MBJ Apologia Biology Module 3

Diatoms (phylum Chrysophyta)

1. greatest producers of oxygen in creation--without them oxygen supplies would dwindle 2. cell walls are composted of silicon dioxide (principle component of glass)--therefore cell walls are very hard and provide excellent protection

Subkingdom Algae ("grass of the water")

1. in general do not have a mean of locomotion 2. most are autotrophic--produce their own food by means of photosynthesis

subkindgom Protozoa

1. usually mechanisms to move them around (have locomotion) 2. most are heterotrophic

Diatomaceous earth (diatomite)

1. when diatoms' cell wall remains of many dead diatoms clump together, form this crumbly and abrasive substance 2. huge deposits exist in most regions of the world (worldwide Flood) 3. industry uses large amounts to filter liquids 4. used as an abrasive--toothpaste 5. can kill crawling insects (they crawl over, cuts their abdomens) 6. store excess food by converting it into oil to use later

paramecium

A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.

sessile colony

A colony that uses hold fasts to anchor itself to an object

pellicle

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane phyla: Mastigophora, Ciliophora

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; outside of the nucleus

mutalism

A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.

holdfast

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself

cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

Pathogenic kingdom Protista

Entamoeba histolytica--causes dysentery (lives in gut; bad water) Trypanosoma--causes African sleeping sickness (tsetse fly) Balantidium coli--causes dysentery (pig, rat, guinea pig feces) Plasmodium--causes malaria (mosquito) Toxoplasma--causes toxoplasmosis (cat feces)

protista

Eukaryotic cell Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

gullet

It stores food. Once full, pinches off and becomes a food vacuole. Travels through the cell, floating in the cytoplasm, so food gets to all parts of cell. It is found in Ciliophora.

Phylum Phaeophyta (primarily macroscopic)

Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Cold marine waters Organization: Multiple cells Cell Wall: Cellulose and alginic acid Example: Macrocystis

Phylum Chrysophyta

Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Fresh and Marine water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Silicon dioxide Example: Diatoms

Phylum Chlorophyta

Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Fresh water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Cellulose Example: Cosmarium

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Marine water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Cellulose of something atypical Example: Peridinium

Phylum Rhodophyta (primarily macroscopic)

Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Warm marine waters Organization: Multiple cells Cell Wall: Cellulose Example: Corallina

Phylum Ciliophora (2 nuclei--macro & micro)

Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Cilia Example: Paramecium most are not parasitic

Phylum Mastigophora

Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Flagella Example: Euglena

Phylum Sporozoa

Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: None (Spores - reproduction) Example: Plasmodium

Phylum Sarcodina

Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Pseudopods Example: Amoeba

thallus

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems

endoplasm

The dense (thick) cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells

ectoplasm

The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells

symbiosis

a close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits

eyespot

a light-sensitive region in certain protozoa phylum Mastigophora

vacuole

a membrane-bound "sac"within a cell phyla: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora

chlorophyll

a pigment necessary for photosynthesis

flagellate

a protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum

parasitism

a relationship between two organisms of different species wher one benefits and the other is harmed

commensalism

a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

spore

a reproductive cell with a hard protective coating

red tide

algae blook of dinoglagellates; phylum Pyrrophyta

green algae

algae with chlorophyll

chloroplast

an organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis; stores the chlorophyll phylum: Chlorophyta or Mastigophora

alginic acid (or algin)

characteristic of phylum Phaeophyta in the cell walls used as thickening agent

oral pore

connects oral groove and gullet

paramecium

genus of slipper-shaped, single-cell ciliates (use hairlike projections for locomotion) that live in fresh water and have a macro- and micro- nucleus

Volvox

genus that belongs to phylum mastigophora/protozoa photosynthetic colonial possess two flagella join together to form elaborate lattic out of strands of cytoplasm

cilia

hair-like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomaotion phylum: Ciliophora

macronucleus (phylum Ciliophora)

large nucleus controls paramecium's metabolism

contractile vacole

removes excess water, reducing pressure phyla: Sarcodian, Mastigophora, Ciliophora

algal bloom

reproduction happens so quickly that it makes the water appear the same color as the algae

marine environment

saltwater

micronucleus (phylum Ciliophora)

small nucleus that controls reproduction

food vacole

store food phyla: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora

flagellum

structure used for locomotion phylum: Mastigophora, pyrrophyta

nucleus

the region of a eukaryotic cell which contains the cell's main DNA phyla: all phyla in Protista

zooplankton

tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa

phytoplankton

tiny floating photosyntetic organisms, primaraly algae

plankton

tiny organisms that float in the water

protozoa/algae

two sub kingdoms free living or parasitic in nature

anal pore

undigested portions of food are expelled here

oral groove

vacuole lined with cilia for eating (like a food vacuole) purpose: food intake and conjugation phylum: Ciliophora