MAP ch 22
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.
2
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
B
An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed
Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound
Both ways of inducing active immunity (vaccines and direct environmental exposure to an antigen) will ultimately result in the production of antibodies. Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen?
IgM
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
Memory B cells
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
Part complete Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.
artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have
Microphages include
both neutrophils and eosinophils.
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli.
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
class II MHC proteins
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
Autoantibodies are
directed against the body's own antigens.
The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.
efferent
Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A to help prevent graft rejection. This medication is one in a class of drugs known as ________ drugs.
immunosuppressive
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
macrophages
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
plasma
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears.
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
T cells develop from stem cells in the
thymus.
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
was recently infected with mumps.
Which of the following statements is true?
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.
Which of these is an example of an interaction between the endocrine system and the immune system?
All of these are examples of interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.
Steps in antigen presentation include which of these?
Antigen presentation includes all of these steps.
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
BCR and TCR
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
Clonal selection of B cells
What type of cytokine stimulates blood cell production?
Colony-stimulating factors
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
IgG
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher?
IgM; IgG
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time?
NK cells
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of
NK cells.
Interleukins are a diverse group of chemical messengers with multiple functions in the immune system. Which of the following is NOT a likely function of interleukins?
Participating in the immune response as phagocytes
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T
Which of these is NOT a step in antibody-mediated immune defense?
T cells secrete immunoglobulins.
We study three types of immune disorders: immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and allergies. AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency disorder. How is it different from a severe allergy or an autoimmune disorder, such as Type 1 diabetes?
The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional.
To reduce the chances of graft rejection, multiple compatibility tests are performed. However, the recipient is still at a risk of rejecting the graft. What other measures must be taken to ensure the proper functioning of the graft?
The patient needs an immunosuppressive medication such as cortisol to ensure the graft is not rejected.
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
What do the interferons alpha, beta, and gamma have in common?
They all impart viral resistance to cells.
Part complete ________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is
activated C3B attached to the cell wall.
Part complete All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells.
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.
The complement system works closely with and complements the action of
antibodies
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except
antibodies.
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
A substance that provokes an immune response is called an
antigen.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by
antihistamines.
The production of autoantibodies generally causes
autoimmune diseases.
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes.
The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.
competence
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called
costimulation
The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
cytotoxic T
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
deep in the cortex
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both external and internal threats.
Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called
dendritic cells
Natural killer (NK) cells __________.
engage in immunological surveillance recognize and kill cancer cells cause abnormal cells to undergo lysis
The blood-thymus barrier is made up of
epithelial reticular cells.
Which one of Ruthie's symptoms is an example of an innate defense mechanism?
fever
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.
germinal center
Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________.
glucocorticoids
Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called
haptens.
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs.
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Which of the following is mismatched?
innate immunity - B cells
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
Interferons
interfere with viral replication.
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
intolerance
A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until
it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.
Part complete Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?
lymph nodes
The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is
lymph nodes.
An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called
lymphedema.
The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________.
lymphocytes
Which cell type is essential to the immune response?
lymphocytes
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group.
monocyte-macrophage
What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person?
naturally acquired active immunity
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.
perforin
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except
present at birth.
Innate defenses include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
production of antibodies
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red bone marrow.
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow.
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.
sensitization
The primary lymphoid tissues include
the bone marrow and thymus.
Now that Ruthie has been infected with the chickenpox virus, what is the first step in the immune response that helps her fight off the virus?
the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
Part complete There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
thymus
Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ?
thymus
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called
tumor necrosis factors.
Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?
veins
Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into
veins.
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
white pulp of the spleen
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp.