Learning curve questions EXAM 2

According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style emphasizes structure and discipline over warmth and love.

authoritarian

Ismena's parents provide plenty of rules, demand total obedience, and are not very affectionate. Ismena's mom and dad have a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _____ and Richard is _____.

authoritarian, authoritative

In elementary school classes, children who get some "most liked" rankings and some "most disliked" rankings are defined as _____ children.

average

A girl who goes against the gender norms by being physically aggressive will MOST likely

be rejected by her peers

Statistically, who is most apt to enter puberty with the LEAST amount of adult guidance

boys

A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo

can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person

According to Jean Piaget, which is one of the factors that limits a preoperational child's thinking?

centering

Despite the fact that both rows have six buttons, Monroe thinks there are more buttons in the row that is spread further apart than in the row that is spaced more closely together. The reason Monroe is focused on the length of the rows rather than the number of buttons is called

centering

Teachers who have high-achieving students in low-income areas consistently say that it is important to _____.

challenge students

physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are all forms of

child maltreatment

Failure to provide adequate supervision and care is called

child neglect

When in a mixed-gender group

children act in a less gender-stereotyped manne

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called _____.

conservation

Six-year-old Mikey gets very angry at school and will often have outbursts in class in which he yells at the teacher and knocks over his desk. Mikey has

externalizing problems

Arthur has _____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively

externalizing tendencies

Money is an _____ motivator.

extrinsic

The key to overcoming the problem of school being a chore is to make _____ relate to children's goals and desires.

extrinsic learning

Studying only in order to raise one's GPA is an example of

extrinsic motivation

Studying only to raise one's GPA is an example of

extrinsic motivation

External reinforcement is to ______ motivation as self-generated action desire is to _____ motivation

extrinsic; intrinsic

Caleb is 8 years old, and he lives in an abusive home. Caleb's autobiographical memories are likely to be _____.

false or absent

Which pair contains the MOST closely related types of play

fantasy, collaborative pretend

The hormone leptin is sensitive to the amount of _____ in the body

fat

In early childhood many _____ motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, are mastered as long as children have the opportunity to practice.

fine

Academic success in elementary school is positively associated with proficiency in _____ motor skills.

fine, but not gross

Daja's kindergarten students are cutting paper snowflakes. Students hold up their snowflakes as they are completed so that their classmates may admire them. The more delicate-looking the snowflake, the more enthusiastically it is greeted by the students. Cutting snowflakes encourages the development of _____ motor skills, which is in turn _____ associated with academic proficiency later on.

fine; positively

Kwan has a cat named Rudy. One day on a walk, Taylor's mother says, "See that cat?" Taylor replies, "That not cat, that not Rudy!" Kwan's mistake is called a(n) _____.

underextension

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) learn better

in noisy environment

Pauline's parents have been encouraging her to consider colleges that are far from home to encourage her independence and help her to become a separate person. Pauline is MOST likely from a(n) _____ culture.

individualistic

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is given

individually by a psychologist

"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called

induction

The ideal discipline style for promoting prosocial behavior is

induction

Erik Erikson called the psychosocial task children face during elementary school

industry versus inferiority

At the beginning of middle school, most children socialize in

unisex cliques

The stereotypes about the teenage years being an "impossible" life stage are

untrue

MOST adolescents are

upbeat, happy

Which is NOT a part of parent training for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

using medication

Johanna is 8 years old. Her mother suffers from major depressive disorder. Johanna's autobiographical memories are likely to be

vague

Jenna has a small vocabulary. This may be most evident in the _____ portion of her WISC score.

verbal comprehension

The qualities that contribute to a child's resilience are largely ______ the characteristics that aid an immigrant's acculturation to a new society.

view the same

The bottom-line message is that the MOST important school influence in predicting an easy or difficult puberty is

whether a school has caring peer norms

In affluent communities, children _____ gravitate toward the more hard-core delinquent teenage groups.

with prior emotional problems

Experience-sampling research indicates that teens' MOST uplifting moments often occur when they are

with their families

According to the text, rather than signaling the desire to end one's life, nonsuicidal self-injury seems to be a strategy for

preserving a solid sense of self.

The growth of the penis is an example of a(n) _____ sexual characteristic

primary

The physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction are called _____sexual characteristics.

primary

Research suggests that the BEST approach to prevent eating disorders is to

promote self-esteem

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that family stress leads to early maturity because it

promotes leaving an inhospitable "nest"

Sharing, helping, and caring actions constitute _____ behavior

prosocial

Sharing, helping, and caring actions constitute _____ behavior.

prosocial

If Yvette is an exuberant, fearless 1-year-old, she may become a(n)

prosocial, competent adult

Research suggests that friendships serve to _____ the developing self

protect and enhance

At age 3 years, Tomas is incredibly well-coordinated. Tomas's parents should _____.

provide plenty of chances for him to exercise his abilities

he text concluded that during the 2020-21 COVID pandemic, teenage mental health was better for all of the reasons EXCEPT

teenagers were given more independence.

