M1: Fossil Fuels

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oil fuel sources disadvantages

CO2 emissions, oil spills, especially for coastal ecosystems

Impacts of fracking on faults

Changes volume and mass due to injection or extraction causes changes in stress near faults, increases pore pressure along a fault, causes stress transfer.

Coal advantages

Large resource base, cheap to mine and transport by rail

coal disadvantages

More CO2 production per energy unit than other fossil fuels, SO2 and NO emissions from power plants,

factors that affect crude oil production

geo-politics, regional and global climate, regional and global economies, natural and man-made disasters

Fossil fuel formation conditions

oxygen poor environment, between 7,500 and 15,000 ft, presence of aa caprock, porous source rock.

Peat

partially decayed plant matter found in bogs

anthracite coal

Hard coal. High heat content and low sulfur content. Limited supplies. (90% carbon)

Gas hydrates

Solid mixture of natural gas and water trapped at high pressures and low temperature environments beneath sea floors.

Fossil Fuels

Sources that provide energy using mainly carbon or hydrocarbons. Energy is released through combustion.

Unconventional Oil extraction

Surface mining

Caprock

a top layer of impermeable rock on an oil deposit.

Shale Oil / tight oil

a type of oil found in impermeable shale and limestone rock deposits, requires fracking

Factors that affect demand for different crude oil fractions

climate, time of year.

Alkylation

(Endothermic) Increases molecular weight of a crude oil fraction by adding an alkyl chain to unsaturated hydrocarbons

Catalytic reforming

(Endothermic) the atoms within a molecule are rearranged, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches

Hydroprocessing

(endothermic) breaks longer hydrocarbons into short hydrocarbons

US tax on gasoline

40 cents per gallon, 6 times lower than other industrialized countries.

Per capita oil use in the United States

5 barrels (200 gallons) annually

Hydraulic Fracking

Cracks in and below Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure to extract oil

Lubricants from fossil fuels

Derived from fossil fuels of C16 and higher molecular weights

Natural Gas

Fossil fuel composed of lighter hydrocarbons (methane through pentane)

Gasoline

Fossil fuel consisting of hexane through Dodecane

Reason for natural gas price decrease

Fracking of shale gas starting in 2010

Conventional oil extraction

On or Off shore drilling and pumping

natural gas disadvantages

Requires high pressures or low temperatures to compress for automotive transport, released methane is a potent greenhouse gas, long atmospheric lifetime.

Tar sands

Sand impregnated with viscous tar-like sludge

Top oil 5 oil producing regions

Saudi Arabia, Former USSR, United States, Iran, China

Natural Gas advantages

Well-suited to on-the-spot heat generation, cheap, requires little processing, easily transported, CO2 emission per unit of energy is lower than other fossil fuels, reduces smog

Paris agreement

agreement to reduce CO2 production to hold global warming below 2C

Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

breaks longer hydrocarbons into shorter hydrocarbons by pairing the reaction with a combustion of carbon.

Lignite

brown coal. Low heat content, low sulfur content. (30% carbon)

climate change consequence

food insecurity, water in-availability, coastline erosion.

Oil fuel source advantages

easily transported, clean burning

Major uses for coal in the US

electricity generation (60%), Industry (steel production) (5-15%)

Tar sands disadvantages

low energy density (two tons of sands to create one barrel of oil)

shale oil disadvantages

low reserves, low energy density, produces lots of waste rock, requires 3x the process water as oil, process water must be decontaminated

Distillation Column

separates crude oil into fractions based on boiling point

Bituminous

soft coal. Extensively used as a fuel because of it's high heat content and large supplies. Has aa high sulfur content. (50-70% carbon)


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