Lifespan Development Midterm Study Guide

Latency Stage

( 6- 12 years 4th stage- sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.

Genital Stage

(12 + years)5th stage- puberty and sexual pleasure- this is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.

Phallic Stage

(3 - 6 years) 3rd stage - auto exploration of body; Oedipal Complex: child develops attraction for opposite gender parent and feels hostility toward same gender parent.

Industry vs. Inferiority

(6 to 11 years/ Adolescence) Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. (School, Am I competent?)

Realization

Accepting your spouse is human and accepting it

Rooting

Cheek stroked or side of mouth touched-Turns toward source, opens mouth and sucks-Disappears at three to four months

Reciprocity

We like those who like us.

Identity vs. Role confusion

(12-18 years/ Young Adulthood) Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. (social relationships, Who am I?)

Anal Stage

(18 months to three years) 2nd stage- psychosexual pleasure is from bowel movements - first expelling feces and then, during toilet training, from retaining feces. Many conflicts arise around the child's ability to achieve self-control.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

(19-40 years) Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. (relationships, Am I alone?)

Initiative vs. Guilt

(3 to 5-6 years) Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. (exploration, Is it okay to try things on my own?)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

(40-65 years/ Middle Adulthood)Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. (work and parenthood, What does it mean?)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

(65-Death/ Late Adulthood) Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.(reflection on life, How did it all go? Did I enjoy my time on earth?)

Trust vs. Mistrust

(birth to 12-18 months)Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.(feeding, Am I safe?)

Influences on personality

3 categories: normative age graded influences, normative history graded influences, non-normative life events

Psychosexual development stages

5 main stages 1) oral (birth to 12-18 months) 2) anal (12-18 months to 3 years) 3) Phallic (3 to 5-6 years) 4) Latency (5-6 years to adolescence) 5) Genital (adolescence to adulthood)

Psychosocial Development stages

8 main stages 1) Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 12-18 months) 2)Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5-6 years) 4)Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years) 5)Identity vs. Role confusion(12-18 years) 6)Intimacy vs Isolation (19-40 years) 7)Gererativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years) 8)Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65- Death)

Psychodynamic Perspective

A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. They are the main cause of birth defects and major threat to pregnancy.

Sense of self

An individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people.

Carol Gilligan

Believes Kohlberg's theories are interesting, but did not consider the interpersonal aspect, which is more prevalent in women generally males view morality as a sense of fair or unfair Females view morality more through the lens of relationships and sacrifice Controversial - Continues to receive a lot of push back on her theories

Oral Stage

Birth - 1 year Dependent Vs. Gullible

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.(toilet training, Can I separate from my parents?)

Class Roster- First Names

Danielle, Ruby, Amanda, Ali, Sebastian, Greg, Lauren, Forrest, Ray, Adrienne, Sara, Sophie, Jennifer, Bria, Kristine, Shanece, Victoria, Adam, Jason, Angela, Staci, Neslyn, Kara, Skylar, Ana, Alexandra, Ian, Lee, Max

The Five Stages

Denial, Anger, Bargaining,Depression, Acceptance

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Each stage emerges as a fixed pattern that is similar for all people. Each stage presents a crisis or conflict that each individual must address sufficiently at a particular stage. No crisis is ever fully resolved, making life complicated. UNLIKE FREUD, Erickson believed that development continues until death.

Examples of Teratogens

Examples: diseases(chlamydia, toxoplacmosis(cat feces), drugs(accutane,antibiotics, nicotine, caffeine), environmental(fumes,hair dye), non- infectious( high cortisol levels (stress), food, alcohol.

Blinking

Flash of light or puff of air- Closes eyes- Permanent

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

Examples of Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud, Erikson

Proximity

Functional distance' is more important than geographical distance - how often you cross paths with someone

Characteristics of healthy attachment

Healthy relationships, Self-regulation, A capacity to feel trust. Interest in exploring the environment, healthy separation, resilience, creativity, and impulse control.

Passion

Honeymoon stage

cohert

Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Ex: generations: baby boom, generation x, millennium.

Stepping

Infant held upright with feet touching ground-Moves feet as if to walk- Disappears at three to four months

Tabula Rose

John Locke- Came into the world with nothing- blank late.

Completion

Knowing each other isn't merely about tolerating each other's habits, quirks and needs. In the completion stage, "knowing" each other has a far deeper meaning - and a bigger payoff as well.

Similarity

More similar another's attitudes, beliefs and values, the more we like them - BUT similarity in physical appearance can be threatening

Sucking

Mouth touched by object-Sucks on object-Disappears at three to four months

Opposites don't attract

No evidence for complimentary in attitudes • Can become a source of irritation • Some exception - dominant Vs submissive couples

Pre-Conventional (Stage 1 & 2)

Obedience - Right or wrong is based on punishments

Grasping

Palms touched- Grasps tightly Weakens at three months; disappears at a year

Work Issues

People in middle age view their jobs differently than before, placing more emphasis on specific job factors such as pay and working conditions, and less on career striving and ambition

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

People pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development. In each stage, the quantity of information increases; the quality of knowledge and understanding increases too. Human thinking is arranged into schemas. The growth of children's understanding of the world can be explained by two principals: Assimilation and Accommodation.