Thirteen-year-old Lamar has begun to develop facial hair and break-outs. His twin sister Lizette is developing underarm hair and similar skin changes. The hormone responsible for these changes is

testosterone

The desire hormones are

testosterone and the adrenal hormones

All these countries have completely banned spanking children EXCEPT for

the United States

What initiates a child's first conscious sexual feelings

the adrenal androgens

What causes teens to believe that they are at center stage and that others are intensely interested in them?

the imaginary audience

An example of a gross motor skill is

throwing a ball

_____ is an error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly, such as believing the word "grandpa" refers only to the child's own grandfather.

Underextension

In childhood many fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, are mastered as long as children have

practice

Kiara has many fine motor skills, such as buttoning her shirt, writing with a pencil, and cutting food. These skills have been mastered because of

practice

Brian was apprehended by security personnel at a local mall several times during his adolescence. At 18, he received a misdemeanor for shoplifting. Now 36, Brian has added two felony convictions to his "alternate resume." Brian's behavior reflects

life-course difficulties

Children who become popular as teens often display MORE _____ than they did when they were younger.

aggression

Voitek is now in the sixth grade and has been the victim of bullying for several years. They also tend to regularly bully the other kids. Voitek probably is

aggressive or has externalizing issues

Poisoning children against ex-partners is referred to as parental

alienation

Brain imaging research comparing the behavior and images of the brain in teens has shown the images

and the behaviors are not necessarily well matched

A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is called _____.

animism

What disorder is characterized by severe calorie restriction

anorexia nervosa

An individual with a low body weight who severely and intentionally restricts their calories MOST likely has

anorexia nervosa.

Even the nicest children might engage in bullying if they

are in a classroom where the behavior is frequent and tolerated

Longitudinal research suggests that active toddlers who are physically punished

are more likely to have externalizing problems

Children with dyslexia who do not get early and appropriate interventions frequently experience a decline in IQ as they grow older because they

are not exposed to written material at their grade level in school

Which term refers to young children's belief that everything in nature was created by humans?

artificialism

When and why does parent-teen conflict begin to dissipate

at age 16 or 17; teens begin to achieve independence with the first job, the first car, and so forth

Today, the top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children affects roughly 1 in 10 children. It is

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Baumrind's _______ and _____ parenting styles may be seen as "opposites."

authoritarian; permissive

Mrs. Sanchez is a principal at a middle school. Mrs. Sanchez follows the advice of Diana Baumrind and has standards at her school that mimic a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritative

The optimal child-rearing style in which parents rank high on nurturing and discipline is called _____ parenting.

authoritative

Which is NOT a hallmark of anorexia nervosa

binging and purging

When remarried parents live together with their children from former relationships, it is called a _____family.

blended

After puberty, males get the BIGGEST boost in their gross motor skills directly from increased

blood hemoglobin

Philip is 13 years old. He notices that his penis is getting bigger, and he is growing facial and body hair. He is a little unsettled by these changes and asks his sex education teacher, Mr. Kerchmann, about them. Mr. Kerchmann reminds Philip of the important role that testosterone plays in human development and tells him all of these EXCEPT that

boys produce only testosterone and girls produce only estrogen

An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binging and purging in an obsessive attempt to lose weight is

bulimia nervosa

Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called

bully victims

Children who attack others and who are attacked as well are referred to as

bully-victims

Pablo gets teased for looking different and is pushed around by some classmates almost every day at school. Pablo is the victim of

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:

bullying

The secular trend in the age of puberty among girls in the United States in the past 20 years is MOST likely linked to increases in

childhood obesity.

Which is NOT an example of a blended family

children living in a traditional, two-parent family

Among girls in premier ballet academies, there are such strong social pressures to look prepubescent that breast development evokes distress. According to the text, this tends to support the idea that

children's reactions to puberty depend on their unique environment

A(n) _____ is a small peer group of five or six teens with similar attitudes who share activities

clique

A neighborhood organization opposes the construction of an elevated highway through the center of the community. The organization argues that the highway will divide the neighborhood, leading to a decline in prosocial values and behavior. The organization is MOST concerned with the highway's impact on _____.

collective efficacy

According to the text, parents (and children) thrive in communities that are high in:

collective efficacy

According to a longitudinal study, exuberant "uninhibited" one-year-olds can sometimes become

competent, prosocial adults

According to Richard Lerner (2011), which is NOT among the five C's of youth development programs?

compliance

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

concept of conservation.

