Mastering #11

Interstitial fluid is located in the _______. spaces surrounding the kidney tubule tubule lumen peritubular capillaries glomerulus

A

What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct? The urine volume will increase. The urine volume will stay the same. The urine volume will decrease. The urine volume will go to zero.

A

What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? a. The urine volume stayed the same. b. The urine volume decreased. c. The urine volume increased. d. The urine volume went to zero.

B

When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______. a. urine concentration decreases b. urine concentration increases c. urine output increases d. urine concentration increases and urine output increases e. urine concentration decreases and urine output increases

B

Where does anti diuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water re absorption? a. ascending limb of the nephron loop b. collecting duct c. descending limb of the nephron loop d. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

B Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes an increase in aquaporins in cells of the collecting duct. More aquaporins in the cell membranes causes them to reabsorb more water from the filtrate, and the urine becomes more concentrated.

A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain? a. pure water, with a pH of 7 b. milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10 c. cola, with a pH of 3 d. black coffee, with a pH of 5

B Excellent! Excess acid can be buffered by the addition of an alkaline or base.

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra? a. transport of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder b. storage of urine c. transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body d. the carrying out of countercurrent processes that form urine

C The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

The reabsorption of water and solutes _______. a. depends on concentration gradients b. is passive and is into the peritubular capillaries c. is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries d. is passive e. is into the peritubular capillaries

C

What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? The urine concentration stayed the same. The urine concentration decreased. The urine concentration increased. The urine concentration went to zero.

C

Secretion of ADH would _______. increase urine output increase glomerular filtration rate decrease glomerular filtration rate decrease urine output

D

Which of the following statements about fluid movement is NOT correct? a. Exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid happen between capillary walls. b. Under normal circumstances, lymph vessels help maintain fluid balance, especially between the plasma and the interstitial fluid. c. Exchange between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid occurs across the plasma membrane. d. Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid occurs across the cell membrane.

D Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid would have to involve exchange through the interstitial fluid.

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? dehydration edema inflammation hypotonic hydration

D Hypotonic hydration occurs when extracellular fluid becomes so hypotonic (dilute) that water is pulled into the cells. Excess water is present in cells, intracellular compartments, and extracellular compartments.

The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder. external urethral orifice prostatic urethra internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter

D The external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle. As you recall, skeletal muscle is primarily controlled consciously. As such, a person during sleep would automatically leak urine, just as he might drool on his pillow, if it were left up to a consciously controlled muscle.

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. a. a drop in blood pH b. an increase in blood pH c. a decrease in carbonic acid d. a decreased respiratory rate

a An increase in CO2 results in the formation of more carbonic acid, which leads to an increase in acidity, or a drop in pH.

Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder? ureter kidney urethra renal pelvis

a Healthy ureters are continuously active in moving urine by peristalsis toward the bladder.

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid? Na+ Cl- K+ HPO42-

a Na+ is the most abundant cation in the interstitial fluid.

Which chemical buffer system resists pH changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? a. bicarbonate buffer system b. phosphate buffer system c. physiological buffering systems d. protein buffer system

a The bicarbonate buffer system is the only one that resists pH changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed? a. More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid. b. Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. c. Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. d. More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid.

b Excellent! Bases buffer acids, and acids buffer bases.

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. a. maintaining CO2 balance b. maintaining HCO3- balance c. maintaining water balance d. maintaining phosphate balance

b Excretion of bicarbonate is a long-term mechanism that the kidneys contribute to acid-base regulation.

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? a. dry mouth b. decrease in blood volume c. increase in blood pressure d. detection of increased osmolality by osmoreceptors

c An increase in blood pressure would lead to a drop in the hormones and responses that would in turn trigger the thirst mechanism.

What hormone helps to maintain correct extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high? aldosterone angiotensin II antidiuretic hormone (ADH) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

c High osmolality in extracellular tissue indicates a drop in blood pressure and loss of fluid volume. ADH acts on the kidneys to correct this by reclaiming more water from kidney filtrate.

Which of these should NOT normally appear in urine? phosphates sodium creatine glucose

d Glucose would normally be completely reabsorbed during urine formation and should not be in a urine sample.

The majority of the fluid in the body is the __________. electrolytic fluid interstitial fluid plasma intracellular fluid

d Intracellular fluid makes up about 40% of the body weight and comprises over half of the fluid in the body.