MARINE BIO CHP 2

Trenches are especially common in the ______ Ocean.

pacific

The downward movement of a tectonic plate into the mantle during the collision of the lithospheric plates is known as

subduction

When sea levels rose in the past, the canyons that were eroded by rivers and glaciers got submerged, giving rise to much larger ______ canyons.

submarine

As hot water seeps through the cracks in Earth's crust, it dissolves a variety of minerals, mainly the ______.

sulfides

Identify a true statement about the effects of the greenhouse effect. The sea level is 130 m lower than it was earlier. The rate of glacial melting is now increasing rapidly. The rate of melting increased over the past 3,000 years. The global temperatures are now decreasing gradually.

the rate of glacial melting is now increasing rapidly

Scientists concluded that continents drifted as part of larger plates in the process of ___ ____ , a phenomenon that involves the entire surface of the planet.

plate tectonics

During the formation of a new sea floor, the lithospheric plates spread at around ______ per year.

2 to 18 cm

In contrast to the Northern Hemisphere of Earth, about ______ of the Southern Hemisphere is ocean.

80%

Unlike the rocks of the oceanic crusts, continental rocks are of a general type called ______ that is lighter in color with a different chemical composition.

granite

The retention of heat in the lower atmosphere as a result of an increase in carbon dioxide and other gases is called the

greenhouse effect

The distinction between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is based on ______.

how easily the rock flows

When two oceanic plates collide, ______.

one of the plates dips beneath the other to form the trench

Identify a true statement about the collision of two continental plates. A. The continental blocks become welded together due to the tremendous force generated. B. A chain of volcanic islands is formed C. A trench is formed D. One continental plate lifts the edge of the other plate slightly as it slides down into the mantle.

A. the continental blocks become welded together due to the tremendous force generated

Put the ocean basins in order from smallest to largest

Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, Pacific

Select all that apply Identify the true statements associated with the collision of an oceanic and a continental plate. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. As the oceanic plate sinks deeper in the mantle, it tends to drag the interior of the continent down. The central part of the continent can subside in such a way that seawater floods in to form shallow seas. The continent does not break free of the sinking oceanic plate. The oceanic plate lifts the entire continent completely as it slides down under the continent.

As the oceanic plate sinks deeper in the mantle, it tends to drag the interior of the continent down. The central part of the continent can subside in such a way that seawater floods in to form shallow seas.

Identify a true statement about the cool hydrothermal vents. Multiple choice question. They have been found at the mid-ocean ridges. Volcanic activity causes the release of carbonate minerals from cool vents. They produce chimneys of sulfide minerals. Chemical reactions between seawater and newly formed oceanic crust cause carbonate emissions from the vents.

Chemical reactions between seawater and newly formed oceanic crust cause carbonate emissions from the vents.

Which of the following is the biologically richest part of the ocean, with the most life and the best fishing, and constitutes 8% of the ocean's surface area?

Continental shelves

Which of the following is true about the role of microfossils in determining Earth's past climate? Multiple choice question. The climate of Earth can be determined by the morphology of the microfossils. The record in sediments is relatively easy to read and rarely requires supplemental information. The ratio of the elements selenium and phosphorous in ancient coral skeletons records past ocean temperatures. Ice cores from polar areas like Greenland preserve a record of past temperatures and the ancient atmosphere.

Ice cores from polar areas like Greenland preserve a record of past temperatures and the ancient atmosphere.

Which of the following is true about the continental slope? Multiple choice question. Adjacent deep-sea fans merge to form the continental slope. It is the submerged part of the continent and is almost flat. Submarine canyons beginning on the continental slope cut across the abyssal plain. It begins at the shelf and descends down to the deep-sea floor.

It begins at the shelf and descends down to the deep-sea floor.

Identify a difference between the oceanic crust and the continental crust. Multiple choice question. It is denser than continental crust. Unlike continental crusts, they are much older by geological standards. Unlike the continental crust, it is denser than the underlying mantle. It is thicker than the continental crust.

It is denser than continental crust.

Identify the true statements about the mid-ocean ridge system. (Check all that apply.) It is the largest geological feature on Earth. Submarine mountains of the ridge rise high enough to break the surface, forming islands. It runs through two of the four ocean basins. Surveys of the sea floor using genomic sensors resulted in the discovery of the mid-ocean ridge system.

