Lipids
what are the components of Diphosphatidylglycerol
2 phospholipids bonded to a glycerol 4 fatty acids 3 glycerols 2 phosphate groups
at 34 weeks what ratio do we want lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S)
2:1 if less shows that the lungs are immature and delivery will be delayed
what is the structure of Phosphatidylinositol
6 hydroxyl groups on ring negative
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
what is Diphosphatidylglycerol
AKA Cardiolipin highest negative charge in phospholipid found in heart muscles and effects contractions
What causes Gaucher's disease
High levels of cerebrosides causes spleen weight to increase (200mg --> 2kg)
what causes Tay Sachs disease
High levels of gangliosides
what causes MLD (Metachromatic leukodystrophy) disease
High levels of sulfatides
What are the most important phospholipids
PE and PC
what is PC
Phosphatidylcholine aka Lecithin
what is PE
Phosphatidylethanolamine aka Cephalin
What is PG
Phosphatidylglycerol
What is PI
Phosphatidylinositol
what is PS
Phosphatidylserine
what is phosphoglyceride
a Phosphatidic acid
what is Chenodeoxycholic acid
a bile salt
what is the composition of a phospholipid
a glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate group X group
what is plasmalogen
a phospholipid containing an unsaturated ether (double bond next to carbon 1) associated with the optic nerve, myelination , and neural activity
what is vitamin E
an antioxidant protects RBC membranes from oxidation
which duct carries bile from gallbladder to --> stomach
bile duct
what happens when you eat fatty foods
bile salt released from GB due to Cholecystokinin--> emulsifies triglycerides by pancreatic lipase --> is able to become absorbed fro lumen
what is vitamin K associated with
blood clotting
what is vitamin D associated with
calcium metabolism
carboxylation vs decarboxylation
carboxylation - add CO2 (needs ATP) decarboxylation - remove CO2
what is cholestrol role in cell membrane
causes fluidity and makes up 50% of sturcture
structure and components of cerebroside
ceramide + glucose (sugar) glycolipid
structure and components of globoside
cerebroside + multiple glucose
structure and components of sulfatide
cerebroside + sulfate
a precuror to bile acid is
cholesterol
what is a major compomamt oof sterol hormones
cholesterol
what is the structure of Phosphatidylserine
contains -COOH negative
structure and components of sphingolipid
contains 18 carbons a sphingosine alcohol amino group
what is the structure of Phosphatidylcholine
contains 3 methyl groups neutral
what is the structure of Phosphatidylethanolamine
contains NH3 neutral
what happens when you keep using unsaturated oils
double bonds oxidize --> form epoxide --> cancerous ex. toxic oil syndrome
examples of simple lipids
fatty acid cholesterol vitamin D
if you have too much cholesterol what can form
gallstones due to the high amount of bile salt in gallbladder
structure and components of ganglioside
globoside + sialic acid (NANA)
what is the composition of phosphoglyceride
glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorylated alcohol
which duct carries bile from liver --> gallbladder
hepatic duct
what causes Niemann pick disease
high levels of sphingomyelin
what is hyaline membrane disease
immature lung development
what is the action of phospholipase c
it cleaves the first ester bond (right before the phosphate) --> activates protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules --> leading to altered cellular activity ex. cancerous tumor production
what is the action of phospholipase d
it cleaves the second ester bond (right after the phosphate) --> produces phosphatidic acid
what is the role of surfactant
it decreases surface tension in the lungs high surface tension causes the lungs to collapse
what is the significance of lysolecithin
it is dangerous, found in snake venom, and causes hemolysis of RBC membranes
similarities and differences between lecithin and sphingomyelin
lecithin - contains glycerol and 2 fatty acids sphingomyelin - contains sphingosine and 1 fatty acid both - contain 1 phosphate and 1 choline
how can you convert PE --> PC
methylation by the enzyme methyl transferase add 3 methyl groups
lung tissues have what kind of fatty acids
only saturated (C16:0)
What is PIP
phosphatidylinositol with a additional phosphate group substituted for one of the hydroxy groups in the ring
what is the mechanism and function of IP3
phospholipase C acts on PIP2-->IP3 and DAG releases Ca from ER --> can produce cancer
what are the major complex lipids
phospholipid sphingolipid
where are bile salts produced and stored
produced in liver stored in gall bladder
how can you convert PS --> PC
removal of CO2 by enzyme decarboxylase
what is deacylase
removes fatty acid
how do you convert Lecithin to Lysolecithin
removing the 2nd fatty acid by phosphlipase A2
most tissues have what kind of fatty acids
saturated (C16:0) -top unsaturated (C18:1) - bottom
where is Cholecystokinin produced and secreted
small intestine (duodenum)
structure and components of ceramide
sphingolipid with an additional fatty acid
what is the difference between sphingolipids vs phospholipids
sphingolipids contain sphingosine while phospholipids contain glycerol
structure and components of sphingomyelin
sphingosine + phosphate group only sphingolipid containing phosphate
what is Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
the major component of lung surfactant important in fetal lungs
what is vitamin A associated with
vision
