mastering biology: chapter 3
What is the most common monosaccharide
Glucose (C6H12O6)
3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Glycerol
What two atoms are contained in most organic compounds
H, C
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds
What are the most biologically important lipids?
fats, phospholipids, steroids
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide that is programmed by a unit of inheritance
gene
A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ____ and fatty acids
glycerol
What two smaller molecules form fats?
glycerol and fatty acids
the process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers. It is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration process.
hydrolysis
Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are
hydrophobic
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.
saturated fatty acids
the hydrocarbon chains of _______ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.
saturated fatty acids
fats made from saturated fatty acids are called ________ and are ______ at room temperature.
saturated fatty acids; solid
______ are lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings. many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.
steroids
What are the functions of protein?
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances
organic chemistry
study of compounds that contain carbon and such organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones
what are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible
carbon
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of ______
carbon compounds.
A fatty acid consists of a ____ and a long hydrocarbon chain.
carboxyl group
four classes of large biological molecules
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a ______ to speed up chemical reactions
catalyst
occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
dehydration reaction
what is the process of making and breaking polymers called
dehydration synthesis
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
macromolecules
small building block molecules that build up polymers
monomer
what are the simplest carbohydrates; monomers
monosaccharides
which organic molecule does DNA belong to?
nucleic acid
______ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.
phospholipids
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
polymer
Carbohydrate polymers?
polysaccharides
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and through mRNA, controls _______
protein synthesis
In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a _____ .
triglyceride
fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called _______ or _____, and are _____ at room temperature.
unsaturated fats; oils; liquid
________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.
unsaturated fatty acids
lipid with double or more bonded carbons
unsaturated fatty acids