Liver Failure Questions, Exam 2 Review- NSG 2600

When caring for a client with Laennec's cirrhosis, which of these does the nurse expect to find on assessment? Select all that apply. A. Prolonged partial thromboplastin time B. Icterus of skin C. Swollen abdomen D. Elevated magnesium D. Currant jelly stool E. Elevated amylase level

A, B, C RAT: Clients with Laennec's cirrhosis have damaged clotting factors, so prolonged coagulation times and bleeding may result. Icterus, or jaundice, results from cirrhosis. The client with cirrhosis may develop ascites, or fluid in the abdominal cavity. Elevated magnesium is not related to cirrhosis. Amylase is typically elevated in pancreatitis. Currant jelly stool is consistent with intussusception, a type of bowel obstruction. The client with cirrhosis may develop hypocalcemia and/or hypokalemia. It is also consistent with elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase.

When assessing a client with hepatitis B, the nurse anticipates which assessment findings? Select all that apply. A. Recent influenza infection B. Brown stool C. Tea-colored urine D. Right upper quadrant tenderness E. Itching

C, D, E RAT: Assessment findings the nurse expects to find in a client with Hepatitis B include brown, tea, or cola-colored urine, right upper quadrant pain due to inflammation of the liver, and itching, irritating skin caused by deposits of bilirubin on the skin secondary to high bilirubin levels and jaundice. Hepatitis B virus, not the influenza virus, causes hepatitis B, which is spread by blood and body fluids. The stool in hepatitis may be tan or clay-colored, and not typically brown.

The patient tells the nurse that once he is discharged to home, he has no intention to stop drinking alcohol. ​ ​What is the appropriate nursing response?​ ​ A. "Why do you continue to drink?"​ B. "It's your choice to drink or not to drink."​ C. "Does it frighten you to consider quitting?"​ D. "If you continue to drink, you are going to die."​

C​ RAT: Asking the patient about quitting allows him to express his feelings about drinking. Response A demands an answer and is nontherapeutic. Response B does not give recognition to the problem of drinking. Response D gives advice as opposed to listening to the patient's concerns.​

Which assessment finding requires immediate nursing intervention in a patient with severe ascites?​ ​ A. Confusion​ B. Temperature 38.2º C ​ C. Tachycardia, rate 110 beats/min​ D. Shallow respirations, rate 32 breaths/min​

D​ RAT: Ascites can increase abdominal distention, which interferes with lung expansion and compromises ventilation and oxygenation. Risk for infection, fluid displacement, and confusion are also assessment variables requiring monitoring in a patient with ascites.​

Which condition is NOT a known cause of cirrhosis?* A. Obesity B. Alcohol consumption C. Blockage of the bile duct D. Hepatitis C E. All are known causes of cirrhosis

E

List some interventions for a patient with portal hypertension who is experiencing constipation issues

Increase fluids Squatty potty Laxatives Increase fiber intake

During assessment, the patient complains of fatigue and a 16lb weight gain in the last 4 months. What labs would the nurse anticipate?

Think Hepatitis Phases: Hepatitis antibodies, antigens​ AST, ALT, and GGT increased​ Alkaline phosphate increased​ Serum protein varies​ Total bilirubin increased​ Urinary bilirubin increased​ Prothrombin time increased​ Liver Biopsy​

List a positioning intervention for a patient with ascites who is experiencing difficulty breathing

Tripod positioning

A 55-year-old patient with a history of alcohol abuse spanning 10 years has been diagnosed with cirrhosis. The patient will be undergoing abdominal paracentesis on the medical unit today. Which assessment finding would alert the nurse that the paracentesis has been successful? A. Decrease in post-procedure weight B. No residual obtained during procedure C. Substantial decrease in blood pressure D. Immediate sensation of a need to urinate

A

When caring for a client with hepatic encephalopathy, in which situation does the nurse question the use of neomycin (Mycifradin)? A. Kidney failure B. Refractory ascites C. Fetor hepaticus D. Paracentesis scheduled for today

A RAT: Aminoglycoside drugs, which include neomycin, are nephrotoxic and ototoxic, and must not be taken by clients with hepatic encephalopathy. Cirrhosis and hepatic failure cause both ascites and encephalopathy; no contraindication for neomycin is known. Fetor hepaticus causes an ammonia smell to the breath when serum ammonia levels are elevated; neomycin is used to decrease serum ammonia levels. The client may be NPO for a few hours before paracentesis, but may take neomycin when the procedure is complete, or with less than 30 mL of water, depending on hospital policy.

