MBJ Apologia Biology Module 3
Diatoms (phylum Chrysophyta)
1. greatest producers of oxygen in creation--without them oxygen supplies would dwindle 2. cell walls are composted of silicon dioxide (principle component of glass)--therefore cell walls are very hard and provide excellent protection
Subkingdom Algae ("grass of the water")
1. in general do not have a mean of locomotion 2. most are autotrophic--produce their own food by means of photosynthesis
subkindgom Protozoa
1. usually mechanisms to move them around (have locomotion) 2. most are heterotrophic
Diatomaceous earth (diatomite)
1. when diatoms' cell wall remains of many dead diatoms clump together, form this crumbly and abrasive substance 2. huge deposits exist in most regions of the world (worldwide Flood) 3. industry uses large amounts to filter liquids 4. used as an abrasive--toothpaste 5. can kill crawling insects (they crawl over, cuts their abdomens) 6. store excess food by converting it into oil to use later
paramecium
A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.
sessile colony
A colony that uses hold fasts to anchor itself to an object
pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane phyla: Mastigophora, Ciliophora
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; outside of the nucleus
mutalism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself
cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food
Pathogenic kingdom Protista
Entamoeba histolytica--causes dysentery (lives in gut; bad water) Trypanosoma--causes African sleeping sickness (tsetse fly) Balantidium coli--causes dysentery (pig, rat, guinea pig feces) Plasmodium--causes malaria (mosquito) Toxoplasma--causes toxoplasmosis (cat feces)
protista
Eukaryotic cell Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
gullet
It stores food. Once full, pinches off and becomes a food vacuole. Travels through the cell, floating in the cytoplasm, so food gets to all parts of cell. It is found in Ciliophora.
Phylum Phaeophyta (primarily macroscopic)
Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Cold marine waters Organization: Multiple cells Cell Wall: Cellulose and alginic acid Example: Macrocystis
Phylum Chrysophyta
Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Fresh and Marine water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Silicon dioxide Example: Diatoms
Phylum Chlorophyta
Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Fresh water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Cellulose Example: Cosmarium
Phylum Pyrrophyta
Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Marine water Organization: Single cells Cell Wall: Cellulose of something atypical Example: Peridinium
Phylum Rhodophyta (primarily macroscopic)
Subkingdom Algae Habitat: Warm marine waters Organization: Multiple cells Cell Wall: Cellulose Example: Corallina
Phylum Ciliophora (2 nuclei--macro & micro)
Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Cilia Example: Paramecium most are not parasitic
Phylum Mastigophora
Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Flagella Example: Euglena
Phylum Sporozoa
Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: None (Spores - reproduction) Example: Plasmodium
Phylum Sarcodina
Subkingdom Protozoa Locomotion: Pseudopods Example: Amoeba
thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems
endoplasm
The dense (thick) cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells
ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells
symbiosis
a close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits
eyespot
a light-sensitive region in certain protozoa phylum Mastigophora
vacuole
a membrane-bound "sac"within a cell phyla: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora
chlorophyll
a pigment necessary for photosynthesis
flagellate
a protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum
parasitism
a relationship between two organisms of different species wher one benefits and the other is harmed
commensalism
a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
spore
a reproductive cell with a hard protective coating
red tide
algae blook of dinoglagellates; phylum Pyrrophyta
green algae
algae with chlorophyll
chloroplast
an organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis; stores the chlorophyll phylum: Chlorophyta or Mastigophora
alginic acid (or algin)
characteristic of phylum Phaeophyta in the cell walls used as thickening agent
oral pore
connects oral groove and gullet
paramecium
genus of slipper-shaped, single-cell ciliates (use hairlike projections for locomotion) that live in fresh water and have a macro- and micro- nucleus
Volvox
genus that belongs to phylum mastigophora/protozoa photosynthetic colonial possess two flagella join together to form elaborate lattic out of strands of cytoplasm
cilia
hair-like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomaotion phylum: Ciliophora
macronucleus (phylum Ciliophora)
large nucleus controls paramecium's metabolism
contractile vacole
removes excess water, reducing pressure phyla: Sarcodian, Mastigophora, Ciliophora
algal bloom
reproduction happens so quickly that it makes the water appear the same color as the algae
marine environment
saltwater
micronucleus (phylum Ciliophora)
small nucleus that controls reproduction
food vacole
store food phyla: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora
flagellum
structure used for locomotion phylum: Mastigophora, pyrrophyta
nucleus
the region of a eukaryotic cell which contains the cell's main DNA phyla: all phyla in Protista
zooplankton
tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa
phytoplankton
tiny floating photosyntetic organisms, primaraly algae
plankton
tiny organisms that float in the water
protozoa/algae
two sub kingdoms free living or parasitic in nature
anal pore
undigested portions of food are expelled here
oral groove
vacuole lined with cilia for eating (like a food vacuole) purpose: food intake and conjugation phylum: Ciliophora