Learning curve questions EXAM 2
According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style emphasizes structure and discipline over warmth and love.
authoritarian
Ismena's parents provide plenty of rules, demand total obedience, and are not very affectionate. Ismena's mom and dad have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _____ and Richard is _____.
authoritarian, authoritative
In elementary school classes, children who get some "most liked" rankings and some "most disliked" rankings are defined as _____ children.
average
A girl who goes against the gender norms by being physically aggressive will MOST likely
be rejected by her peers
Statistically, who is most apt to enter puberty with the LEAST amount of adult guidance
boys
A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo
can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person
According to Jean Piaget, which is one of the factors that limits a preoperational child's thinking?
centering
Despite the fact that both rows have six buttons, Monroe thinks there are more buttons in the row that is spread further apart than in the row that is spaced more closely together. The reason Monroe is focused on the length of the rows rather than the number of buttons is called
centering
Teachers who have high-achieving students in low-income areas consistently say that it is important to _____.
challenge students
physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are all forms of
child maltreatment
Failure to provide adequate supervision and care is called
child neglect
When in a mixed-gender group
children act in a less gender-stereotyped manne
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called _____.
conservation
Six-year-old Mikey gets very angry at school and will often have outbursts in class in which he yells at the teacher and knocks over his desk. Mikey has
externalizing problems
Arthur has _____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively
externalizing tendencies
Money is an _____ motivator.
extrinsic
The key to overcoming the problem of school being a chore is to make _____ relate to children's goals and desires.
extrinsic learning
Studying only in order to raise one's GPA is an example of
extrinsic motivation
Studying only to raise one's GPA is an example of
extrinsic motivation
External reinforcement is to ______ motivation as self-generated action desire is to _____ motivation
extrinsic; intrinsic
Caleb is 8 years old, and he lives in an abusive home. Caleb's autobiographical memories are likely to be _____.
false or absent
Which pair contains the MOST closely related types of play
fantasy, collaborative pretend
The hormone leptin is sensitive to the amount of _____ in the body
fat
In early childhood many _____ motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, are mastered as long as children have the opportunity to practice.
fine
Academic success in elementary school is positively associated with proficiency in _____ motor skills.
fine, but not gross
Daja's kindergarten students are cutting paper snowflakes. Students hold up their snowflakes as they are completed so that their classmates may admire them. The more delicate-looking the snowflake, the more enthusiastically it is greeted by the students. Cutting snowflakes encourages the development of _____ motor skills, which is in turn _____ associated with academic proficiency later on.
fine; positively
Kwan has a cat named Rudy. One day on a walk, Taylor's mother says, "See that cat?" Taylor replies, "That not cat, that not Rudy!" Kwan's mistake is called a(n) _____.
underextension
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) learn better
in noisy environment
Pauline's parents have been encouraging her to consider colleges that are far from home to encourage her independence and help her to become a separate person. Pauline is MOST likely from a(n) _____ culture.
individualistic
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is given
individually by a psychologist
"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called
induction
The ideal discipline style for promoting prosocial behavior is
induction
Erik Erikson called the psychosocial task children face during elementary school
industry versus inferiority
At the beginning of middle school, most children socialize in
unisex cliques
The stereotypes about the teenage years being an "impossible" life stage are
untrue
MOST adolescents are
upbeat, happy
Which is NOT a part of parent training for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
using medication
Johanna is 8 years old. Her mother suffers from major depressive disorder. Johanna's autobiographical memories are likely to be
vague
Jenna has a small vocabulary. This may be most evident in the _____ portion of her WISC score.
verbal comprehension
The qualities that contribute to a child's resilience are largely ______ the characteristics that aid an immigrant's acculturation to a new society.
view the same
The bottom-line message is that the MOST important school influence in predicting an easy or difficult puberty is
whether a school has caring peer norms
In affluent communities, children _____ gravitate toward the more hard-core delinquent teenage groups.
with prior emotional problems
Experience-sampling research indicates that teens' MOST uplifting moments often occur when they are
with their families
According to the text, rather than signaling the desire to end one's life, nonsuicidal self-injury seems to be a strategy for
preserving a solid sense of self.
The growth of the penis is an example of a(n) _____ sexual characteristic
primary
The physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction are called _____sexual characteristics.
primary
Research suggests that the BEST approach to prevent eating disorders is to
promote self-esteem
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that family stress leads to early maturity because it
promotes leaving an inhospitable "nest"
Sharing, helping, and caring actions constitute _____ behavior
prosocial
Sharing, helping, and caring actions constitute _____ behavior.
prosocial
If Yvette is an exuberant, fearless 1-year-old, she may become a(n)
prosocial, competent adult
Research suggests that friendships serve to _____ the developing self
protect and enhance
At age 3 years, Tomas is incredibly well-coordinated. Tomas's parents should _____.
provide plenty of chances for him to exercise his abilities
he text concluded that during the 2020-21 COVID pandemic, teenage mental health was better for all of the reasons EXCEPT
teenagers were given more independence.
Thirteen-year-old Lamar has begun to develop facial hair and break-outs. His twin sister Lizette is developing underarm hair and similar skin changes. The hormone responsible for these changes is
testosterone
The desire hormones are
testosterone and the adrenal hormones
All these countries have completely banned spanking children EXCEPT for
the United States
What initiates a child's first conscious sexual feelings
the adrenal androgens
What causes teens to believe that they are at center stage and that others are intensely interested in them?
the imaginary audience
An example of a gross motor skill is
throwing a ball
_____ is an error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly, such as believing the word "grandpa" refers only to the child's own grandfather.
Underextension
In childhood many fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, are mastered as long as children have
practice
Kiara has many fine motor skills, such as buttoning her shirt, writing with a pencil, and cutting food. These skills have been mastered because of
practice
Brian was apprehended by security personnel at a local mall several times during his adolescence. At 18, he received a misdemeanor for shoplifting. Now 36, Brian has added two felony convictions to his "alternate resume." Brian's behavior reflects
life-course difficulties
Children who become popular as teens often display MORE _____ than they did when they were younger.
aggression
Voitek is now in the sixth grade and has been the victim of bullying for several years. They also tend to regularly bully the other kids. Voitek probably is
aggressive or has externalizing issues
Poisoning children against ex-partners is referred to as parental
alienation
Brain imaging research comparing the behavior and images of the brain in teens has shown the images
and the behaviors are not necessarily well matched
A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is called _____.
animism
What disorder is characterized by severe calorie restriction
anorexia nervosa
An individual with a low body weight who severely and intentionally restricts their calories MOST likely has
anorexia nervosa.
Even the nicest children might engage in bullying if they
are in a classroom where the behavior is frequent and tolerated
Longitudinal research suggests that active toddlers who are physically punished
are more likely to have externalizing problems
Children with dyslexia who do not get early and appropriate interventions frequently experience a decline in IQ as they grow older because they
are not exposed to written material at their grade level in school
Which term refers to young children's belief that everything in nature was created by humans?
artificialism
When and why does parent-teen conflict begin to dissipate
at age 16 or 17; teens begin to achieve independence with the first job, the first car, and so forth
Today, the top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children affects roughly 1 in 10 children. It is
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Baumrind's _______ and _____ parenting styles may be seen as "opposites."
authoritarian; permissive
Mrs. Sanchez is a principal at a middle school. Mrs. Sanchez follows the advice of Diana Baumrind and has standards at her school that mimic a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
The optimal child-rearing style in which parents rank high on nurturing and discipline is called _____ parenting.
authoritative
Which is NOT a hallmark of anorexia nervosa
binging and purging
When remarried parents live together with their children from former relationships, it is called a _____family.
blended
After puberty, males get the BIGGEST boost in their gross motor skills directly from increased
blood hemoglobin
Philip is 13 years old. He notices that his penis is getting bigger, and he is growing facial and body hair. He is a little unsettled by these changes and asks his sex education teacher, Mr. Kerchmann, about them. Mr. Kerchmann reminds Philip of the important role that testosterone plays in human development and tells him all of these EXCEPT that
boys produce only testosterone and girls produce only estrogen
An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binging and purging in an obsessive attempt to lose weight is
bulimia nervosa
Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called
bully victims
Children who attack others and who are attacked as well are referred to as
bully-victims
Pablo gets teased for looking different and is pushed around by some classmates almost every day at school. Pablo is the victim of
bullying
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:
bullying
The secular trend in the age of puberty among girls in the United States in the past 20 years is MOST likely linked to increases in
childhood obesity.
Which is NOT an example of a blended family
children living in a traditional, two-parent family
Among girls in premier ballet academies, there are such strong social pressures to look prepubescent that breast development evokes distress. According to the text, this tends to support the idea that
children's reactions to puberty depend on their unique environment
A(n) _____ is a small peer group of five or six teens with similar attitudes who share activities
clique
A neighborhood organization opposes the construction of an elevated highway through the center of the community. The organization argues that the highway will divide the neighborhood, leading to a decline in prosocial values and behavior. The organization is MOST concerned with the highway's impact on _____.
collective efficacy
According to the text, parents (and children) thrive in communities that are high in:
collective efficacy
According to a longitudinal study, exuberant "uninhibited" one-year-olds can sometimes become
competent, prosocial adults
According to Richard Lerner (2011), which is NOT among the five C's of youth development programs?
compliance
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a
concept of conservation.