During Piaget's _____ stage children can reason about the world in a logical, adult way but cannot yet think abstractly.

concrete operations

In Piaget's theory, _____ refers to a child's knowledge that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or form.

conservation

Lev Vygotsky believed that young children enter "an illusory role" in pretend play in order to gain a sense of _____.

control

In which group structure do younger teens typically begin to really connect with the other sex

crowds

Psychologists and other mental health professionals

debate the value of occasional spanking

Thinking specifically of adolescence, gray matter is to white matter as _____ is to _____

decline; growth

Self-esteem _____ during a child's early elementary school years

declines

Miguel is 17. All else being equal, Miguel's level of risk-taking is MOST likely _____. His level of self-control is MOST likely

declining, increases

Jenna is a teen who feels isolated from her peers. Jenna is MOST likely to feel

depressed

One popular eating-disorder treatment called _____ therapy teaches meditation and strategies to promote feeling in control of one's life.

dialectical behavior

Statistically, children of divorce

do worse socially, academically, and emotionally than children whose parents have not divorced

Research comparing the effect of the timing of sexual maturation and problem behavior in Sweden and Slovakia found that _____ maturation was associated with significantly MORE problem behaviors in

early; Sweden

Recall the text's discussion of bad crowds. What is the sequence of events by which an adolescent becomes involved with such a group?

executive control deficits, peer rejection, antisocial group involvement

Falak, Greg, Richie, and Taani are walking back to Falak's house from the convenience store. A half-block from the house, Greg starts running. "Last one to Falak's is a rotten egg!" he exclaims. This is an example of _____ play

exercise

Which approach to treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may stimulate neurogenesis

exercise

Working memory _____ during the preschool and early elementary school years

expands dramatically

Kohlberg has been criticized for not taking _____ differences into account in the development of his views on moral reasoning.

gender

The MOST influential factor in determining when a child will reach puberty is

genetics

Nine-year-old Bridget loves visiting the indoor climbing gym with her mom. While her mom is less enthusiastic about the activity, she knows that it allows Bridget to practice her _____ motor skills

gross

The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.

gross motor

Lanelle's IQ is 114. Yet, in the seventh grade, Lanelle reads on a third-grade level. Lanelle probably

has a specific learning disorder

When is a child MOST likely to first experience conscious sexual feelings

in fourth grade

Nine-year-old Roshawn is in middle childhood and faces the psychosocial task that Erikson called _____.

industry versus inferiority

According to psychologists, which age group should NEVER be spanked

infants

A cognitive developmentalist asserts that thinking is best thought of as a set of skills that may be divided into components. The developmentalist appears to endorse a(n) ______ approach to thinking.

information processing

"This test predicts the outcome that the test should measure." This statement means that the test

is valid

Formal operations do NOT have which of these attributes

it is achieved by every adult

Andrew is a successful athlete in a large high school. Andrew's group is MOST likely to be

jocks or popular kids

According to Piaget, the "principle of conservation" refers to:

knowing that the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form.

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child's belief that nothing that is done can be undone?

lack of reversibility

A high school in Ohio has distinctive and separate crowds. It is MOST likely a _____ school.

large

What kind of school tends to foster the development of distinctive separate crowds?

large high schools

Crowd is to clique as _____ is to _____.

large; small

develops when people feel unable to affect the outcome of events and so give up without trying.

learned helplessness

Jose attends a high school in which creativity and self-directed activities are part of the school day. This structure is more likely to:

make teens feel better about themselves.

Ellen is 7 years old. She is in the _____ stage of life

middle childhood

The drive for social status can cause academic motivation to plummet in

middle school

Yvette has just entered fifth grade. By eleventh grade, Yvette will probably be _____ with her physical appearance.

more dissatisfied

Jenny says, "Me going car." This sentence has four

morphemes

The view that corporal punishment is NEVER acceptable is shared by _____ developmentalists.

most

As compared to late-maturing girls, early-maturing girls are MORE likely to come from

mother-led, single-parent households

Pick the primary factor that predicts how resilient a child will be when facing caregiver maltreatment.

multiple stressors in the child's life

To explore the role of crowds in teen life, a research team systematically describes adolescent behaviors in everyday settings such as high school cafeterias and shopping malls. Recall your knowledge of scientific research methods in psychology. Such research uses a technique called _____ observation.

naturalistic

Among preschool children, there is MOST likely a _____ relationship between screen time and gross motor skill proficiency.

negative

Scores on a measure of executive function should be _____ correlated with scores on a measure on which high scores indicate "serious adolescent difficulties."

negatively

Suppose a developmental scientist developed a measure called the Helicopter Parenting Inventory (HPI). Higher scores on the HPI indicate more extensive parental surveillance of children. Scores on this measure should be ______ correlated with the amount of physical activity among middle school students.

negatively

Child _____ is defined as the failure to provide adequate supervision and care.

neglect

The failure to provide food for young children at home is an example of child

neglect

According to emerging research in the field of _____, resilience could be partially genetic

neuroscience

Many preschoolers say "runned," "teached," and "mouses" rather than using the correct form. These are examples of _____.

overregularization

One reason why relational aggression becomes common in girls is that _______ aggression is severely sanctioned in females.

