Lesson 7/Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n) a. antigen-presenting cell. b. antigen-antibody complex. c. major histocompatibility complex. d. immune complex. e. antigenic determinant site.

Immune complex

A child falls off her bike and skins her knee. Which form of immunity will be activated immediately? a. Adaptive immunity b. Innate immunity c. Cell-mediated immunity d. Antibody-mediated immunity

Innate immunity

________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. a. Dendritic cells b. Afferent lymphatics c. Lymphoid tissues d. Palatine tonsils e. None of these answers are correct.

Lymphoid tissues

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by a. arteries b. lymphocytes c. fibrous connective tissue d. trabeculae e. veins

Lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? a. liver cells and macrophages in the spleen b. red blood cells c. all body cells with a nucleus d. granulocytes and microphages e. lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Lymph nodes do all of the following except a. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. b. produce antibodies. c. monitor the contents of lymph. d. detect pathogens. e. remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Remove excess nutrients from the lymph

Lymphocytes a. are all actively phagocytic. b. are primarily found in red bone marrow. c. respond to antigens. d. destroy red blood cells. e. decrease in number during infection.

Respond to antigens.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the a. left arm and shoulder. b. left breast. c. left side of the neck. d. pelvic viscera. e. right breast.

Right breast

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called a. sensitization b. apoptosis c. customization d. differentiation e. opsonization

Sensitization

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called a. sutures. b. fissures. c. septa. d. hilum. e. trabeculae.

Septa

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a. fever. b. nonspecific immunity. c. skin defenses. d. specific immunity. e. immunological surveillance.

Specific immunity

Regulatory T cells act to a. produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. b. suppress antigens. c. inhibit T and B cell activities. d. erase memory T cells. e. limit antigen proliferation.

Suppress antigens

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of a. antigen-antibody complexes b. NK cells c. T and B cells d. mast cells e. interferons

T and B cells

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it a. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. b. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. c. produces more IgG antibodies. d. depends on memory B cells. e. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers.

Weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as a. white pulp b. adenoids c. lymph nodes d. Peyer's patches e. red pulp

White pulp

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except a. red bone marrow. b. the appendix. c. the spleen. d. the venae cavae. e. lymph.

The venae cavae

All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that a. some produce antibodies. b. they spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. c. they are granulocytes. d. they have relatively long life spans. e. they have one nucleus.

They are granulocytes

T is to ________ as B is to ________. a. top; bottom b. thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived c. thyroid; bowel d. non-thymus-dependent; bottom e. None of these answers are correct.

Thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n) a. anaphylaxis test. b. secondary response. c. major histocompatibility complex. d. primary response. e. titer

Titer

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? a. The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport blood throughout peripheral tissues of the body. b. The function of lymphatic vessels is to detect pathogens before they reach the vital organs of the trunk and to help filter the lymph. c. The function of lymphatic vessels is to produce hormones that help the development of functional T cells. d. The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. e. The function of lymphatic vessels is to provide a site for lymphocyte maturation.

To transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

_______ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. a. Lymph nodes b. Immune complexes c. Peyer's patches d. Tonsils e. Spleens

Tonsils

Identify the structures labeled "4." a. lymphatic vessels b. venules c. trabeculae d. medullae e. dendritic cells

Trabeculae

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? a. viral b. bacterial c. prion d. parasitic e. cancer

Viral

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the a. light chain. b. antigen-antibody complex. c. hapten. d. antigen binding site. e. constant segment.

Antigen binding site.

What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph? a. A lymphocyte is a collection of lymphatic tissue. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel. b. A lymphocyte is a red blood cell that has entered a lymphatic vessel. Lymph is the term for interstitial fluid with red blood cells that has entered a lymphatic vessel. c. A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel. d. A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the term for the vessels that transport lymphocytes. e. A lymphocyte is a stem cell that is the precursor to all red and white blood cells. Lymph is the term for the matrix those stem cells develop in inside the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.

In opsonization, a. a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. b. MHC II glycoproteins display a fragment of an alien cell. c. antigens bind to antibodies to become antigen-antibody complexes. d. antibodies tie many antigens together. e. the cell wall of a pathogen is breached, leading to death of the cell.

A pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages

What is perforin? a. a type of interferon b. a toxin expressed by some pathogens that is capable of damaging healthy cells c. a protein produced by NK cells d. a type of antibody synthesized by B cells e. a destructive enzyme secreted by sebaceous glands

A protein produced by NK cells

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it a. involutes after puberty b. lies in the anterior mediastinum c. produces T cells d. activates B cells e. reaches its greatest relative size before puberty

Activates B cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? a. secreting a strong acid b. activating genes that trigger apoptosis c. secreting free radicals d. secreting organic solvent e. secreting mutant proteins

Activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Identify the structure labeled "3." a. hilum b. outer cortex c. medulla d. efferent lymphatic e. afferent lymphatic

Afferent lymphatic

Trace the path of lymph through a lymph node, beginning at the afferent lymphatics. a. afferent lymphatics — paracortex — medullary sinus — cortex — subcapsular space — efferent lymphatics b. afferent lymphatics — subcapsular space — cortex — paracortex — medullary sinus — efferent lymphatics c. afferent lymphatics — subcapsular space — medullary sinus — cortex — paracortex — efferent lymphatics d. afferent lymphatics — cortex — paracortex — subcapsular space — medullary sinus — efferent lymphatics e. afferent lymphatics — medullary sinus — subcapsular space — paracortex — cortex — efferent lymphatics

Afferent lymphatics — subcapsular space — cortex — paracortex — medullary sinus — efferent lymphatics

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to a. an antibody attached to an antigen. b. the plasma membrane of bacteria. c. a cell surface antigen. d. a plasma protein. e. the cell wall of bacteria.

An antibody attached to an antigen

Define antigenic determinant site. a. An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen that is displayed by class I MHC cells. b. An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antibody that contains constant segments. c. An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen that constantly mutates to avoid immune system detection. d. An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds. e. An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen that is displayed by class II MHC cells.

An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed a. anaphylactic shock b. allergy c. allergic rhinitis d. asthma e. hypersensitivity

Anaphylactic shock

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they a. have no basement membrane. b. are frequently irregular in shape. c. are smaller in diameter. d. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. e. are larger in diameter.

Are smaller in diameter

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? a. artificially acquired active immunity b. artificially acquired passive immunity c. innate immunity d. naturally acquired passive immunity e. naturally acquired active immunity

Artificially acquired active immunity

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. a. Immunosuppression b. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome c. Autoimmune disorders d. Allergies e. Anaphylaxis

Autoimmune disorders

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. a. suppressor T b. B c. cytotoxic T d. helper T e. NK

B

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. a. immature T b. helper T c. NK d. cytotoxic T e. B

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except a. the skin. b. B and T cells. c. inflammation. d. complement. e. interferon.

B and T cells

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2." a. T lymphocytes b. NK cells c. B cells d. erythrocytes e. monocytes

B cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a. T cells b. B cells c. epithelial reticular cells d. natural killer cells e. dendritic cells

B cells

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must a. depolarize the lymphocyte. b. bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte c. be processed by a phagocyte. d. either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte. e. infect cells.

Bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except a. mucus. b. sebaceous glands. c. blood. d. epithelia. e. epidermal layers.

Blood

In passive immunity, the a. immune system attacks normal body cells. b. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. c. body receives antibodies produced by an animal. d. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal. e. body receives antibodies produced by other humans.

Body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. a. CD4 T b. plasma c. NK d. suppressor T e. cytotoxic T

CD4 T

Which T cells contain CD8 markers? CD4 markers? a. CD8 markers are found on regulatory T cells; CD4 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells. b. CD8 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells; CD4 markers are found on all helper T cells. c. CD8 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells; CD4 markers are found on regulatory T cells and helper T cells. d. CD8 markers are found on all helper T cells; CD4 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. e. CD8 markers are found on regulatory T cells and helper T cells; CD4 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells and memory cells.