During Piaget's _____ stage children can reason about the world in a logical, adult way but cannot yet think abstractly.
concrete operations
In Piaget's theory, _____ refers to a child's knowledge that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or form.
conservation
Lev Vygotsky believed that young children enter "an illusory role" in pretend play in order to gain a sense of _____.
control
In which group structure do younger teens typically begin to really connect with the other sex
crowds
Psychologists and other mental health professionals
debate the value of occasional spanking
Thinking specifically of adolescence, gray matter is to white matter as _____ is to _____
decline; growth
Self-esteem _____ during a child's early elementary school years
declines
Miguel is 17. All else being equal, Miguel's level of risk-taking is MOST likely _____. His level of self-control is MOST likely
declining, increases
Jenna is a teen who feels isolated from her peers. Jenna is MOST likely to feel
depressed
One popular eating-disorder treatment called _____ therapy teaches meditation and strategies to promote feeling in control of one's life.
dialectical behavior
Statistically, children of divorce
do worse socially, academically, and emotionally than children whose parents have not divorced
Research comparing the effect of the timing of sexual maturation and problem behavior in Sweden and Slovakia found that _____ maturation was associated with significantly MORE problem behaviors in
early; Sweden
Recall the text's discussion of bad crowds. What is the sequence of events by which an adolescent becomes involved with such a group?
executive control deficits, peer rejection, antisocial group involvement
Falak, Greg, Richie, and Taani are walking back to Falak's house from the convenience store. A half-block from the house, Greg starts running. "Last one to Falak's is a rotten egg!" he exclaims. This is an example of _____ play
exercise
Which approach to treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may stimulate neurogenesis
exercise
Working memory _____ during the preschool and early elementary school years
expands dramatically
Kohlberg has been criticized for not taking _____ differences into account in the development of his views on moral reasoning.
gender
The MOST influential factor in determining when a child will reach puberty is
genetics
Nine-year-old Bridget loves visiting the indoor climbing gym with her mom. While her mom is less enthusiastic about the activity, she knows that it allows Bridget to practice her _____ motor skills
gross
The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.
gross motor
Lanelle's IQ is 114. Yet, in the seventh grade, Lanelle reads on a third-grade level. Lanelle probably
has a specific learning disorder
When is a child MOST likely to first experience conscious sexual feelings
in fourth grade
Nine-year-old Roshawn is in middle childhood and faces the psychosocial task that Erikson called _____.
industry versus inferiority
According to psychologists, which age group should NEVER be spanked
infants
A cognitive developmentalist asserts that thinking is best thought of as a set of skills that may be divided into components. The developmentalist appears to endorse a(n) ______ approach to thinking.
information processing
"This test predicts the outcome that the test should measure." This statement means that the test
is valid
Formal operations do NOT have which of these attributes
it is achieved by every adult
Andrew is a successful athlete in a large high school. Andrew's group is MOST likely to be
jocks or popular kids
According to Piaget, the "principle of conservation" refers to:
knowing that the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form.
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child's belief that nothing that is done can be undone?
lack of reversibility
A high school in Ohio has distinctive and separate crowds. It is MOST likely a _____ school.
large
What kind of school tends to foster the development of distinctive separate crowds?
large high schools
Crowd is to clique as _____ is to _____.
large; small
develops when people feel unable to affect the outcome of events and so give up without trying.
learned helplessness
Jose attends a high school in which creativity and self-directed activities are part of the school day. This structure is more likely to:
make teens feel better about themselves.
Ellen is 7 years old. She is in the _____ stage of life
middle childhood
The drive for social status can cause academic motivation to plummet in
middle school
Yvette has just entered fifth grade. By eleventh grade, Yvette will probably be _____ with her physical appearance.
more dissatisfied
Jenny says, "Me going car." This sentence has four
morphemes
The view that corporal punishment is NEVER acceptable is shared by _____ developmentalists.
most
As compared to late-maturing girls, early-maturing girls are MORE likely to come from
mother-led, single-parent households
Pick the primary factor that predicts how resilient a child will be when facing caregiver maltreatment.
multiple stressors in the child's life
To explore the role of crowds in teen life, a research team systematically describes adolescent behaviors in everyday settings such as high school cafeterias and shopping malls. Recall your knowledge of scientific research methods in psychology. Such research uses a technique called _____ observation.
naturalistic
Among preschool children, there is MOST likely a _____ relationship between screen time and gross motor skill proficiency.
negative
Scores on a measure of executive function should be _____ correlated with scores on a measure on which high scores indicate "serious adolescent difficulties."
negatively
Suppose a developmental scientist developed a measure called the Helicopter Parenting Inventory (HPI). Higher scores on the HPI indicate more extensive parental surveillance of children. Scores on this measure should be ______ correlated with the amount of physical activity among middle school students.
negatively
Child _____ is defined as the failure to provide adequate supervision and care.
neglect
The failure to provide food for young children at home is an example of child
neglect
According to emerging research in the field of _____, resilience could be partially genetic
neuroscience
Many preschoolers say "runned," "teached," and "mouses" rather than using the correct form. These are examples of _____.
overregularization
One reason why relational aggression becomes common in girls is that _______ aggression is severely sanctioned in females.