overt, or physical

The fact that many immigrant children do better in school than one might expect is termed the immigrant

paradox

Jessica believes that her most important task as a parent is to be there for her children; Karen believes that her most important job is to enforce the family's rules. These women differ in their:

parenting styles

In southern Europe, conflicts with parents tend to center around

parents continuing to treat teens like children

Victor is a sophomore in high school. To increase the chances that Victor will get connected to school and perhaps be more successful and confident down the road, Victor's parents should encourage him to _____.

participate in school-related extracurricular activities

In Islamic Nations, teens' conflicts with parents tend to center around

peer relationships

What has been shown to be the MOST effective strategy for changing children's behavior?

positive reinforcement

Theory-of-mind skills in early childhood are _____ associated with popularity in elementary skill

positively

According to Kohlberg, _____ reasoning is NOT usually present until late adolescence or adulthood.

postconventional

Kohlberg believed that individuals who use universal ethical principles apart from society's laws are operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

postconventional

Martin Luther King argued that laws are valid only to the extent that they are based on justice and that a commitment to justice compels an individual to disobey unjust laws. Dr. King's argument reflects the _____level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.

postconventional

Understanding the influence of genetics and peers on development could help decrease the

practice of blaming parents for all of a child's behavior

According to Kohlberg, the goal of _____ moral reasoning is to get rewards and avoid punishments

preconventional

In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, the _____ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _____ level emphasizes moral principles.

preconventional; postconventional

Based on recommendations from psychologists, if physical punishment is used, what should accompany it?

an explanation about why the child's behavior was unacceptable

Which framework on cognitive development are theorists using if they analyze the development of human memory, concentration, and the ability to plan ahead?

an information-processing perspective

Which behavior is considered normal

an interest in losing weight

Longitudinal research suggests that, as compared to children who are not physically punished, children who are physically punished

are more likely to hit other children

Compared to parents of typical children, the parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) _____.

are more likely to use power assertion

Pretending with objects fully emerges in

late toddlerhood

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and who give up on tasks without trying have developed

learned helplessness

A child whose growth is stunted may have delayed puberty because of low levels of

leptin

Children who experience undernutrition tend to develop ____

less-adequate physical skills and abilities compared to well-nourished children

Michael's mother has been unemployed for the last year. Michael rarely eats more than one meal a day. According to your text children like Michael who experience undernutrition tend to develop

less-adequate physical skills and abilities compared to well-nourished children

Antisocial behaviors that occur during the teenage years and continue into adult life are called

life-course difficulties

What marks the beginning of adolescence

physical signs of sexual maturation

Professor Houlihan explains that collaborative pretend play is

play in which children fantasize together

Marcus is a U.S. male who just had intercourse for the first time. The BEST guess as to Marcus's age is that he is _____.

17 or 18

memories refer to one's ability to understand one has a life history and can recall past experiences or events. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Autobiographical

Which statement about eating disorders is false

People never outgrow these problems.

What is NOT a good tip for making school more intrinsically motivating for students?

Reward the children who do well with special prizes.

refers to the ability to focus only on relevant information

Selective attention

refers to the capacity to examine one's own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

Self-awareness

is the state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.

Sympathy

What happens in the frontal lobe during adolescence

The gray matter is pruned substantially.

Which is NOT a criticism of Baumrind's parenting styles framework

The styles framework has little value in predicting U.S. middle-class children's competence.

Why is the crowd the ideal medium to bridge the gap between the sexes?

There is safety in numbers

Which is NOT a risk for adults who experienced maltreatment as children?

They are likely to work in dangerous jobs in adulthood.

Irish research (Bourke and others, 2014) revealed that, as compared to their peers who did not participate, teens who took part in a high-school sex education program became sexually active at

an older age.

According to Kohlberg, moral decisions at the postconventional level are based on

abstract ethics

Piaget called "_____" changing cognitive structures (schemas) to match input from the world.

accommodation

Fourth grader Dante, is taking a math test over fractions. This math test is a(n):

achievement test.

The life stage characterized by storm and stress is

adolescence

Darien is experiencing his first conscious sexual feeling. This is the result of

adrenal androgens

Theory-of-mind abilities emerge

age of 4

Acts designed to cause harm are called

aggression

The MOST deadly eating disorder is

anorexia nervosa

In most cultures, the feelings of adults toward the emerging generation of adolescents are BEST described as _____.

ambivalent

Any pathological obsession with getting and staying thin is called

an eating disorder

According to the research by Gardner and Steinberg (2005), who is probably the MOST cautious driver?

an emerging adult driving alone

Adolescent self-esteem depends MOST strongly on how teens feel about their

appearance

False autobiographical memories are MOST likely produced by children who

are abused

According to the text, bullying

can never be totally eradicated

Popularity becomes a prominent concern of children during Piaget's _____ stage

concrete operational

Psychologists use the term "_____" to denote the role that conversations about antisocial activities play in teens' socialization into delinquency.

deviancy training

Feelings of depression during elementary school remain high and stable in children who join the _____ crowd in high school.

deviant

Which approach to cognitive development emphasizes dividing thinking into component steps

information processing

Collaborative pretend play refers to

play in which children fantasize together

In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings by their classmates are defined as _____ children.

popular

Among preschool children, there is a _____ relationship between exercise play and popularity.

positive

Four-year-olds Roberto and Jaylen have parents who encourage them to play with other children out doors. According to the text, there is a _____ relationship between exercise play and popularity.

positive

Statistically, who is MOST likely to become sexually active at the youngest age

Keshawn, a low-SES Black male

Over _____ million children are raised by their grandparents alone.

