Management theory & Practice Final (14,15,16)
Middle-of-the-Road Management
Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the need to get work one with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level
Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid
Country club managment, Team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management, and authority compliance management
Authority- Compliance
Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree
Impoverished Managment
Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership
Describe the basic perception process
Stimulus> Attention> Organization> Interpretation > Retention> perception
AII
The leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information employees may or may not be told what the problem is
CI
The leader share the problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. Individuals are not brought together as a group. Then the leader makes the decision which may or may not reflect their input
Country Club Managment
Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo
The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership
Trait
AI
Using information available at the time, the leader solves the problem or makes the decision
Team Management
Work accomplished is from committed people. Interdependence through a common stake in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect
self- control
a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals and monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement
participative leadership
a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions
supportive leadership
a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate
directive leadership
a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations
achievement oriented leadership
a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort
Trait Theory
a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics
Path-Goal Theory states...
a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment
concurrent
a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback
feedback
a mechanism for getting information about performance deficiencies after they occur
feedforward
a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur
____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes
a self serving bias
Normative Decision Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) - 5 different decision styles
a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions
cash flow analysis
a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out
active listening
assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker non-judgemental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she has said
The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people's behavior
attribution theory
Describe the basic control process
begins with the establishment of clear standards of performance, involves a comparison of performance to those standards, takes corrective action, if needed to repair performance deficiencies; is a dynamic cybernetic process; and consists of three basic
What methods do managers use to maintain control?
bureaucratic, objective, normative, concertive, and self control
How is quality controlled
by measuring excellence, value, and conformance to expectations
How can customer defections be controlled
by talking to the customers that left to see what problems your product has
How can financial performance be controlled?
cash flow analysis
____ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know
closure
the two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____
cluster and gossip
____ is a kind of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on the job performance or behavior
coaching
Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?
concern for production
In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader
consideration
the first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____
constructive or destructive
____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the persons performance
counseling
What are the types of feedback?
destructive and constructive feedback
The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as ____
downward, horizontal, and upward
Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.
have a desire to lead, have emotional stability, are knowledgeable about business and are self-confident
How do you improve reception?
hearing what others feel and think
Describe the various types of listening
hearing, listening, active listening, empathetic listening
The normative decision theory
helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
Fiedler's Contingency Theory states...
in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation
external attribution
in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual
internal attribution
in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under control of the individual
Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership
initiating structure; consideration
Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?
inspiring and motivating others
locus of control
is a personality measure that indicates the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life
What is noise?
is anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message
perceived ability
is simply how much ability subordinates believe they have for doing their jobs well
Initiating structure
is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of follwers by setting goals giving directions setting deadlines and assigning tasks
What is perception?
is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments
what are formal communication channels
is the system of official channels with communication in the workplace
What is Selective perception?
is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information
What are grapevines?
is the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside formal communication channels
What role does perception play in communication and communication problems
it is part of communication but can cause communication problems due to perceptual filters
____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals
leadership
Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?
maintaining the status quo
listening
making a conscious effort to hear
What is the balanced scorecard?
measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning
Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations
none of these
cluster chains
one person tells another then that person tells another etc.
gossip chains
one person tells multiple people
____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees
organizational silence
Subordinate and Environmental Contingencies
perceived ability, experience, and locus of control
____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments
perception
Because of _____, people exposed to the same information will often disagree about what they saw or heard
perceptual filters
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers
position power
____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations
selective perception
What is the cybernetic control process?
set standards> measure performance > compare with standards > indentify deviations > analyze deviations > develop and implement program for corrective action > measure performance etc.
hearing
the act or process of perceiving sounds
What is economic value added (EVA)
the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year
Situational favorableness
the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members
Leader member relations
the degree to which followers respect trust and like their leaders
position power
the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers
task structure
the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified
Consideration
the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees
GII
the leader shares the problem with employees as a group. Together the leader and the employees generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution. Leader acts as a facilitator and does not try to influence the group. Leader is willing to accept and implement any solution that has the support of the entire group
What is leadership
the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals
concertive control
the reguation of worker' behavior andd decisions through work group values and beliefs
normative control
the regulation of worker's results or outputs through rewards and incentives
Describe the interpersonal communication process
the sender: message to be conveyed, encode message, transmit message to receiver: receives message decodes message, message that was understood, then sends feedback to sender.
What is Defensive bias?
the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble
What is closure
the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know
Fundamental attribution theory
the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes
What is self-serving bias?
the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures or the environment (external causes)
Describe the basic Attribution Theory;
the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior
What is informal communication channels
the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels
bureaucratic control
the use of hierarchial authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or non compliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures
objective control
the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior
What does Fiedler mean by leadership style?
the way a leader generally behaves toward followers
How can grapevines be managed
there are gossip chains and cluster chains
experience
they already know their jobs or perceive that they do
Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?
they wait too long before talking to them about the problem
How is waste and pollution controlled?
trying to prevent waste and pollution before they occur
empathetic listening
understanding the speaker's perceptive and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker
____is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting
visionary leadership
Describe the various communication mediums
written communication and oral communication