Swimming

Placed face down in water- Makes coordinated swimming movements- Disappears at six to seven months

Tonic neck

Placed on back-Makes fists and turns head to the right- Disappears at two months

EGO

Rational and reasonable part of the personality. Acts as a buffer between the world and the primitive id. Operates on the reality principal (instinctual energy is restrained to maintain individual safety and integration into society.

ID

Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality present at birth. Represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, irrational impulses.

Conventional (Stage 3 & 4)

Social convention, social norms. Societal- Recognizing laws of society & consequences

Babinski

Sole of foot stroke -Fans out toes and twists foot in-Disappears at nine months to a year

Moro

Sudden move; loud noise- Startles; throws out arms and legs and then pulls them toward body-Disappears at three to four months

SUPEREGO

The aspect of personality that represents a person's conscience. Evaluates right from wrong. Develops about age 5 or 6. Learned from parents, teachers, other significant figures.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Unconscious is the part of the personality about which a person is unaware; it is responsible for much of our everyday behavior. A person's personality has 3 components: The ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO.

non-normative life events

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life. ex: death of a parent, teen pregnancy, lottery winner

Post Conventional (Stage 5 & 6)

Weighing the good and bad based on the context Separating morality from laws based on personal gains and risk of loss Making decisions based on the good of the people but not necessarily moral in terms of the societal norms. Leaving yourself open to other perspectives, self- awareness

Reunion

Your parenting commitments are lessened, your finances established, your career set, your mortgage paid. What then? For happy couples, it is a time to appreciate each other again, not as parents and providers but as lovers and friends, thinkers and seekers. Achieve this and there's peace, happiness and reconciliation.

Anal explosive

a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy destructive, and hostile

Burnout

a situation that occurs when workers experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and wariness from their jobs

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification focuses on a particular biological function and body part

Infant senses

are fairly well developed at birth, except for vision. Touch is most developed.

normative age graded influences

biological, age/environment, puberty, rituals/culture, social clock, do things according to age.

woman risk after birth

bladder failure, hair thinning, sweat more, stretched vaginal area, lose a breast size

Elizabeth Kubler - Ross

coined the theory that there are five Stages of grief

Neonatal reflexes

collection of inborn responses to specific stimuli and common to all humans at birth

Anal retentive

develops during the anal stage if a child's freedom to have bowel movements is restricted that can result in obsessively organized and meticulous personality traits

Accommodation

existing ways of thinking change as a result of new stimuli.

Glass ceiling

for women there is an illusion that they can go further but there is block The ceiling is rising over time but it's nowhere near even Examples: Entertainment- best director less women in CEO Positions. Facebook has no women on the board.

infertility

inability to get pregnant of sustain a pregnancy to live birth - within a year of trying.

age

is a cultural perception

Nature vs. Nurture

is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. Present day; modern thinking says both are important factors.

Domestic Voilence

is the number one cause of death for pregnant women.

infant risk after birth

low birth weight, infection, age, smoking/drugs

Cooperation

marriage takes on a business-like personality. Set aside all that love and emotion and personal-realization stuff: There are mortgages to be paid, investments to be handled, careers to be directed, health to be managed, and - first and foremost - children to be raised. Last about 10-20

Glass elevator

men rise disproportionately quickly in the fields dominated by women (nursing, childcare, cleaning services)

cognitive dissonance

mismatch of thoughts and behaviors. A state of mental discomfort arising from a discrepancy between two or more of a person's beliefs or between a person's beliefs and overt behavior.

Assimilation

new experience incorporated into current way of thinking.

normative history graded influence

occurs at certain times in history and produce dramatic affect on individuals. Biological and environmental influences are based on historical events: world wars, 1920's depression, Vietnam war, Sept 11th.

Typical phases of marriage

passion, realization, rebellion, cooperation, reunion, explosion, and completion.

Stages of morality - Lawrence Kohlberg

pre-conventional,conventional,and post conventional

Determinants of attraction

proximity, reciprocity, similarity, physical attractiveness.

Concept of attachement

refers to a strong emotional connection, such as the bond between a child and caregiver Our significant early experiences shape our view of others, ourselves, and relationships. This concept helps explain development and personality. Ex. Harlow;s Monkeys Experiment in 1950, or John Bowlby's 1956 theory.

social clock

shared experience of what time/age you should be doing certain things, such as having children, or going to college.

Causes of infertility in Women

stress, damaged Fallopian tubes, endometriosis, tipped uterus, hostile cervical mucus.

Causes of impotenence in Men

stress, damaged sperm ducts, environmental factors - heat/ hot tubs/ marijuana/ illicit drug use.

Work challenges

unemployment, Switching careers, leisure time, vacation, maternity leave, fair wages.

Rebellion

when self-interest often overtakes the interests of the marriage. And when this happens, be ready for the battles.

Explosion

your spouse, or both of you are dealing with major, life-shaking events that could affect your relationship for a day, a year, or the rest of your lives. While the other six stages tend to occur in order, the Explosion stage can happen at any time in a marriage though it happens most as we pass through our 40s and 50s.

Why do we like people who are similar to us?

• Reciprocity • Belief validation - Balance theory - different believes, in balance in cognition • Smooth interaction • Have qualities we like because they are like or own