overt, or physical
The fact that many immigrant children do better in school than one might expect is termed the immigrant
paradox
Jessica believes that her most important task as a parent is to be there for her children; Karen believes that her most important job is to enforce the family's rules. These women differ in their:
parenting styles
In southern Europe, conflicts with parents tend to center around
parents continuing to treat teens like children
Victor is a sophomore in high school. To increase the chances that Victor will get connected to school and perhaps be more successful and confident down the road, Victor's parents should encourage him to _____.
participate in school-related extracurricular activities
In Islamic Nations, teens' conflicts with parents tend to center around
peer relationships
What has been shown to be the MOST effective strategy for changing children's behavior?
positive reinforcement
Theory-of-mind skills in early childhood are _____ associated with popularity in elementary skill
positively
According to Kohlberg, _____ reasoning is NOT usually present until late adolescence or adulthood.
postconventional
Kohlberg believed that individuals who use universal ethical principles apart from society's laws are operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.
postconventional
Martin Luther King argued that laws are valid only to the extent that they are based on justice and that a commitment to justice compels an individual to disobey unjust laws. Dr. King's argument reflects the _____level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.
postconventional
Understanding the influence of genetics and peers on development could help decrease the
practice of blaming parents for all of a child's behavior
According to Kohlberg, the goal of _____ moral reasoning is to get rewards and avoid punishments
preconventional
In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, the _____ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _____ level emphasizes moral principles.
preconventional; postconventional
Based on recommendations from psychologists, if physical punishment is used, what should accompany it?
an explanation about why the child's behavior was unacceptable
Which framework on cognitive development are theorists using if they analyze the development of human memory, concentration, and the ability to plan ahead?
an information-processing perspective
Which behavior is considered normal
an interest in losing weight
Longitudinal research suggests that, as compared to children who are not physically punished, children who are physically punished
are more likely to hit other children
Compared to parents of typical children, the parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) _____.
are more likely to use power assertion
Pretending with objects fully emerges in
late toddlerhood
Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and who give up on tasks without trying have developed
learned helplessness
A child whose growth is stunted may have delayed puberty because of low levels of
leptin
Children who experience undernutrition tend to develop ____
less-adequate physical skills and abilities compared to well-nourished children
Michael's mother has been unemployed for the last year. Michael rarely eats more than one meal a day. According to your text children like Michael who experience undernutrition tend to develop
less-adequate physical skills and abilities compared to well-nourished children
Antisocial behaviors that occur during the teenage years and continue into adult life are called
life-course difficulties
What marks the beginning of adolescence
physical signs of sexual maturation
Professor Houlihan explains that collaborative pretend play is
play in which children fantasize together
Marcus is a U.S. male who just had intercourse for the first time. The BEST guess as to Marcus's age is that he is _____.
17 or 18
memories refer to one's ability to understand one has a life history and can recall past experiences or events. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
Autobiographical
Which statement about eating disorders is false
People never outgrow these problems.
What is NOT a good tip for making school more intrinsically motivating for students?
Reward the children who do well with special prizes.
refers to the ability to focus only on relevant information
Selective attention
refers to the capacity to examine one's own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.
Self-awareness
is the state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.
Sympathy
What happens in the frontal lobe during adolescence
The gray matter is pruned substantially.
Which is NOT a criticism of Baumrind's parenting styles framework
The styles framework has little value in predicting U.S. middle-class children's competence.
Why is the crowd the ideal medium to bridge the gap between the sexes?
There is safety in numbers
Which is NOT a risk for adults who experienced maltreatment as children?
They are likely to work in dangerous jobs in adulthood.
Irish research (Bourke and others, 2014) revealed that, as compared to their peers who did not participate, teens who took part in a high-school sex education program became sexually active at
an older age.
According to Kohlberg, moral decisions at the postconventional level are based on
abstract ethics
Piaget called "_____" changing cognitive structures (schemas) to match input from the world.
accommodation
Fourth grader Dante, is taking a math test over fractions. This math test is a(n):
achievement test.
The life stage characterized by storm and stress is
adolescence
Darien is experiencing his first conscious sexual feeling. This is the result of
adrenal androgens
Theory-of-mind abilities emerge
age of 4
Acts designed to cause harm are called
aggression
The MOST deadly eating disorder is
anorexia nervosa
In most cultures, the feelings of adults toward the emerging generation of adolescents are BEST described as _____.
ambivalent
Any pathological obsession with getting and staying thin is called
an eating disorder
According to the research by Gardner and Steinberg (2005), who is probably the MOST cautious driver?
an emerging adult driving alone
Adolescent self-esteem depends MOST strongly on how teens feel about their
appearance
False autobiographical memories are MOST likely produced by children who
are abused
According to the text, bullying
can never be totally eradicated
Popularity becomes a prominent concern of children during Piaget's _____ stage
concrete operational
Psychologists use the term "_____" to denote the role that conversations about antisocial activities play in teens' socialization into delinquency.
deviancy training
Feelings of depression during elementary school remain high and stable in children who join the _____ crowd in high school.
deviant
Which approach to cognitive development emphasizes dividing thinking into component steps
information processing
Collaborative pretend play refers to
play in which children fantasize together
In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings by their classmates are defined as _____ children.
popular
Among preschool children, there is a _____ relationship between exercise play and popularity.
positive
Four-year-olds Roberto and Jaylen have parents who encourage them to play with other children out doors. According to the text, there is a _____ relationship between exercise play and popularity.
positive
Statistically, who is MOST likely to become sexually active at the youngest age
Keshawn, a low-SES Black male
Over _____ million children are raised by their grandparents alone.