The nurse is caring for a client who has cirrhosis of the liver. The client has exhibited hand flapping and mental confusion for several weeks. Although the mental confusion is worsening, the client has stopped exhibiting hand flapping movements. How will the nurse interpret these findings? A. The client's symptoms are progressing and getting worse. B. The client's serum ammonia levels are decreasing. C. The client probably has a decrease in serum proteins. D. The client is showing signs of improvement.

A RAT: Clients with cirrhosis who exhibit asterixis or hand flapping, may eventually stop exhibiting this sign as they worsen. The fact that the client's mental confusion is worsening indicates that this is the case. Increased mental confusion is related to elevated, not decreased, ammonia levels, as well as other serum proteins. The client is worsening, not improving.

A patient is admitted with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to cirrhosis. Which meal option selection below should be avoided with this patient? A. Beef tips and broccoli rabe B. Pasta noodles and bread C. Cucumber sandwich with a side of grapes D. Fresh salad with chopped water chestnuts

A RAT: Patients who are experiencing hepatic encephalopathy are having issues with toxin build up in the body, specifically ammonia. Remember that ammonia is the byproduct of protein breakdown, and normally the liver can take the ammonia from the protein breakdown and turn it into urea (but if the cirrhosis is severe enough this can't happen). Therefore, the patient should consume foods LOW in protein until the encephalopathy subsides. Option A is very high in protein while the others are low in protein. Remember meats, legumes, eggs, broccoli rabe, certain grains etc. are high in protein.

Your patient with cirrhosis has severe splenomegaly. As the nurse you will make it priority to monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of? Select all that apply: A. Thrombocytopenia B. Vision changes C. Increased PT/INR D. Leukopenia

A, C, D RAT: A patient with an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) due to cirrhosis can experience thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), increased PT/INR (means it takes the patient a long time to stop bleeding), and leukopenia (low white blood cells). The spleen stores platelets and WBCs. An enlarged spleen can develop due to portal hypertension, which causes the platelets and WBCs to become stuck inside the spleen due to the increased pressure in the hepatic vein (hence lowering the count and the body's access to these important cells for survival).

When caring for a client with portal hypertension, the nurse assesses for which potential complications? Select all that apply. A. Esophageal varices B. Hematuria C. Fever D. Ascites E. Hemorrhoids

A, D, E RAT: Portal hypertension results from increased resistance to or obstruction (blockage) of the flow of blood through the portal vein and its branches. The blood meets resistance to flow and seeks collateral (alternative) venous channels around the high-pressure area. Veins become dilated in the esophagus (esophageal varices), rectum (hemorrhoids), and abdomen (ascites due to excessive abdominal [peritoneal] fluid). Hematuria may indicate insufficient production of clotting factors in the liver and decreased absorption of vitamin K. Fever indicates an inflammatory process.

You're providing an in-service to new nurse graduates about esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. You ask the graduates to list activities that should be avoided by a patient with this condition. Which activities listed are correct: Select all that apply A. Excessive coughing B. Sleeping on the back C. Drinking juice D. Alcohol consumption E. Straining during a bowel movement F. Vomiting

A, D, E, F RAT: Esophageal varices are dilated vessels that are connected from the throat to the stomach. They can become enlarged due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis and can rupture (this is a medical emergency). The patient should avoid activities that could rupture these vessels, such as excessive cough, vomiting, drinking alcohol, and constipation (straining increases thoracic pressure.)