It is the largest geological feature on Earth. Submarine mountains of the ridge rise high enough to break the surface, forming islands.

The ______ is the deepest ocean, whereas the ______ is the shallowest ocean on Earth.

Pacific; Arctic

Alfred Wegener proposed that all the continents had once been joined in a single supercontinent called ______.

Pangaea

Which of the following phenomena does sea-floor spreading explain? Multiple choice question. The Big Bang cosmic explosion that led to the formation of the planets Existence of high pressure in the core of Earth's interior Formation of the hydrothermal vents Pattern of formation of magnetic stripes

Pattern of formation of magnetic stripes

The ______ is the largest and most famous example of a shear boundary.

San Andreas Fault in California

Which of the following is true about the nature of the mid-ocean ridge? Multiple choice question. The nature of the sediment is older closer to the ridge. The sediment becomes looser with greater distances from the ridge. Volcanoes are clustered at the ridge. Sea-floor rock at the ridge is very young and gets progressively older moving away from the ridge.

Sea-floor rock at the ridge is very young and gets progressively older moving away from the ridge.

A relatively shallow sea called the ______ separated Eurasia from Africa and was the precursor of the present-day Mediterranean as well as home to many of the world's shallow-water organisms.

Tethys Sea

Identify a feature of the layers of Earth's internal surface. Multiple choice question. The core is the best-known layer of Earth. The characteristics of the crust differ greatly between the oceans and the continents. The mantle is extremely thin and is like a rigid skin floating on top of the core. The crust is very hot, almost near the melting point of the rocks.

The characteristics of the crust differ greatly between the oceans and the continents.

Identify a true statement about the collision of two continental plates. Multiple choice question. The continental blocks become welded together due to the tremendous force generated. A trench is formed. One continental plate lifts the edge of the other plate slightly as it slides down into the mantle. A chain of volcanic islands is formed.

The continental blocks become welded together due to the tremendous force generated.

Select all that apply Identify the true statements about the formation of new oceanic lithosphere. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. If the lithospheric plate includes a block of continental crust, the crust is left behind as the plate moves away. The lithospheric plates move apart and create a new sea floor. As new lithosphere is created, old lithosphere is destroyed at another location. Earth expands slightly while accommodating new lithosphere.

The lithospheric plates move apart and create a new sea floor. As new lithosphere is created, old lithosphere is destroyed at another location.

Identify a true statement about the shelf break of the continental margin. Sediment accumulates here in a deep-sea fan. According to law, countries do not have the right to control resources on continental shelves. The precise edge of the shelf break is difficult to define. The shelf breaks are not steep and occur at depths of 60-80 m.

The precise edge of the shelf break is difficult to define.

Select all that apply Identify the uses of microfossils. They regulate the nitrogen cycle, an important nutrient cycle for living organisms. They give clues about ancient ocean temperatures. They tell scientists about organisms that lived in the ocean in the past. They determine the levels of oxygen in the local environment where they are found.

They give clues about ancient ocean temperatures. They tell scientists about organisms that lived in the ocean in the past.

The deep-sea floor is also known as the ______.

abyssal plain

A(n) ___ ____ is a type of continental margin that is considered to be a zone of intense geological activity.

active margin

The deep-sea floor rises as a very gentle slope at an angle ______ toward the mid-ocean ridge.

of less than 1 degree

The lithosphere floats on a denser, more plastic layer of the upper mantle called the ______.

asthenosphere

In contrast to the continental crusts, oceanic crusts consist of ______.

basalt

Astrophysicists estimate that a great cosmic explosion occurred about 13.7 billion years ago called the__ ___ that eventually led to the formation of the Earth and other planets.

big bang

______ sediments consist of the skeletons and shells of marine organisms, including those of diatoms, radiolarians, and coccolithophorids.

biogenous

, a procedure in which the ratios of different atomic forms of carbon are measured, can be used to determine the age of microfossils.

carbon dating

Seawater that seeps through the cracks and crevices of a ______ forces its way back through the crust to emerge in hydrothermal vents.

central rift valley

Earth and the rest of the solar system are thought to have originated about 4.5 billion years ago from ______.