1
When they are with their families, MOST teens experience
10 times as many negative emotions as positive ones
About _____ percent of children are subject to chronic harassment by a bully.
10 to 20
The gray-matter peak in frontal lobe development occurs at age _____ in girls. In boys, the gray-matter peak occurs at age
10; 12
Ten-year-old Mindy's IQ score was 130. It is MOST likely that her mental age is _____ years old.
13
Binge eating disorder was added to the DSM-5 in _____.
2013
One in _____ U.S. children are being raised by single parents.
4
The transition from preoperational thinking to concrete operations is gradual and typically occurs between ages of _____.
5 and 8
About _____ percent of teens have had intercourse by the time they are 18.
50
Middle childhood refers to boys and girls from ages
7 to 12
By the end of the 1930s, about _____ percent of teenagers were attending high school
75
Which child is NOT in middle childhood
Abbie, who is 5
Which American president does the text describe as being resilient
Abraham Lincoln
Which alternative BEST expresses the relationship between adolescent egocentrism and formal operational thought?
Adolescent egocentrism depends on formal operational thought.
Which statement BEST captures adolescents' satisfaction with high school and with their lives in general?
Adolescents are unsatisfied with high school, but they are happy with their lives overall.
is the broad label referring to actions designed to cause harm
Aggression
_____ is to externalizing tendencies as ______ is to internalizing tendencies.
Aggression; timidity
To find out if a child in elementary school has high self-esteem, which question might you ask
Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about
Bulimia is characterized by
Binging and purging
refers to a child's tendency to fixate on the most striking visual feature of an object and ignore its other facets.
Centering
communities are defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.
Collective efficacy
Which theorist first described adolescent egocentrism
David Elkind
is typical of children who have externalizing problems.
Denying reality and having unrealistically high self-esteem
Psychologists use the term "_____" to denote the role that conversations about doing antisocial acts play in teens' socialization into delinquency.
Deviancy Training
Which psychological scientist is LEAST likely to be a participant in a symposium on executive function?
Dr. Li, who studies memory span
The capacity to manage one's feelings is described by the term "_____."
Emotion regulation
is the term psychologists use for the skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life.
Emotion regulation
refers to the skills involved in controlling one's feelings so that they do not interfere with one's life
Emotion regulation
refers to the skills involved in controlling one's feelings so that they do not interfere with one's life.
Emotion regulation
Tammy and Ted are going through a divorce and have three children. Which statement would NOT be important advice for Tammy and Ted to help the children adjust to their divorce?
Encourage joint custody.
theory explains gender-stereotyped behavior in terms of cognitions
Gender schema
Which teaching tip was NOT recommended by the textbook?
Give students tangible rewards for their achievements.
Which statement about the effects of divorce on children is TRUE?
Most children whose parents divorce do not end up with major mental problems.
aggression involves impulsive retaliation for harmful acts
Reactive
aggression is aimed at harming the victim's friendships and social relationships
Relational
Children living below the poverty line are MOST likely to be living in
a single-parent, mother-headed family
Bulimia nervosa affects _____ of all women
a very small percentage
Which phrase BEST describes the proportion of households in the United States that may be described as traditional nuclear families?
about 50 percent
Dericia is able to link her autobiographical memories along a conceptual timeline that represents a narrative or life story. According to the text you can assume that Dericia is in
early adolescence
The social cognitive skills that define humanity become apparent in
early childhood
In a classic study exploring puberty, developmentalists traced the lives of two groups of pre-teens in Milwaukee: boys and girls in school districts with middle schools and those who attended a K-8 school. In this study, researchers found that
early-maturing girls who transferred to a middle school had more troubles
Piaget called the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view "_____.
egocentrism
Which type of child maltreatment is the MOST common
emotional abuse
Eight-year-old Tola is frequently threatened by her parents in various ways. They tell Tola that they will abandon her in the middle of the city, threaten to use a taser on her, and tell her that she is worthless. Tola is a victim of:
emotional abuse.