A client has developed Hep A after eating contaminated oysters. The nurse assesses the client for which expected assessment finding? A. Malaise B. Dark stools C. Weight gain D. Left upper quadrant discomfort

A. RAT: Fatigue and malaise are common Stool would be light or clay colored Anorexia and nausea are common Pain would be in the right upper quadrant

What is a primary reason for a higher incidence of liver cancer in the United States?​ ​ A. Incidence of hepatitis C​ B. Incidence of HIV infection​ C. Incidence of illicit drug use​ D. Increased Asian population​

A​ RAT: In the United States and worldwide, the incidence of liver cancer is increasing because there is an increase in cases of hepatitis C (HCV). Liver cancer tumors are most often seen in regions of Asia and the Mediterranean area. Worldwide the disease kills about 1 million people each year and affects Vietnamese men more than any other group. Black and Hispanic populations have twice the rate of the disease as Euro-Americans, and older adults are affected more than other age-groups

While providing mouth care to a patient with late-stage cirrhosis, you note a pungent, sweet, musty smell to the breath. This is known as: A. Metallic Hepatico B. Fetor Hepaticus C. Hepaticoacidosis D. Asterixis

B

The RN has just received the change-of-shift report for the medical unit. Which client should the RN see first? A. Client with ascites who had a paracentesis 2 hours ago and is reporting a headache B. Client with portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) who has become increasingly difficult to arouse C. Client with hepatic cirrhosis and jaundice who has hemoglobin of 10.9 g/dL (109 mmol/l) and thrombocytopenia D. Client with hepatitis A who has elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

B RAT: A change in the level of consciousness (LOC) of the client with PSE is the greatest concern. Actions to improve the client's LOC must be rapidly implemented. Although uncomfortable, a headache in the client with ascites is not likely related to liver disease and does not pose an immediate threat or complication. A hemoglobin of 10.9 g/dL (109 mmol/L) and thrombocytopenia are expected findings in a client with cirrhosis and do not pose an immediate threat. Elevated ALT and AST levels are expected for the client with hepatitis A and do not indicate a risk for severe complications.

A client is diagnosed with viral hepatitis, complaining of no appetite and losing his taste for food. What instruction should the nurse give the patient to provide adequate nutrition? A. Select foods high in fat B. Increase intake of fluids, including juices C. Eat a good supper when anorexia is not severe D. Eat less often, preferably only 3 large meals daily

B RAT: Adequate fluid intake of 2500-3000 mL daily including juices is important. Generally, a low fat diet is recommended due to fat not being tolerated because of poor bile production. Appetite is normally better in the morning. Small, frequent meals are preferable and may prevent nausea.

The PHCP has determined a patient contracted Hep A based on flu-like symptoms and jaundice. Which statement by the patient supports this medical diagnosis? A. I have unprotected sex with multiple partners. B. I ate shellfish about 2 weeks ago at a local restaurant. C. I was an IV drug abuser in the past and shared needles. D. I had a blood transfusion about 30 years ago after major abdominal surgery.

B RAT: Hep A is transmitted by the fecal-oral route via contaminated water or food. Hep B, C, or D are transmitted via infected blood or body fluids

Oliguria, flat neck veins, nausea, and diarrhea may be present in hepatorenal syndrome.​ ​ A True​ B. False​

B RAT: Ileus, constipation, nausea, and JVD may be present d/t fluid retention.​

The liver receives it blood supply from two sources. One of these sources is called the _________________, which is a vessel network that delivers blood _____________ in nutrients but ________ in oxygen. A. hepatic artery, low, high B. hepatic portal vein, high, low C. hepatic lobule, high, low D. hepatic vein, low, high

B RAT: Majority of the blood flow to the liver comes from the hepatic portal vein. This vessel network delivers blood HIGH in nutrients (lipids, proteins, carbs etc.) from organs that aid in the digestion of food, but the blood is POOR in oxygen. The organs connected to the hepatic portal vein are: small/large intestine, pancreas, spleen, stomach. Rich oxygenated blood comes from the hepatic artery to the liver.

When providing community education, the nurse emphasizes that which group needs to receive immunization for hepatitis B? A. Clients who work with shellfish B. Men who engage in sex with men C. Clients traveling to a third-world country D. Clients with elevations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase

B RAT: Men who prefer sex with men are at increased risk for hepatitis B, which is spread by the exchange of blood and body fluids during sexual activity. Consuming raw or undercooked shellfish may cause hepatitis A, not hepatitis B. Travel to third-world countries exposes the traveler to contaminated water and risk for hepatitis A. Hepatitis B is not of concern, unless the client is exposed to blood and body fluids during travel. Clients who have liver disease should receive the vaccine, but men who have sex with men are at higher risk for contracting hepatitis B.