1

When they are with their families, MOST teens experience

10 times as many negative emotions as positive ones

About _____ percent of children are subject to chronic harassment by a bully.

10 to 20

The gray-matter peak in frontal lobe development occurs at age _____ in girls. In boys, the gray-matter peak occurs at age

10; 12

Ten-year-old Mindy's IQ score was 130. It is MOST likely that her mental age is _____ years old.

13

Binge eating disorder was added to the DSM-5 in _____.

2013

One in _____ U.S. children are being raised by single parents.

4

The transition from preoperational thinking to concrete operations is gradual and typically occurs between ages of _____.

5 and 8

About _____ percent of teens have had intercourse by the time they are 18.

50

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls from ages

7 to 12

By the end of the 1930s, about _____ percent of teenagers were attending high school

75

Which child is NOT in middle childhood

Abbie, who is 5

Which American president does the text describe as being resilient

Abraham Lincoln

Which alternative BEST expresses the relationship between adolescent egocentrism and formal operational thought?

Adolescent egocentrism depends on formal operational thought.

Which statement BEST captures adolescents' satisfaction with high school and with their lives in general?

Adolescents are unsatisfied with high school, but they are happy with their lives overall.

is the broad label referring to actions designed to cause harm

Aggression

_____ is to externalizing tendencies as ______ is to internalizing tendencies.

Aggression; timidity

To find out if a child in elementary school has high self-esteem, which question might you ask

Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about

Bulimia is characterized by

Binging and purging

refers to a child's tendency to fixate on the most striking visual feature of an object and ignore its other facets.

Centering

communities are defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.

Collective efficacy

Which theorist first described adolescent egocentrism

David Elkind

is typical of children who have externalizing problems.

Denying reality and having unrealistically high self-esteem

Psychologists use the term "_____" to denote the role that conversations about doing antisocial acts play in teens' socialization into delinquency.

Deviancy Training

Which psychological scientist is LEAST likely to be a participant in a symposium on executive function?

Dr. Li, who studies memory span

The capacity to manage one's feelings is described by the term "_____."

Emotion regulation

is the term psychologists use for the skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life.

Emotion regulation

refers to the skills involved in controlling one's feelings so that they do not interfere with one's life

Emotion regulation

refers to the skills involved in controlling one's feelings so that they do not interfere with one's life.

Emotion regulation

Tammy and Ted are going through a divorce and have three children. Which statement would NOT be important advice for Tammy and Ted to help the children adjust to their divorce?

Encourage joint custody.

theory explains gender-stereotyped behavior in terms of cognitions

Gender schema

Which teaching tip was NOT recommended by the textbook?

Give students tangible rewards for their achievements.

Which statement about the effects of divorce on children is TRUE?

Most children whose parents divorce do not end up with major mental problems.

aggression involves impulsive retaliation for harmful acts

Reactive

aggression is aimed at harming the victim's friendships and social relationships

Relational

Children living below the poverty line are MOST likely to be living in

a single-parent, mother-headed family

Bulimia nervosa affects _____ of all women

a very small percentage

Which phrase BEST describes the proportion of households in the United States that may be described as traditional nuclear families?

about 50 percent

Dericia is able to link her autobiographical memories along a conceptual timeline that represents a narrative or life story. According to the text you can assume that Dericia is in

early adolescence

The social cognitive skills that define humanity become apparent in

early childhood

In a classic study exploring puberty, developmentalists traced the lives of two groups of pre-teens in Milwaukee: boys and girls in school districts with middle schools and those who attended a K-8 school. In this study, researchers found that

early-maturing girls who transferred to a middle school had more troubles

Piaget called the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view "_____.

egocentrism

Which type of child maltreatment is the MOST common

emotional abuse

Eight-year-old Tola is frequently threatened by her parents in various ways. They tell Tola that they will abandon her in the middle of the city, threaten to use a taser on her, and tell her that she is worthless. Tola is a victim of:

emotional abuse.