Which term refers to feeling another person's feelings
empathy
Eleven-year-old Julie has just entered puberty. Her hips are widening, her uterus and breasts are developing, and her ovaries have begun to produce eggs. The hormone MOST closely associated with these changes is _
estrogen
Think back to psychology's broad theoretical perspectives. The text suggests that adolescent social sensitivity and risk-taking make sense from a(n) _____ perspective.
evolutionary
Yousef is running for district representative in the upcoming election. During a debate, he knows he will be asked how the legal system should manage teenage law-breaking behavior. Given your knowledge of neurological development during the teen years, he should suggest that the legal system should
focus on rehabilitation, not punishment
Rochelle is a second-grade teacher in the United States, and she notices one of her students frequently has bruises on his arms. She suspects this student is being abused by his parents. What should she do?
follow the mandatory child abuse reporting laws of your state
With respect to cognitive development generally, adolescence is MOST often associated with _____operations and _____ moral reasoning.
formal; conventional
Kwan is a typical teen. During high school, he has
friends in his main crowd and in a few other socially similar groups
Due to neural pruning, gray matter in the brain's _____ lobe declines during adolescence.
frontal
The _____ hypothesis states that humans may be biologically programmed to retaliate or strike back when harmed.
frustration-aggression
Also known as "_____," this is the notion that one aspect of intelligence is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability.
g factor
A close-knit, delinquent peer group is known as a
gang
Six-year-old Ramone tries really hard to catch a baseball thrown in the air. He asks his mother to keep throwing the ball in the air until he can catch five in a row. According to Erikson, Ramone is facing which psychosocial task
initiative
Being resilient depends MOST on
inner qualities
In Vygotsky's theory, _____ is one way in which humans learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges through silently repeating information.
inner speech
Jeremiah has received an overall IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is
intellectually disabled
Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by _____ tendencies.
internalizing
Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by
internalizing tendencies
Antisocial behaviors that occur during the teenage years and continue into adult life are called _____. Those that occur just during the teen years are termed
life-course difficulties; adolescence-limited turmoil
Cynthia is a psychologist who is investigating parent-adolescent conflict. She videotapes the same boys when they are 11 years old, when they are 14 years old, and when they are 17 years old. Since she is testing the same participants repeatedly over time, Cynthia is using a(n) _____ research design
longitudinal
Which is NOT one of the criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
low IQ
Progressing from clumsy to sure, swift movements is an example of the _____ principle.
mass-to-specific
The sexual double standard is a(n)
on going cultural code that gives boys more sexual freedom than girls
Less than _____ U.S. families are considered to be traditional, nuclear families.
one-half of
At what time is parent-adolescent conflict MOST apt to flare up
puberty
Beatriz is a 14-year-old Latina American. She is excited because her parents are planning an elaborate Quinceanera, a celebration marking Beatriz's transition into womanhood. This celebration may be seen as a contemporary reflection of the _____ found in traditional societies.
puberty rites
Brigid is almost 13. Her mother is planning an elaborate bat mitzvah to mark Brigid's coming-of-age ceremony. This celebration may be seen as a contemporary reflection of the _____ found in traditional societies.
puberty rites
Timmy is pushing his little sister and taking her toys. Which discipline strategy is Timmy's mom, a non-permissive parent living in the United States, MOST apt to use?
put Timmy in time out
A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt is called _____aggression.
reactive
Mrs. Brierly tells the study skills class that "repetition is the key to learning." This advice emphasizes the role of _____ in learning.
rehearsal
Which parenting style is particularly "poisonous" to every child in every culture around the world?
reject neglecting
Marsha is a single mother of three. Her youngest is three years old. Every time her youngest daughter asks to hug, kiss, or be helped Marsha pushes her away. Which of the following BEST describes Marsha's parenting style?
rejecting-neglecting
Deci and Ryan believe that learning becomes intrinsic when it satisfies our basic need for:
relatedness
A destructive act designed to harm a person's relationships is called _____ aggression.
relational
A destructive act designed to harm a person's social network is called _____ aggression.
relational
Beverly is a school psychologist studying social interactions in the later elementary school years in the United States. In her field work, she notices that some types of children seem to be unpopular and rejected more often. Which group is apt to be rarely rejected
relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way
Professor Ramirez is conducting research on parent-teen conflict over the decades. She is apt to find that levels of parent-teen conflict have
remained roughly similar
The developmental term for the type of play that involves excited shoving, running, and wrestling is
rough-and-tumble play
Mrs. Li gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a specific skill. Mrs. Li is using a teaching technique called
scaffolding
Which term is associated with Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
scaffolding
In China, teens' conflicts with parents tend to center around
school
Jean Piaget believed that preoperational thinking develops during the _____ stage of his theory.
second
The tendency to feel good or bad about ourselves is called
self-esteem
Children progress from three- or four-word vocabularies at age 1 year to knowing about 10,000 words by age 6. Their expanded vocabulary illustrates changes in
semantics
Name the language facet that improves throughout life.
semantics
Overextensions show that the child doesn't understand _____.
semantics
The meaning system of a language is called _____.
semantics
Anna's adrenal glands have just begun to release hormones. Anna is MOST likely about _____ years old.
seven
Professor Anderson is replicating Susan Harter's (1999) study on teen self-esteem. Professor Anderson expects that the question _____ will be the BEST predictor of self-esteem.
"Do you think you are attractive?