Which activity by the nurse will best relieve symptoms associated with ascites? A. Administering oxygen B. Elevating the head of the bed C. Monitoring serum albumin levels D. Administering intravenous fluids

B RAT: The enlarged abdomen of ascites limits respiratory excursion. Fowler's position will increase excursion and reduce shortness of breath. The client may need oxygen, but first the nurse would raise the head of the bed to improve respiratory excursion and oxygenation. Monitoring serum albumin levels will detect anticipated decreased levels associated with cirrhosis and hepatic failure but does not relieve the symptoms of ascites. Administering IV fluids will contribute to fluid volume excess and fluid shifts into the peritoneal cavity, worsening ascites.

The nurse is caring for clients in the outclient clinic. Which of these phone calls would the nurse return first? A. Client with hepatitis A reporting severe and ongoing itching B. Client with severe ascites who has a temperature of 101.4°F (38°C) C. Client with cirrhosis who has had a 3-pound (1.4 kg) weight gain over 2 days D. Client with esophageal varices and mild right upper quadrant pain

B RAT: The nurse will first call the client with severe ascites and a temperature of 101.4 (38°C).This client may have spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Itching is anticipated with jaundice, so this client may be called last. Weight gain with cirrhosis is not uncommon owing to low albumin levels. Cirrhosis may cause mild right upper quadrant pain. This client would be called after the client with severe ascites.

When preparing a client to undergo paracentesis, which action is necessary to reduce potential injury as a result of the procedure? A. Encourage the client to take deep breaths and cough B. Ask the client to void prior to the procedure C. Position the client with the head of the bed flat D. Assist the physician to insert a trocar catheter into the abdomen

B RAT: To avoid injury to the bladder during a paracentesis, the client would be asked to void prior to the procedure. Taking deep breaths and coughing does not prevent complications or injury as a result of paracentesis. Clients would be positioned with the head of the bed elevated. The trocar catheter is used to drain the ascetic fluid and does not reduce the risk of damage to the bladder.

When providing dietary teaching to a client with hepatitis, what practice does the nurse recommend? A. Having a larger meal early in the morning B. Consuming increased carbohydrates and moderate protein C. Restricting fluids to 1500 mL/day D. Limiting alcoholic beverages to once weekly

B RAT: To repair the liver, the nurse recommends that the client adopt a high-carbohydrate and moderate-protein diet. Fats may cause dyspepsia. The client with hepatitis feels full easily and needs to have four to six small meals daily. Fluids are restricted with ascites caused by cirrhosis. Not all clients with hepatitis progress to cirrhosis. Complete abstention from alcohol is necessary until the liver enzymes return to normal.

You are receiving shift report on a patient with cirrhosis. The nurse tells you the patient's bilirubin levels are very high. Based on this, what assessment findings may you expect to find during your head-to-toe assessment? Select all that apply: A. Frothy light-colored urine B. Dark brown urine C. Yellowing of the sclera D. Dark brown stool E. Jaundice of the skin F. Bluish mucous membranes

B, C, E RAT: High bilirubin levels are because the hepatocytes are no longer able to properly conjugate the bilirubin because they are damaged. This causes bilirubin to leak into the blood and urine (rather than entering the bile and being excreted in the stool). Therefore, the bilirubin stays in the blood and will enter the urine. This will cause the patient to experience yellowing of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and mucous membranes ("jaundice") and have dark brown urine. The stools would be CLAY-COLORED not dark brown (remember bilirubin normally gives stool its brown color but it will be absent).

A patient with late-stage cirrhosis develops portal hypertension. Which of the following options below are complications that can develop from this condition? Select all that apply: A. Increase albumin levels B. Ascites C. Splenomegaly D. Fluid volume deficient E. Esophageal varices

B, C, E RAT: Portal Hypertension is where the portal vein becomes narrow due to scar tissue in the liver, which is restricting the flow of blood to the liver. Therefore, pressure becomes increased in the portal vein and affects the organs connected via the vein to the liver. The patient may experience ascites, enlarged spleen "splenomegaly", and esophageal varices etc.