Which term refers to feeling another person's feelings

empathy

Eleven-year-old Julie has just entered puberty. Her hips are widening, her uterus and breasts are developing, and her ovaries have begun to produce eggs. The hormone MOST closely associated with these changes is _

estrogen

Think back to psychology's broad theoretical perspectives. The text suggests that adolescent social sensitivity and risk-taking make sense from a(n) _____ perspective.

evolutionary

Yousef is running for district representative in the upcoming election. During a debate, he knows he will be asked how the legal system should manage teenage law-breaking behavior. Given your knowledge of neurological development during the teen years, he should suggest that the legal system should

focus on rehabilitation, not punishment

Rochelle is a second-grade teacher in the United States, and she notices one of her students frequently has bruises on his arms. She suspects this student is being abused by his parents. What should she do?

follow the mandatory child abuse reporting laws of your state

With respect to cognitive development generally, adolescence is MOST often associated with _____operations and _____ moral reasoning.

formal; conventional

Kwan is a typical teen. During high school, he has

friends in his main crowd and in a few other socially similar groups

Due to neural pruning, gray matter in the brain's _____ lobe declines during adolescence.

frontal

The _____ hypothesis states that humans may be biologically programmed to retaliate or strike back when harmed.

frustration-aggression

Also known as "_____," this is the notion that one aspect of intelligence is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability.

g factor

A close-knit, delinquent peer group is known as a

gang

Six-year-old Ramone tries really hard to catch a baseball thrown in the air. He asks his mother to keep throwing the ball in the air until he can catch five in a row. According to Erikson, Ramone is facing which psychosocial task

initiative

Being resilient depends MOST on

inner qualities

In Vygotsky's theory, _____ is one way in which humans learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges through silently repeating information.

inner speech

Jeremiah has received an overall IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is

intellectually disabled

Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by

internalizing tendencies

Antisocial behaviors that occur during the teenage years and continue into adult life are called _____. Those that occur just during the teen years are termed

life-course difficulties; adolescence-limited turmoil

Cynthia is a psychologist who is investigating parent-adolescent conflict. She videotapes the same boys when they are 11 years old, when they are 14 years old, and when they are 17 years old. Since she is testing the same participants repeatedly over time, Cynthia is using a(n) _____ research design

longitudinal

Which is NOT one of the criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

low IQ

Progressing from clumsy to sure, swift movements is an example of the _____ principle.

mass-to-specific

The sexual double standard is a(n)

on going cultural code that gives boys more sexual freedom than girls

Less than _____ U.S. families are considered to be traditional, nuclear families.

one-half of

At what time is parent-adolescent conflict MOST apt to flare up

puberty

Beatriz is a 14-year-old Latina American. She is excited because her parents are planning an elaborate Quinceanera, a celebration marking Beatriz's transition into womanhood. This celebration may be seen as a contemporary reflection of the _____ found in traditional societies.

puberty rites

Brigid is almost 13. Her mother is planning an elaborate bat mitzvah to mark Brigid's coming-of-age ceremony. This celebration may be seen as a contemporary reflection of the _____ found in traditional societies.

puberty rites

Timmy is pushing his little sister and taking her toys. Which discipline strategy is Timmy's mom, a non-permissive parent living in the United States, MOST apt to use?

put Timmy in time out

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt is called _____aggression.

reactive

Mrs. Brierly tells the study skills class that "repetition is the key to learning." This advice emphasizes the role of _____ in learning.

rehearsal

Which parenting style is particularly "poisonous" to every child in every culture around the world?

reject neglecting

Marsha is a single mother of three. Her youngest is three years old. Every time her youngest daughter asks to hug, kiss, or be helped Marsha pushes her away. Which of the following BEST describes Marsha's parenting style?

rejecting-neglecting

Deci and Ryan believe that learning becomes intrinsic when it satisfies our basic need for:

relatedness

A destructive act designed to harm a person's relationships is called _____ aggression.

relational

A destructive act designed to harm a person's social network is called _____ aggression.

relational

Beverly is a school psychologist studying social interactions in the later elementary school years in the United States. In her field work, she notices that some types of children seem to be unpopular and rejected more often. Which group is apt to be rarely rejected

relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way

Professor Ramirez is conducting research on parent-teen conflict over the decades. She is apt to find that levels of parent-teen conflict have

remained roughly similar

The developmental term for the type of play that involves excited shoving, running, and wrestling is

rough-and-tumble play

Mrs. Li gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a specific skill. Mrs. Li is using a teaching technique called

scaffolding

Which term is associated with Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

scaffolding

In China, teens' conflicts with parents tend to center around

school

Jean Piaget believed that preoperational thinking develops during the _____ stage of his theory.

second

The tendency to feel good or bad about ourselves is called

self-esteem

Children progress from three- or four-word vocabularies at age 1 year to knowing about 10,000 words by age 6. Their expanded vocabulary illustrates changes in

semantics

Name the language facet that improves throughout life.

semantics

Overextensions show that the child doesn't understand _____.

semantics

The meaning system of a language is called _____.

semantics

Anna's adrenal glands have just begun to release hormones. Anna is MOST likely about _____ years old.

seven

Professor Anderson is replicating Susan Harter's (1999) study on teen self-esteem. Professor Anderson expects that the question _____ will be the BEST predictor of self-esteem.