clouds of dust

According to the first detailed hypothesis of ______, Pangaea began breaking up about 180 million years ago.

continental drift

The theory of plate tectonics explained the phenomenon of _____.

continental drift

represent the submerged edges of the continents and act as boundaries between continental and oceanic crust.

continental margins

The _______ is relatively steep and is considered to be the actual edge of the continent.

continental slope

Geologists once thought that the most likely explanation for what makes tectonic plates move was ______, in which heat from Earth's core causes the mantle to swirl and the currents carry the overlying plates.

convection

arrange the parts of the internal structure of earth from the exterior to the interior

core, mantle, crust

Sediment moving down a submarine canyon accumulates at the canyon's base in a deposit called a(n) ______.

deep-sea fan

During the formation of the early Earth, materials settled within the planet according to their ______, defined as the mass of a given volume of a substance.

density

When the lithospheric plate sinks into the mantle, it weakens under the heat and pressure of the mantle and begins to break up, causing ______.

earthquakes

True or false: If Earth had settled into the orbit much further away or closer to the sun, the planet would still be able to sustain life.

false

The Pleistocene Epoch primarily included a series of ice ages without any warm periods.

false; pleistocene is the lst major period of glaciation with brief warm periods of melting

On geologic time scales, Earth's climate ______ through much of its history.

fluctuated rhythmically

The ______ is destroyed at trenches, an important type of boundary between the lithospheric plates of the Earth's surface.

lithosphere

The ______, which covers Earth's surface, is a fairly rigid layer composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

lithosphere

It is possible to tell the temperature of the water in which the organisms in the past lived by measuring the ratios of ______ in the microfossils.

magnesium to calcium

Sea-floor rocks have patterns of magnetic bands or stripes known as .

magnetic anomalies

The layer outside Earth's core is called the .

mantle

The ______ Trench in the western Pacific is the deepest place in the world.

mariana

Most of the organisms that produce biogenous sediments are microscopic or nearly so, and these sediment particles are sometimes called ___, as each particle represents the preserved remains of a dead organism.

microfossils

When hydrothermal activity was first discovered it was thought to be confined to ______.

mid-ocean ridges

The most common type of lithogenous sediment on the open ocean floor is a fine sediment called ______.

red clay

In contrast to the oceanic crust, the continental crust ______.

retains much of the heat coming up from the mantle

The entire process by which the sea floor moves away from the mid-ocean ridges to create new sea floor is known as

sea-floor spreading

The process of sea-floor spreading helps explain the reason why the ______. Multiple choice question. densest material flowed toward the center of the planet during the formation of early Earth volcanoes, and not earthquakes, are associated with the trenches oceanic and continental crusts differ in age sediments get thicker and rocks get older as they move away from the ridge

sediments get thicker and rocks get older as they move away from the ridge

The type of plate boundary formed when two plates move in such a way that they slide past each other, neither creating nor destroying lithosphere, is called a(n)

sheer boundary

The continental ________ is composed of continental crust and is the part of the continent that presently happens to be under water.

shelf

The shallowest part of a continental margin is the continental ______.

shelf

The continental shelf ends at the ______, where the slope abruptly gets steeper.

shelf break

Siliceous ooze is a type of biogenous sediment that is composed of the mineral ______.

silica

The continuous body of water that surrounds Antarctica is a major basin of the world ocean referred to as the

southern ocean

Which of the following is true about a passive margin?

they have flat coastal plains

Identify a true statement about seamounts. Multiple choice question. They are home to a few species of marine life. They were once islands. They rise at an angle of 1 degree toward the mid-ocean ridge. They are found at the sea surface.

they were once islands

Identify a true statement about seamounts. Multiple choice question. They rise at an angle of 1 degree toward the mid-ocean ridge. They are home to a few species of marine life. They were once islands. They are found at the sea surface.

they were once islands

A ______ is formed when two plates collide and one of the plates dips below the other and sinks back down into the mantle.

trench

True or false: The continental rise consists of a thick layer of sediment piled up on the sea floor.

true

As lithospheric plates sink into the mantle, they become so hot that they melt and some of the molten material rises back to the surface to form ______.

volcanoes