The physician orders Lactulose 30 mL by mouth per day for a patient with cirrhosis. What findings below demonstrates the medication is working effectively? Select all that apply: A. Decrease albumin levels B. Decrease in Fetor Hepaticus C. Patient is stuporous. D. Decreased ammonia blood level E. Presence of asterixis

B, D RAT: A patient with cirrhosis may experience a complication called hepatic encephalopathy. This will cause the patient to become confused (they may enter into a coma), have pungent, musty smelling breath (fetor hepaticus), asterixis (involuntary flapping of the hands) etc. This is due to the buildup of ammonia in the blood, which affects the brain. Lactulose can be prescribed to help decrease the ammonia levels. Therefore, if the medication is working properly to decrease the level of ammonia the patient would have improving mental status (NOT stuporous), decreased ammonia blood level, decreasing or absence of asterixis, and decreased ammonia blood level.

When a complete assessment of this patient is performed, what other manifestations would the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)​ ​ A. Muscle twitching​ B. Dry skin with rash​ C. Personality changes ​D. Peripheral dependent edema​ E. Ecchymosis, spider angiomas​

B, D, E RAT: Personality changes and muscle twitching are findings that may be seen when the patient with cirrhosis develops portal-systemic encephalopathy. Additional manifestations that may be found on assessment include palmar erythema, clubbing of fingernails, and fixed flexion of fingers.​

What is the priority nursing intervention in the management of a patient with decompensated cirrhosis?​ ​ A. Limiting protein intake​ B. Managing nausea and vomiting​ C. Monitoring fluid intake and output​ D. Elevating the head of bed >30 degrees​

B​ RAT: Decompensated cirrhosis has multiple complications. However, bleeding esophageal varices can present a life-threatening emergency. Preventing nausea and vomiting is an important intervention in the management of esophageal varices. Monitoring protein, fluid balance, and patient positioning are also important interventions in the care of the patient with end-stage liver disease.​

The patient's assessment reveals yellowish coloration of skin and sclerae. ​Which laboratory values would the nurse anticipate? ​ ​ A. Increased urine bilirubin, decreased direct bilirubin​ B. Increased direct bilirubin, increased indirect bilirubin​ C. Decreased direct bilirubin, increased indirect bilirubin​ D. Increased direct bilirubin, decreased indirect bilirubin

B​ RAT: When a patient's skin is jaundiced, laboratory values of indirect and direct bilirubin are increased. Urine bilirubin is also increased. Urobilinogen in stool is normal to decreased, but in urine it is normal to increased.​

The nurse is reviewing the record of a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis and notes that there is documentation of the presence of asterixis. How should the nurse assess for its presence? A. Dorsiflex the client's foot B. Measure the abdominal girth C. Ask the client to extend the arms D. Instruct the client to lean forward

C RAT: Asterixis is irregular flapping movements of fingers and wrists when hands and arms are outstretched, with palms down, wrists bent up, and fingers spread. It is the most common and reliable sign that hepatic encephalopathy is developing.

During your morning assessment of a patient with cirrhosis, you note the patient is disoriented to person and place. In addition while assessing the upper extremities, the patient's hands demonstrate a flapping motion. What lab result would explain these abnormal assessment findings? A. Decreased magnesium level B. Increased calcium level C. Increased ammonia level D. Increased creatinine level

C RAT: Based on the assessment findings and the fact the patient has cirrhosis, the patient is experiencing hepatic encephalopathy. This is due to the buildup of toxins in the blood, specifically ammonia. The flapping motion of the hands is called "asterixis". Therefore, an increased ammonia level would confirm these abnormal assessment findings.

The nurse administers lactulose (Evalose) to a client with cirrhosis for which purpose? A. To aid in digestion of dairy products B. To reduce portal pressure C. To promote gastrointestinal (GI) excretion of ammonia D. To reduce the risk of GI bleeding

C RAT: In a client with cirrhosis, the administration of lactulose reduces serum ammonia levels by causing the client to excrete ammonia through the GI tract. Lactase, not lactulose, is the enzyme that aids in the digestion of dairy products. The mechanism of action of lactulose is not to reduce portal pressure. Lactulose does not affect bleeding.