"Do you think you are attractive?

Which compliment is MOST apt to increase a child's self-efficacy

"You are trying so hard

Which statement BEST expresses historical trends in childhood obesity rates in the United States

Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s but have recently leveled off or even declined.

refers to a child's knowledge that one can pour a fluid from a tall, thin glass into a fat, wide glass, and it will still have the same amount of liquid.

Conservation

Which statement reflects the BEST advice for parents?

Focus on providing structure and a strong, loving attachment relationship with your children.

Which statement about cyberbullying is FALSE

It is less toxic that bullying in real life.

Jacquelle is an attorney who is currently defending a teenager who has been accused of a serious offense. She is considering bringing in an adolescence specialist to present findings to help the court make its decision. Is this a good idea?

It's worth a try, although there is no guarantee the legal system is going to listen to the findings of adolescence specialists.

The term "zone of proximal development" is associated with _____.

Lev Vygotsky

Which statement is TRUE about relational aggression

Relational aggression increases in middle childhood and early adolescence.

When parents ask young children questions about the events of the day, they are scaffolding the development of autobiographical memory. The term "scaffolding" reflects the contributions of the theorist ______ to our understanding of cognitive development.

Vygotsky

Which person does the text describe as being resilient

Winston Churchill

On average, menarche occurs _____ spermarche

a bit earlier than

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory-of-mind abilities depend upon

a certain level of frontal lobe development

Elementary schools that are exceeding expectations do NOT necessarily have

a large amount of money

Seven-year-old Diondre was asked by his father; "Tell me about your fieldtrip to the museum. What did you enjoy the most about your visit to the museum? Diondre's father's questions are an example of:

a past-talk conversation

Epstein argues that teen troubles may result from

a poor body-environment fit

Ten-year-old Thiago tells his friend Jacob all about his baseball game last weekend. Thiago's recollection of the details of his baseball game is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

autobiographical

Intrinsic motivation increases when students are given

autonomy

Which factor does NOT promote eating disorders

beginning puberty late

Relational aggression refers to

behavior aimed at harming the victim's social relationships

Which trait is NOT typical of popular children in elementary school

being very physically aggressive

The MOST prevalent eating disorder is

binge eating disorder

Which eating disorder is MOST closely associated with obesity

binge eating disorder

The _____ is the ideal group structure to bridge the gap between the sexes because there is safety in numbers.

crowd

The neurotransmitter _____ has been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

dopamine

Jamie did not develop language until they were 4. They are MORE likely to develop _____ than children who developed language at an earlier age.

dyslexia

Marja has been diagnosed with a learning disability that gives her difficulty in reading, a lack of fluency, and poor word recognition. Marja has:

dyslexia

When do MOST people master such learning strategies as rehearsal and selective attention

elementary school

Barbara is interested in helping her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and waters the plants. Her mother notices that she seems to really enjoy doing these things and gives Barbara $1 for every chore she completes. Soon Barbara seems to dread doing chores. This is consistent with research showing that when adults give _____ rewards for behaviors that are _____ rewarding, children are less likely to perform these activities for themselves.

external; intrinsically

Acting impulsively, disruptively, or aggressively reflect a personality style characterized by _____tendencies.

externalizing

Milagros is a fifth grader who has been chronically bullied for several years. As a result, she has become anxious and withdrawn, yet at the same time occasionally lashes out at her tormenters. The school psychologist has evaluated Milagros and suggested that she has

externalizing and internalizing problems

Rapid weight gain in the _____ of life is the MOST strongly linked to the early onset of menarche

first 9 months

Joshua can throw overhand with bent elbows. Mastery of this skill indicates that Joshua is at LEAST _____year(s) old.

five

Harry has externalizing problems and often interrupts other children when they are playing. According to the text, the BEST approach for correcting Harry's behavior is to

gently explain to him that other kids don't like it when he barges in on their games

Early-maturing girls are MOST apt to

have a poor body image

Children who have reached concrete operations are more likely to act prosocially than younger children because they

have better skills

Pick the characteristic that does NOT promote resilience

having a "difficult" temperament

Which characteristic would NOT promote child resilience?

having a self-oriented temperament

Based on information she read on research on the effects of spanking on children, Chantel tells Jennifer that it is not a good idea to spank her two-year-old because when she goes to preschool she is more likely to:

hit other children

Aggressive children may misinterpret other people's behaviors; they believe these behaviors are intentionally bad and directed at them personally. This unrealistic view of the world is called a

hostile attributional bias

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) evaluates

how well a child comes up with verbal answers and manipulates materials

One of the MOST important functions of the _____ is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often

impoverished

Timidity and self-consciousness may indicate

internalizing tendencies

Pick the list that includes some of the intelligences evaluated by Gardner's multiple intelligences test.

interpersonal, intrapersonal, and musical

The drive to act based on the pleasure inherent in taking the action itself reflects _____ motivation.