CD8 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells; CD4 markers are found on all helper T cells

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the a. periphery b. groin c. throat d. renal arteries e. CNS

CNS

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? a. artificially acquired passive immunity b. antibody-mediated immunity c. cell-mediated immunity d. cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity e. naturally acquired passive immunity

Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called a. chemotaxis. b. apoptosis. c. phagocytosis. d. diapedesis. e. immune surveillance.

Chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the a. bronchomediastinal trunk. b. azygos. c. lymph node. d. cisterna chyli. e. hilum.

Cisterna chyli

Where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found? a. Class I MHC proteins are found on cells of the innate immune response and class II MHC proteins are found on cells of the adaptive immune response. b. Class I MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and class II MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells. c. Class I MHC proteins are found on B cells and class II MHC proteins are found on T cells. d. Class I MHC proteins are found on T cells and class II MHC proteins are found on B cells. e. Class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

Class I MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and class II MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells

Explain the function of cytokines secreted by helper T cells. a. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the innate immunity only. b. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity only. c. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate NK cells only. d. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity. e. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the antibody-mediated adaptive immunity only.

Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity

Which cells can be activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells? a. cytotoxic T and memory B cells b. cytotoxic T and natural killer cells c. helper T and plasma cells d. helper T and helper B cells e. memory T and memory B cells

Cytotoxic T and natural killer cells

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. a. cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells b. helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells c. NK T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and helper T cells d. memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and plasma T cells e. plasma T cells, memory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

Cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except a. increased swelling b. decreased blood flow c. increased heat d. increased pain e. increased redness

Decreased blood flow

Helper T cells do all of the following except a. enhance antibody-mediated immunity b. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells c. enhance cell-mediated immunity d. activate sensitized B cells by costimulation e. destroy target cells using perforins

Destroy target cells using perforins

Autoantibodies are a. directed against the body's own antigens. b. important in tissue rejection reactions. c. the first step in immunological competence. d. produced during an allergic reaction. e. produced by activated T cells.

Directed against the body's own antigens

Identify the region labeled "5."

Germinal center

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of a. helper T cells b. macrophages c. plasma cells d. antigens e. antibodies

Helper T cells

What is the effect of histamine release? a. Histamine triggers the production of antiviral proteins in the cytoplasm of normal cells. b. Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area. c. Histamine binds to bacterial surfaces and enhances phagocytosis. d. Histamine increases blood clotting and causes vasoconstriction to restrict blood loss. e. Histamine induces fever to accelerate tissue metabolism and defenses.

Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? a. histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation b. heparin c. complement proteins d. interferons e. IgE antibodies

Histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

IgG

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. a. Innate immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. Adaptive immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. b. Innate immunity relies on the activity of cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily relies on the activity of specific proteins, such as antibodies to neutralize the threat. c. Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. d. Innate immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. e. Innate immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat.

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats

Define chemotaxis. a. Chemotaxis is the attachment of the phagocyte to its target. b. Chemotaxis is the destruction of the target by the phagocyte. c. Chemotaxis is the process of a phagocyte leaving a capillary by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells. d. Chemotaxis is the release of digestive chemicals by the phagocyte when the target is too large to be engulfed. e. Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli

Is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that a. it is delayed by the memory cell stage. b. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. c. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. d. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. e. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

It is delayed by the memory cell stage

An inflammatory response is triggered when a. red blood cells release pyrogens b. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria c. blood flow to an area increases d. T cells release interferon e. mast cells release histamine and heparin

Mast cells release histamine and heparin

Various types of macrophages are derived from a. eosinophils b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. basophils e. lymphocytes

Monocytes

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system. a. more than 30 b. fewer than 10 c. 18-25 d. 1-3 e. 5

More than 30

Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. a. lymph nodes b. lacteals c. tonsils d. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue e. interferons

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells a. suppressor T b. plasma c. helper T d. B e. NK

NK

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. a. passive b. auto c. innate d. naturally acquired active e. naturally acquired passive

Naturally acquired active

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except a. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. b. B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. c. the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. d. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. e. the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

Neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

Define opsonization. a. Opsonization is the release of chemicals from basophils and mast cells. b. Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis. c. Opsonization is the process by which antibodies binding superficial sites on the bacteria or toxins make the virus or toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. d. Opsonization is the formation of insoluble immune complexes. e. Opsonization is the binding of antibodies to the surface of the bacteria or virus causing inflammatory reactions.

Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? a. Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces. b. Overlapping endothelial cells strengthen the walls of the lymphatic capillaries so they are not distorted in tissues. c. Overlapping endothelial cells allow large proteins to enter the lymphatic capillaries to be transported to the venous system. d. Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the exit of fluids and solutes but prevent their entry into the capillary. e. Overlapping endothelial cells produce tight junctions that prevent the movement of lymph into or out of the capillary.

Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of a. active immunization. b. natural immunity. c. passive immunity. d. innate immunity. e. alloimmunity.

Passive immunity

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the a. NK cells. b. T cells. c. B cells. d. phagocytes. e. plasma cells.

Phagocytes

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells a. plasma b. NK c. helper T d. thymus e. liver

Plasma

Describe CD markers. a. T cells contain cloning and division (CD) proteins in the cytoplasm to allow them to activate and clone after an exposure to an antigen. b. B cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition. c. NK cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition. d. B cells contain cloning and division (CD) proteins in the cytoplasm to allow them to activate and clone after an exposure to an antigen. e. T cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition.

T cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition

Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. a. T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells b. RBCs, WBCs, and platelets c. acute lymphocytes, chronic lymphocytes, and resident lymphocytes d. cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells e. T cells, B cells, and helper cells

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. a. B b. T helper c. plasma d. NK e. cytotoxic T

T helper

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably a. tears. b. blood. c. lymph. d. interstitial. e. serum.

Tears

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that a. the focus of the infection is the lymph glands. b. lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands. c. the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes. d. the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin. e. the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

The affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? a. Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. b. Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic vessel. c. Lymph flows past dendritic cells. d. The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum. e. The efferent lymphatic vessel exits at the hilum.

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except a. the thymus b. lymph node organs c. the spleen d. lymphoid nodules e. the brain

The brain

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? a. The major histocompatibility complex is a collection of circulating proteins that bind pathogens and enhance phagocytosis. b. The major histocompatibility complex is a portion of chromosome 6 that contains genes that control the synthesis of membrane glycoproteins. c. The major histocompatibility complex is a portion of chromosome 12 that contains genes that control the production of anti-viral proteins by normal cells. d. The major histocompatibility complex is the term for the coordinated antibody-mediated response to a pathogen. e. The major histocompatibility complex is a cell membrane barrier that blocks pathogens from entering cells if the MHC barrier is expressed.

The major histocompatibility complex is a portion of chromosome 6 that contains genes that control the synthesis of membrane glycoproteins

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. a. superior and inferior lymphatic ducts b. the thoracic and mediastinal ducts c. the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks d. two great vessels e. the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. a. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the limbs of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the trunk of the body. b. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body superior to the diaphragm. c. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the entire body except the head and neck. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the head and neck. d. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the left side of the body. e. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm

Which would be more affected by a lack of memory B cells and memory T cells: the primary response or the secondary response? a. The secondary response because memory cells are produced during the initial response to an antigen. b. The primary response because memory cells are produced during the initial response to an antigen.

The secondary response because memory cells are produced during the initial response to an antigen

Describe the gross anatomy of the thymus. a. The thymus is a bean-shaped organ covered by a capsule with multiple afferent vessels and a single efferent vessel delivering lymph to it. b. The thymus is a deep red, elongated organ covered by a capsule. It is soft and contains indentations for the organs surrounding it. c. The thymus is an aggregate of lymphoid tissue without a capsule embedded in the epithelial lining of various organs. d. The thymus is the largest visceral organ. It is a firm and reddish brown organ containing 4 lobes. e. The thymus is a pink, grainy organ covered by a capsule that divides it into two lobes, which divide further into lobules.

The thymus is a pink, grainy organ covered by a capsule that divides it into two lobes, which divide further into lobules