The nursing team consists of an RN, an LPN/LVN, and a nursing assistant. Which client should be assigned to the RN? A. Client who is taking lactulose and has diarrhea B. Client with hepatitis C who requires a dressing change C. Client with end-stage cirrhosis who needs teaching about a low-sodium diet D. Obtunded client with alcoholic encephalopathy who needs a blood draw

C RAT: The RN is responsible for client teaching. Assisting a client with toileting and recording stool number and amount can be accomplished by nonprofessional staff. The LPN/LVN can provide dressing changes. Ancillary staff can perform venipuncture.

The nurse is reviewing the lab results for a client with cirrhosis and notes the ammonia level is 85 mcg/dL. Which dietary selection does the nurse suggest to the client? A. Roast pork B. Cheese omelet C. Pasta with sauce D. Tuna fish sandwich

C RAT: The liver breaks down protein, which results in the formation of ammonia. Ammonia levels assess the livers ability to process protein. Normal ammonia is 10-80. Foods high in protein should be avoided since the client's ammonia level is elevated.

Which of the following is NOT a role of the liver? A. Removing hormones from the body B. Producing bile C. Absorbing water D. Producing albumin

C RAT: The liver does not absorb water. The intestines are responsible for this function.

What teaching does the home health nurse give the family of a client with hepatitis C to prevent the spread of the infection? A. The client must not consume alcohol. B. Avoid sharing the bathroom with the client. C. Members of the household must not share toothbrushes. D. Drink only bottled water and avoid ice.

C RAT: The nurse teaches the family of a client with Hepatitis C that toothbrushes, razors, towels, and any other items may spread blood and body fluids and must not be shared. The client should not consume alcohol, but abstention will not prevent spread of the virus. The client may share a bathroom if he or she is continent. To prevent hepatitis A when traveling to foreign countries, bottled water should be consumed and ice made from tap water needs to be avoided.

A client with a history of esophageal varices has just been admitted to the emergency department after vomiting a large quantity of blood. Which action does the nurse take first? A. Obtain the charts from the previous admission. B. Listen for bowel sounds in all quadrants. C. Obtain pulse and blood pressure. D. Ask about abdominal pain.

C RAT: The nurse would first assess vital signs to detect hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage. Assessment for adequate perfusion is the highest priority at this time. Obtaining charts from the previous admission, assessing bowel sounds, and pain assessment can be delayed until the client has stabilized.

Which problem for a client with cirrhosis takes priority? A. Insufficient knowledge related to the prognosis of the disease process B. Discomfort related to the progression of the disease process C. Potential for injury related to hemorrhage D. Inadequate nutrition related to an inability to tolerate usual dietary intake

C RAT: This is a priority client problem because this complication could be life threatening. Insufficient knowledge of the prognosis of the disease process, discomfort, and inadequate nutrition are not priorities because these issues are not immediately life threatening.

A 45 year old male has cirrhosis. The patient reports concern about the development of enlarged breast tissue. You explain to the patient that this is happening because? A. The liver cells are removing too much estrogen from the body which causes the testicles to produce excessive amounts of estrogen, and this leads to gynecomastia. B. The liver is producing too much estrogen due to the damage to the liver cells, which causes the level to increase in the body, and this leads to gynecomastia. C. The liver cells are failing to recycle estrogen into testosterone, which leads to gynecomastia. D. The liver cells are failing to remove the hormone estrogen properly from the body, which causes the level to increase in the body, and this leads to gynecomastia.

D

Which statement by a client with cirrhosis indicates that further instruction is needed about the disease? A. "Cirrhosis is a chronic disease that has scarred my liver." B. "The scars on my liver create problems with blood circulation." C. "Because of the scars on my liver, blood clotting and blood pressure are affected." D. "My liver is scarred, but the cells can regenerate themselves and repair the damage."

D RAT: Although cells and tissues will attempt to regenerate, destroyed liver cells will result in permanent scarring and irreparable damage. Cirrhosis is a chronic condition that leaves scars on the liver. Permanent scars form in response to attempts by the cells to regenerate and create problems in blood circulation moving through the liver. Liver scarring will create problems with blood clotting, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure, as well as with the metabolism of drugs and toxins.

