Male Reproductive System I
What happens during flagellum formation?
develops from one of the centrioles with mitochondria oriented around the flagellum
Are Leydig cells diploid or haploid?
diploid
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
diploid
Is the primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid?
diploid
In the secondary spermatocytes, are the chromosomes single or double stranded?
double stranded
What is gynecomastia?
enlargement of the mammary glands
What is spermatogenesis?
entire process from spermatogonia to spermatozoa (primordial germ cell to spermatogonia)
Sertoli cell tumors can revert to producing...?
estrogen
What are the consequences of a Sertoli cell tumor?
feminization including enlarged mammary glands
What is the appearance of the Leydig cells?
foamy or acidophilic
What is the function of the Sertoli cells?
function as a valve to prevent back-up of sperm
Are germ cells haploid or diploid?
haploid
What is the function of the myoid cells?
help to release sperm into the lumen
Where does ABP primarily remain?
in the convoluted seminiferous tubule epithelium
Where is the spermatozoa made?
in the convoluted seminiferous tubules of the testis
Where are Leydig cells located?
in the interstitium
What is the function of the Mullerian duct?
it gives rise to the female reproductive system
What must happen to the rete testis fluid in the epididymis?
it must be reabsorbed so as to concentrate the spermatozoa
What is the function of inhibin?
it provides negative feedback in the male to decrease FSH
What happens during the chromatin condensation?
large spherical nucleus becomes streamlined because of condensation (never pyknotic)
The tail of the spermatozoan is free in the...?
lumen
The head of the spermatozoan sits in the ____ portion of the epithelium?
luminal
Meiosis II is like...?
mitosis
Does the immune system see primary spermatocytes as self?
no
How do Sertoli cells produce the blood-seminiferous tubular barrier?
occluding junctions between Sertoli cells separates the basal compartment from the adluminal compartment
What is another name for the myoid cells?
peritubular cells
What is ABP produced in response to?
pituitary FSH
Estrogens are produced by _____ Sertoli cells
pre-pubertal
What is located in the adluminal compartment?
primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatid; spermatozoa
What is the end product of spermatocytogenesis?
primary spermatocytes
What is the exocrine function of the testis?
production and transport of spermatozoa
What is the endocrine function of the testis?
production of testosterone and other hormones
What is the function of the blood-seminiferous tubular barrier?
protects other germ cells that were not present at the time of immune maturation against immune attack
Spermatogonia divide at...?
puberty
What is the uterus masculinis?
remnant of the female reproductive system in the male
The excess cytoplasm is shed as a...?
residual body
LH stimulates _____ cells in the testes
Leydig
What is another name for interstitial endocrine cells?
Leydig cells
What is another name for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)?
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)
What occurs during meiosis?
Primary spermatocytes (2N) undergo diploid DNA multiplication to two secondary spermatocytes (1N)
What happens during acrosome formation?
The RER and golgi complex form a cap of digestive enzymes over the nucleus
What happens with meiosis II?
The two secondary spermatocytes (1N) become four spermatids (1N)
What species have an abundant amount of Leydig cells?
boars and stallions
What is the tunica vasculosa?
branches of the testicular artery and vein that penetrates deep into the testis and may or may not be close to the surface
What is the function of AMH?
causes regression of the Mullerian (paramesonephric) duct in the male embryo
What is the function of ABP?
concentrates testosterone for normal spermatogenesis
What composes the visceral lamina of the tunica vaginalis?
connective tissue and mesothelium
What is the lining of the rete testis?
simple cuboidal cells
What is the lining of the majority of the straight seminiferous tubules?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Are the chromosomes in the spermatids single or double stranded?
single stranded
Spermatogenic epithelium contains _____ and _____ cells
somatic; germ
Androgen binding protein stimulates...?
spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocytes are the largest during...?
spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocytes are the largest....?
spermatogenic epithelial cell
What is located in the basal compartment?
spermatogonia
What are spermatogonia A?
spermatogonia that remain at the basement membrane and continue to divide and are highly resistant to toxins
What are spermatogonia B?
spermatogonia that will become spermatocytes
In what species is the straight seminiferous tubules prominent?
stallions
Leydig cells are classic ____ producing cells so they contain...?
steroid; mitochondria, lipid vacuoles, and SER
Spermatogenic epithelium is what type of epithelium?
stratified epithelium
The Leydig cell releases...?
testosterone
The primary spermatocyte enters....?
the first stage of meiosis
What is the function of the efferent ductules?
the simple columnar epithelial cells push the spermatozoa into the epididymis
The tunica albuginea covers...?