Which compliment is MOST apt to increase a child's self-efficacy
"You are trying so hard
Which statement BEST expresses historical trends in childhood obesity rates in the United States
Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s but have recently leveled off or even declined.
refers to a child's knowledge that one can pour a fluid from a tall, thin glass into a fat, wide glass, and it will still have the same amount of liquid.
Conservation
Which statement reflects the BEST advice for parents?
Focus on providing structure and a strong, loving attachment relationship with your children.
Which statement about cyberbullying is FALSE
It is less toxic that bullying in real life.
Jacquelle is an attorney who is currently defending a teenager who has been accused of a serious offense. She is considering bringing in an adolescence specialist to present findings to help the court make its decision. Is this a good idea?
It's worth a try, although there is no guarantee the legal system is going to listen to the findings of adolescence specialists.
The term "zone of proximal development" is associated with _____.
Lev Vygotsky
Which statement is TRUE about relational aggression
Relational aggression increases in middle childhood and early adolescence.
When parents ask young children questions about the events of the day, they are scaffolding the development of autobiographical memory. The term "scaffolding" reflects the contributions of the theorist ______ to our understanding of cognitive development.
Vygotsky
Which person does the text describe as being resilient
Winston Churchill
On average, menarche occurs _____ spermarche
a bit earlier than
Neuroimaging studies suggest theory-of-mind abilities depend upon
a certain level of frontal lobe development
Elementary schools that are exceeding expectations do NOT necessarily have
a large amount of money
Seven-year-old Diondre was asked by his father; "Tell me about your fieldtrip to the museum. What did you enjoy the most about your visit to the museum? Diondre's father's questions are an example of:
a past-talk conversation
Epstein argues that teen troubles may result from
a poor body-environment fit
Ten-year-old Thiago tells his friend Jacob all about his baseball game last weekend. Thiago's recollection of the details of his baseball game is an example of a(n) _____ memory.
autobiographical
Intrinsic motivation increases when students are given
autonomy
Which factor does NOT promote eating disorders
beginning puberty late
Relational aggression refers to
behavior aimed at harming the victim's social relationships
Which trait is NOT typical of popular children in elementary school
being very physically aggressive
The MOST prevalent eating disorder is
binge eating disorder
Which eating disorder is MOST closely associated with obesity
binge eating disorder
The _____ is the ideal group structure to bridge the gap between the sexes because there is safety in numbers.
crowd
The neurotransmitter _____ has been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
dopamine
Jamie did not develop language until they were 4. They are MORE likely to develop _____ than children who developed language at an earlier age.
dyslexia
Marja has been diagnosed with a learning disability that gives her difficulty in reading, a lack of fluency, and poor word recognition. Marja has:
dyslexia
When do MOST people master such learning strategies as rehearsal and selective attention
elementary school
Barbara is interested in helping her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and waters the plants. Her mother notices that she seems to really enjoy doing these things and gives Barbara $1 for every chore she completes. Soon Barbara seems to dread doing chores. This is consistent with research showing that when adults give _____ rewards for behaviors that are _____ rewarding, children are less likely to perform these activities for themselves.
external; intrinsically
Acting impulsively, disruptively, or aggressively reflect a personality style characterized by _____tendencies.
externalizing
Milagros is a fifth grader who has been chronically bullied for several years. As a result, she has become anxious and withdrawn, yet at the same time occasionally lashes out at her tormenters. The school psychologist has evaluated Milagros and suggested that she has
externalizing and internalizing problems
Rapid weight gain in the _____ of life is the MOST strongly linked to the early onset of menarche
first 9 months
Joshua can throw overhand with bent elbows. Mastery of this skill indicates that Joshua is at LEAST _____year(s) old.
five
Harry has externalizing problems and often interrupts other children when they are playing. According to the text, the BEST approach for correcting Harry's behavior is to
gently explain to him that other kids don't like it when he barges in on their games
Early-maturing girls are MOST apt to
have a poor body image
Children who have reached concrete operations are more likely to act prosocially than younger children because they
have better skills
Pick the characteristic that does NOT promote resilience
having a "difficult" temperament
Which characteristic would NOT promote child resilience?
having a self-oriented temperament
Based on information she read on research on the effects of spanking on children, Chantel tells Jennifer that it is not a good idea to spank her two-year-old because when she goes to preschool she is more likely to:
hit other children
Aggressive children may misinterpret other people's behaviors; they believe these behaviors are intentionally bad and directed at them personally. This unrealistic view of the world is called a
hostile attributional bias
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) evaluates
how well a child comes up with verbal answers and manipulates materials
One of the MOST important functions of the _____ is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often
impoverished
Timidity and self-consciousness may indicate
internalizing tendencies
Pick the list that includes some of the intelligences evaluated by Gardner's multiple intelligences test.
interpersonal, intrapersonal, and musical
The drive to act based on the pleasure inherent in taking the action itself reflects _____ motivation.