________ reside in the liver and help remove bacteria, debris, and old red blood cells. A. Hepatocytes B. Langerhan cells C. Enterocytes D. Kupffer cells

D RAT: Kupffer cells perform this function and are one of the two types of cells found in the liver lobules (the functional units of the liver). These cells play a role in helping the hepatocytes turn parts of the old red blood cells into bilirubin.

How does the home care nurse best modify the client's home environment to manage side effects of lactulose (Evalose)? A. Provides small frequent meals for the client B. Suggests taking daily potassium supplements C. Elevates the head of the bed in high-Fowler's position D. Requests a bedside commode for the client

D RAT: Lactulose therapy increases the frequency of stools. A bedside commode is especially necessary if the client has difficulty reaching the toilet. Small frequent meals and elevating the head of the bed will not have any effect on the side effects of lactulose. Although lactulose produces excessive stools and could potentially result in loss of potassium, it is inappropriate for the nurse to suggest that the client take potassium supplements.

The nurse asks a client with liver disease to raise the arms to shoulder level and dorsiflex the hands. A few moments later, the hand begins to flap upward and downward. How does the nurse correctly document this in the medical record? A. Positive Babinski's sign B. Hyperreflexia C. Kehr's sign D. Asterixis

D RAT: Liver flap or asterixis is related to increased serum ammonia levels. Babinski's sign is positive when, as the sole of the foot is stroked, the great toe points up and the toes fan out. Hyperreflexia refers to deep tendon reflexes that are overactive. Kehr's sign is reflected by increased abdominal pain, exaggerated by deep breathing, and referred to the right shoulder.

A health care worker believes that he may have been exposed to hepatitis A. Which intervention is the highest priority to prevent him from developing the disease? A. Requesting vaccination for hepatitis A B. Using a needleless system in daily work C. Getting the three-part hepatitis B vaccine D. Requesting an injection of immunoglobulin

D RAT: Passive immunity in the form of immunoglobulin is needed. These are antibodies to hepatitis A. The vaccine for hepatitis A will take several weeks to stimulate the development of antibodies. Implementing a needleless system and getting the three-part vaccine may prevent the development of hepatitis B, not hepatitis A.

The RN is caring for a client with end-stage liver disease who has ascites. Which action does the RN delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? A. Assessing skin integrity and abdominal distention B. Drawing blood from a central venous line for electrolyte studies C. Evaluating laboratory study results for the presence of hypokalemia D. Placing the client in a semi-Fowler's position

D RAT: Positioning the client in this position is included within UAP education and scope of practice, although the RN will need to supervise the UAP in providing care and will evaluate the effect of the semi-Fowler's position on the client's comfort and breathing. Assessment of skin integrity and abdominal distention, obtaining blood from a central line, and evaluation of laboratory results must be done by the RN.

Following paracentesis, during which 2500 mL of fluid was removed, which assessment finding is most important to communicate to the health care provider (HCP)? A. The dressing has a 2-cm area of serous drainage. B. The client's platelet count is 135,000/mm3 (135 × 109/L). C. The client's albumin level is 2.8 g/dL (28 g/L). D. The client's heart rate is 122 beats/min.

D RAT: Rapid removal of fluid may cause symptoms of shock, including tachycardia, and are especially associated with hypotension. A small amount of serous fluid may leak, so the dressing would be reinforced. Platelets will be checked before the procedure. These are slightly low, but this is not a cause for concern. An albumin level of 2.8 g/dL (28 g/L) is an expected finding for a client with cirrhosis and is not life threatening.

When providing discharge teaching to a client with cirrhosis, it is essential for the nurse to emphasize avoidance of which of these? A. Vitamin K-containing products B. Potassium-sparing diuretics C. Nonabsorbable antibiotics D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

D RAT: The client with cirrhosis has an increased risk of hemorrhage. Clients who have cirrhosis must not take NSAIDs because they may predispose to bleeding. Products containing vitamin K can decrease bleeding, so it is not necessary to restrict this in the diet. Potassium-sparing diuretics are used to reduce ascites. Nonabsorbable antibiotics are used to decrease ammonia levels.