intrinsic

Twelve-year-old Niesha loves basketball. She practices in her driveway several hours a day which is in addition to her middle school team's practice after school. Niesha practices basketball because of _____motivation.

intrinsic

Inner desire is to external reinforcer as _____ motivation is to _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Piaget proposed the idea of _____, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.

irreversibility

Baumrind's research on parenting styles

is MOST applicable to middle-class, White Western families

A girl's first menstruation is called

menarche

The main index that researchers use to measure the secular trend in puberty is the age when

menarche occurs

Boys and girls between the ages of 7 and 12 are in the _____ stage of life

middle childhood

Dante just had his seventh birthday. He has just entered

middle childhood

Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy emerge at around age

nine

Elise is 3 years old and tells her father that when she grows up, she is going to turn into a man. Elise's confusion about sex and gender is developmentally

normal

About _____ in five teens report transitioning into intercourse outside of a committed relationship.

one

For the past 40 years, the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has centered around

operant conditioning

Chantel and her 3-year-old son, Dion, are visiting the zoo. Dion sees a tiger and points and says "kitty." This exemplifies:

overextension.

According to Piaget, _____ thinking is defined by the inability to detach from immediate perceptions and think conceptually.

preoperational

Jean Piaget's second stage of cognition is known as _____ stage.

preoperational

Children begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history and ongoing "selves," during

preschool

Annika became sexually mature early and has had a lot of problems in her teen years compared to her peers who matured later. It is MOST likely that Annika lives in a

sexually permissive society

Corsaro's observation that children do not like it when other children bring up gory themes led him to conclude that play teaches

social norms

The typical, classic victim of a bully is a(n) _____ child

socially anxious

What proportion of teens transition to intercourse with a steady partner?

the majority

Which is NOT a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder, according to research discussed in the tex

the mother's education level

Rates of physical aggression _____ as children get older

typically decrease significantly

Jean Piaget has been criticized for _____.

underestimating children's abilities during early childhood

Pamela is a 16-year-old girl. Statistically, her first sexual experience will MOST likely occur

within a steady relationship with her partner

According to Erikson, children in middle childhood learn to

work for what they want

is NOT one of the initial intelligences defined by Howard Gardner.

Creative

Akeelah is counseling Chantae, a 19-year-old college sophomore who was abused as a child. Chantae is taking Introduction to Psychology and has become obsessed with the idea that she is doomed because abused children already have "three strikes against them." In response, Akeelah should tell her that which statement is FALSE

Maltreated children always fail to develop normally.

involves sending sexually explicit photos or messages online or via text.

Sexting

Which of these has research NOT found to predict with the use of corporal punishment?

prosocial behavior

Children who are able to rebound from serious early life traumas and construct a successful adult life are called _____.

resilient

When they enter the pre-teen years, girls and boys are in

single-sex cliques

Anna is no more stressed while with her parents than while with her peers. Anna is MOST likely from

southern Europe

Treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do NOT include

strict discipline

Feeling upset for a person in distress exemplifies a state called

sympathy

Chan understands that they must say, "Push me on the swing," and not, "Swing me on the push." Chan has attained an understanding of:

syntax

Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the public swimming pool, instead of saying, "No in water" when he protests going in, he has begun to say, "Don't put me in the water." Chelsea's son is beginning to master grammar, also known as

syntax

Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _____ in promoting children's mental growth.

teaching by people

At the height of the first coronavirus pandemic wave (May 2020), researchers surveyed more than a thousand teens, asking questions about family time, sleep, mental health, and well-being. They were shocked to find that during this time of trauma

teenage depression rate declined

How well a child adjusts in the long term to the parents' divorce depends primarily on

the quality of care the custodial parent provides

What might tip you off that your daughter or son wants to become sexually active

the teen gravitates to sexually explicit media.

Adolescent egocentrism refers to

the thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves, and see what they do as the center of attention

Vygotsky called the difference between what children can do and what they can potentially do

the zone of proximal development

What is the crucial ability that allows people to relate to others in a give-and-take way

theory of mind

children's first understanding that other people have perspectives and beliefs different from their own is called

theory of mind

Children are LEAST likely to have mental health problems if

they have many overnight visits with their father, and their father scores high on positive parenting

Research discussed in the textbook (Chetty and Hendren, 2017) suggests that as compared to spending one's childhood and adolescence in a community with little or no social mobility, growing up in a community ranked high in upward mobility increases one's annual earnings as an adult by about one

third

In one study in 2006, a group of 18- to 20-year-old students at Oregon State University were asked to write about their "first period experiences." Even when they described their mothers as supportive, about _____ percent of students remembered feeling "disgusted" or ambivalent when menarche arrived.

thirty three

The MOST effective antibullying approache

try to change peer group norms

Eight-year-old Jewel will _____ if she successfully resolves the Eriksonian psychosocial task of middle childhood.

work for what she wants

Bullying programs that aim to change schoolwide norms for bullying behavior

work to some extent