intrinsic
Twelve-year-old Niesha loves basketball. She practices in her driveway several hours a day which is in addition to her middle school team's practice after school. Niesha practices basketball because of _____motivation.
intrinsic
Inner desire is to external reinforcer as _____ motivation is to _____ motivation.
intrinsic; extrinsic
Piaget proposed the idea of _____, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.
irreversibility
Baumrind's research on parenting styles
is MOST applicable to middle-class, White Western families
A girl's first menstruation is called
menarche
The main index that researchers use to measure the secular trend in puberty is the age when
menarche occurs
Boys and girls between the ages of 7 and 12 are in the _____ stage of life
middle childhood
Dante just had his seventh birthday. He has just entered
middle childhood
Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy emerge at around age
nine
Elise is 3 years old and tells her father that when she grows up, she is going to turn into a man. Elise's confusion about sex and gender is developmentally
normal
About _____ in five teens report transitioning into intercourse outside of a committed relationship.
one
For the past 40 years, the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has centered around
operant conditioning
Chantel and her 3-year-old son, Dion, are visiting the zoo. Dion sees a tiger and points and says "kitty." This exemplifies:
overextension.
According to Piaget, _____ thinking is defined by the inability to detach from immediate perceptions and think conceptually.
preoperational
Jean Piaget's second stage of cognition is known as _____ stage.
preoperational
Children begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history and ongoing "selves," during
preschool
Annika became sexually mature early and has had a lot of problems in her teen years compared to her peers who matured later. It is MOST likely that Annika lives in a
sexually permissive society
Corsaro's observation that children do not like it when other children bring up gory themes led him to conclude that play teaches
social norms
The typical, classic victim of a bully is a(n) _____ child
socially anxious
What proportion of teens transition to intercourse with a steady partner?
the majority
Which is NOT a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder, according to research discussed in the tex
the mother's education level
Rates of physical aggression _____ as children get older
typically decrease significantly
Jean Piaget has been criticized for _____.
underestimating children's abilities during early childhood
Pamela is a 16-year-old girl. Statistically, her first sexual experience will MOST likely occur
within a steady relationship with her partner
According to Erikson, children in middle childhood learn to
work for what they want
is NOT one of the initial intelligences defined by Howard Gardner.
Creative
Akeelah is counseling Chantae, a 19-year-old college sophomore who was abused as a child. Chantae is taking Introduction to Psychology and has become obsessed with the idea that she is doomed because abused children already have "three strikes against them." In response, Akeelah should tell her that which statement is FALSE
Maltreated children always fail to develop normally.
involves sending sexually explicit photos or messages online or via text.
Sexting
Which of these has research NOT found to predict with the use of corporal punishment?
prosocial behavior
Children who are able to rebound from serious early life traumas and construct a successful adult life are called _____.
resilient
When they enter the pre-teen years, girls and boys are in
single-sex cliques
Anna is no more stressed while with her parents than while with her peers. Anna is MOST likely from
southern Europe
Treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do NOT include
strict discipline
Feeling upset for a person in distress exemplifies a state called
sympathy
Chan understands that they must say, "Push me on the swing," and not, "Swing me on the push." Chan has attained an understanding of:
syntax
Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the public swimming pool, instead of saying, "No in water" when he protests going in, he has begun to say, "Don't put me in the water." Chelsea's son is beginning to master grammar, also known as
syntax
Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _____ in promoting children's mental growth.
teaching by people
At the height of the first coronavirus pandemic wave (May 2020), researchers surveyed more than a thousand teens, asking questions about family time, sleep, mental health, and well-being. They were shocked to find that during this time of trauma
teenage depression rate declined
How well a child adjusts in the long term to the parents' divorce depends primarily on
the quality of care the custodial parent provides
What might tip you off that your daughter or son wants to become sexually active
the teen gravitates to sexually explicit media.
Adolescent egocentrism refers to
the thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves, and see what they do as the center of attention
Vygotsky called the difference between what children can do and what they can potentially do
the zone of proximal development
What is the crucial ability that allows people to relate to others in a give-and-take way
theory of mind
children's first understanding that other people have perspectives and beliefs different from their own is called
theory of mind
Children are LEAST likely to have mental health problems if
they have many overnight visits with their father, and their father scores high on positive parenting
Research discussed in the textbook (Chetty and Hendren, 2017) suggests that as compared to spending one's childhood and adolescence in a community with little or no social mobility, growing up in a community ranked high in upward mobility increases one's annual earnings as an adult by about one
third
In one study in 2006, a group of 18- to 20-year-old students at Oregon State University were asked to write about their "first period experiences." Even when they described their mothers as supportive, about _____ percent of students remembered feeling "disgusted" or ambivalent when menarche arrived.
thirty three
The MOST effective antibullying approache
try to change peer group norms
Eight-year-old Jewel will _____ if she successfully resolves the Eriksonian psychosocial task of middle childhood.
work for what she wants
Bullying programs that aim to change schoolwide norms for bullying behavior
work to some extent
