. 2)Resistance stage-if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body & the stressor is not removed, we enter stage 2 where the body attempts to restore lost energy & repair bodily damage- endocrine & sympathetic levels are still higher than normal. 3)Exhaustion Stage- if stress continues your muscles become fatigued, the body is depleted of the resources required or combating stress-parasympathetic division of the ANS may predominate-heart beat & respiration slow down which can lead to constricted blood vessels & alteration of the heart rhythm & can lead to ulcers, hives, coronary heart disease, & ultimately death.
Individual Factors that Influence the Responses to Stress
1)Self-efficacy expectations-our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts-sense of control-increases positive emotions & the opposite causes a stressor on the body that will decrease the effect of the immune system. 2)Explanatory Style: Optimism vs Pessimism (Matin Seligman 1990s) Optimistic Explanatory Style- accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, & specific explanations. Pessimistic Explanatory Style-accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, & global explanations. 3)Sense of humor- research has shown that humor can moderate the effects of stress. 4)Predictability-the ability to predict a stressor apparently moderates its impact- internals vs externals 5)Positive social support-acts as a buffer against the effects of stress.
120 above average
10 yr MA/8 yr CA x 100
Which intelligence theorist believed that intelligence test scores were useful primarily to identify children who needed special help?
Alfred Binet
CA=
CA= (chronological age) the number of years the person has been alive Test from ages 2- adulthood
Who defined intelligence as the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment?
David Wechsler
Identify the psychologist who is at the forefront of research on memory distortions and one of the most widely recognized authorities on eyewitness memory.
Elizabeth Loftus
The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, during which intense arousal occurs as the body mobilizes internal physical resources to meet the demands of the stress-producing event, is called the resistance stage.
False
Role of the Endocrine System in the body's response to stress
Hans Selye suggested that under stress the body is like a clock with an alarm system that does not shut off until its energy has been depleted. Think of an old clock run by batteries...
SBIS Yields
How to score IQ= MA (mental age) intellectual age at which a child or person is functioning CA= (chronological age) the number of years the person has been alive Test from ages 2- adulthood
Implicit memory
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be conciously recollected; also called nondeclarative memory.
Explicit Memory
Information or knowledge that can be conciously recollected; also called declarative memory.
Nativist Theory
Innate factors cause children to attend to & acquire language in certain ways. Psycholinguistic theory says that language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences- Noam Chomsky refers to the inborn tendency to acquire language as a language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky's analysis of different languages suggests that all the world's
Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?
Only a small percentage of people have the capacity to be creative.
Emotional Intelligence
Peter Salovey & John Mayer- suggest that self awareness & social awareness are best learned during childhood-emphasized social & emotional skills as forms of IQ. State that failure to develop emotional IQ is connected with childhood depression & aggression. Controversy- should schools be responsible to devote instruction time to emotional IQ?
With whom do you associate the "triarchic theory of intelligence"?
Robert Sternberg
_____ emphasizes both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a particular social and cultural environment.
Robert Sternberg's theory
How would you characterize the distribution of scores in a normal distribution?
Scores cluster around the average score
True Language
Semanticity- the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas. Infinite Creativity- the capacity to combine words into original sentences- must understand syntax (structure of grammar) Displacement- capacity to communicate information about events & objects in another time or place- transferring complex knowledge from one person to another
Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations:
concepts and mental images.
Cognition
The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
Memory
The mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.
Flashbulb memory
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.
Sensory memory
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
The general adaptation syndrome is Hans Selye's term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress.
True
Bilingualism
Used to be thought of as a bad thing. Today we know it is better to learn a 2nd language during the sensitive period (18-24 months up to puberty). The brain is more flexible & language development is easier. Ebonics in California in the mid 1980s.
Aphasia
a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language
creativity
a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions to problems.
Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress?
a negative emotional state caused by your perception that you are unable to cope with events or circumstances
language
a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements.
Intense arousal is to the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome as adjustment to a continuing stressful situation is to the _____ stage.
alarm; resistance
Rather than being interested in a single factor to identify intelligence, Louis Thurstone believed that it was more important to consider:
an individual's specific pattern of mental abilities.
Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement of a good test design?
aptitude
In a dissociative experience, what normally integrated aspects of personality are divided or separated?
awareness, memory, and personal identity
Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.
chunking
One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called:
chunking.
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one component of Sternberg's "successful intelligence"?
interpersonal intelligence
Maintenance rehearsal:
is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory
Wernicke's area
lies near the temporal lobe
Broca's area
located in the frontal lobe that send messages to motor cortex for muscles to contract in order to produce speech
Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by the highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his:
long-term memory.
Merely repeating information over and over is called _____ while focusing on the meaning of the information is called _____.
maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
Stress
negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope-the demand that is made on an organism to adapt. Some stress is healthy & necessary to keep us alert but prolonged intense and prolonged stress can overtax the system.
Ryan was disappointed when he was rejected in his first attempt to get admitted to a very prestigious engineering program. Despite this setback, he told his friends that he thought he would have a better chance next time, especially if he took some additional qualifying courses and raised his GPA. Martin Seligman would say that Ryan has a(n):
optimistic explanatory style.
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.
pessimistic
Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?
practical
Since moving to the United States, Ernesto has established a very successful consulting business that advises U.S. corporations that plan to market their products in Central and South America. Ernesto appears to excel in what Robert Sternberg would call:
practical intelligence.
divergent thinking
problem solver associates more fluently & freely to the various elements of the problem EX) essay questions
Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.
procedural; semantic
Encoding of long term memory
refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system.
Dr. Lopez assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. He is checking the _____ of his new test.
reliability
When Mrs. Anderson had a stroke that left her partly paralyzed and cognitively impaired, her husband took care of her. After four months, Mr. Anderson has adjusted to the daily routine, but he seems tense, and his ability to cope with new stressors is diminished. It is very likely that Mr. Anderson is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the _____ stage.
resistance; exhaustion
As compared to men, women are more likely to _____ under stressful circumstances.
seek out social support
The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:
seems to be limitless
When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, "It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?
semantic memory
Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia reflects which type of long-term memory?
semantic memory
As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?
short-term memory
Which factor has been identified as being as powerful a health risk as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity?
social isolation
The resources provided by other people in times of need, including emotional, tangible, and informational support, are referred to as:
social support.
In most cases, the disorder called dissociative amnesia occurs as a response to:
stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation.
Validity-
test measures what it is supposed to measure
Reliability-
test must consistently produce similar scores on different occasions-want highly similar test-retest scores
Short term memory
the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to 20 seconds.
Long term memory
the stage of memory that represents the long term storage of information.
convergent thinking
thought is limited to present facts as the problem solver tries to narrow his/her thinking to find the best solution EX) multiple choice
How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?
use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information
Broca's Aphasia
when damaged people usually understand language well enough to speak but speak slowly & laboriously, in simple sentences.
Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory.
working