the testis and the epididymis
The visceral lamina of the tunica vaginalis is closely associated with...?
the tunica albuginea
What happens to the secondary spermatocytes?
they divide rapidly and undergo meiosis II
What is the function of the acrosome?
to help the spermatozoa penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida
What surrounds the testis?
tunica vaginalis
What separates the visceral and parietal lamina of the tunica vaginalis?
vaginal process
The tunica albuginea contains a tunica...?
vasculosa
What are septula of the testis?
very thin connections of the tunica albuginea with the mediastinum that divides the testis into lobules
What is spermiogenesis?
when the spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa
What is the mediastinum of the testis?
where the rete testis is located
What forms the tunica albuginea?
white, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
Does the immune system see spermatogonia as self?
yes
Do the tight junctions allow movement between the two compartments?
yes; primary spermatocytes are capable of moving past tight junctions
Inhibin is produced in response to...?
FSH
The anterior pituitary releases _____ and ____ when stimulated by GnRH
FSH and LH
The hypothalamus releases _____ to stimulate the anterior pituitary
GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone)
What is the function of the rete testis?
add fluid to the spermatozoa
Inhibin produces negative feedback on...?
anterior pituitary
The secondary spermatocytes are ___N in terms of DNA
2
The spermatids are ____N in terms of DNA
1
What is a spermatozoan composed of?
1) Head 2) Flagellum
Testosterone stimulates...?
1) Sertoli cells 2) accessory reproductive organs 3) secondary sex characteristics
What are the somatic cells in the spermatogenic epithelium?
1) Sertoli cells 2) Spermatogenic cells 3) Myoid cells
What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?
1) Spermatocytogenesis 2) Meiosis 3) Spermiogenesis
The mitosis of spermatogonia creates...?
1) Spermatogonia A 2) Spermatogonia B
What forms the head of the spermatozoan?
1) acrosome 2) nucleus
What are the processes of spermiogenesis?
1) acrosome formation 2) chromatin condensation 3) flagellum formation 4) shedding of excess cytoplasm
What are the accessory genital glands?
1) ampulla of the ductus deferens 2) seminal vesicle (vesicular gland) 3) prostate 4) bulbourethral gland
Sertoli cells release...?
1) androgen binding protein 2) inhibin
What do the Sertoli cells secrete?
1) androgen binding protein (ABP) 2) inhibin 3) estrogens
Testosterone provides negative feedback for...?
1) anterior pituitary 2) hypothalamus
What is the morphology of the Setoli cells?
1) cannot see cytoplasmic boundaries due to obstruction from germ cells 2) oval nuclei oriented perpendicular to seminiferous tubules 3) prominent nucleolus 4) span entire length of seminiferous epithelium
What is the passage of the spermatozoa in the testis?
1) convoluted seminiferous tubules 2) straight seminiferous tubules 3) rete testis 4) efferent ductules
What forms the parenchyma of the testis?
1) convoluted seminiferous tubules 2) straight seminiferous tubules 3) rete testis 4) efferent ductules
What is the histologic appearance of the myoid cells?
1) long elliptical nuclei 2) contractile properties
What composes the external genitalia?
1) penis 2) male urethra 3) scrotum
What are the diploid forms in spermatogenesis?
1) primary spermatocyte 2) spermatogonia
What are the somatic cells of the testes?
1) sertoli cells 2) myoid cells 3) leydig cells
What composes the convoluted seminiferous tubules?
1) spermatogenic epithelium 2) myoid cells
What are the haploid forms in spermatogenesis?
1) spermatozoa 2) secondary spermatocyte
What are the functions of the Sertoli cells?
1) support, protection, and nutritional regulation of developing germ cells 2) phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm spermatids and dead germ cells 3) secretion 4) blood-seminiferous tubular barrier 5) produce anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
What composes the spermatogenic epithelium?
1) sustentacular cells 2) spermatogenic cells
What composes the male genital organs?
1) testis 2) epididymis 3) ductus deferens
What are the functions of the Leydig cell?
1) testosterone production in response to LH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone) 2) produce estrogen, particularly in mature animals
What composes the stroma of the testis?
1) tunica albuginea 2) septula 3) mediastinum
What composes the tunica vaginalis?
1) visceral lamina 2) parietal lamina
FSH stimulates _____ cells in the testes
Sertoli
The excess cytoplasm is phagocytosed by....?
Sertoli cells
The initial portion of the straight seminiferous tubules are lined by...?
Sertoli cells
What is another name for the sustentacular cells in the spermatogenic epithelium?
Sertoli cells