mastering biology: chapter 3

What is the most common monosaccharide

Glucose (C6H12O6)

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Glycerol

What two atoms are contained in most organic compounds

H, C

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds

What are the most biologically important lipids?

fats, phospholipids, steroids

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

fatty acid

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide that is programmed by a unit of inheritance

gene

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ____ and fatty acids

glycerol

What two smaller molecules form fats?

glycerol and fatty acids

the process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers. It is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration process.

hydrolysis

Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are

hydrophobic

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.

saturated fatty acids

the hydrocarbon chains of _______ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids

fats made from saturated fatty acids are called ________ and are ______ at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids; solid

______ are lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings. many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

steroids

What are the functions of protein?

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances

organic chemistry

study of compounds that contain carbon and such organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones

what are the two types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible

carbon

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of ______

carbon compounds.

A fatty acid consists of a ____ and a long hydrocarbon chain.

carboxyl group

four classes of large biological molecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a ______ to speed up chemical reactions

catalyst

occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

dehydration reaction

what is the process of making and breaking polymers called

dehydration synthesis

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

macromolecules

small building block molecules that build up polymers

monomer

what are the simplest carbohydrates; monomers

monosaccharides

which organic molecule does DNA belong to?

nucleic acid

______ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

phospholipids

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

polymer

Carbohydrate polymers?

polysaccharides

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and through mRNA, controls _______

protein synthesis

In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a _____ .

triglyceride

fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called _______ or _____, and are _____ at room temperature.

unsaturated fats; oils; liquid

________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

unsaturated fatty acids

lipid with double or more bonded carbons

unsaturated fatty acids