mccall psyc380 chapter 14 - self-confidence

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true or false: athletes must enter and win the ongoing personal mental battle of understanding their habits of mind in order to realize their dreams

true

true or false: it's not uncommon for successful athletes to use negative comments as fuel to ignite their confidence

true

true or false: thought stoppage will not work unless an athlete first recognizes undesirable thoughts and then is motivated to stop them

true

sources of sport self-confidence: coaches leadership

trusting coaches' decisions and believing in their abilities

building self-confidence: goal mapping

have personalized goal achievement plans

four factors of the self-fulfilling prophecy

- climate factor - input factor - feedback factor - response opportunity

which of the following are irrational thoughts that are common among athletes?

- one-trial generalizations - fallacy of fairness - polarized thinking and labeling

self-fulfilling prophecy example

Roger Bannister's mile run

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

sources of efficacy: performance accomplishments

accomplishments are the most dependable source successful experiences raise the level self-efficacy, while failure results in lowered efficacy

positive statements that might naturally have occurred with previous successful performance are a good source of ________

affirmation

statements that reflect positive attitudes or thoughts about oneself are known as _________

affirmations

benefits of self-confidence

arouses positive emotions facilitates concentration affects the setting and pursuit of challenging goals increases effort affects game strategies (play to win versus play to lose) affects psychological momentum affects performance

optimal confidence

being so convinced that you will achieve your goals that you strive hard to do so

Connaughton, Hanton, and Jones (2010) affirmed that the foundation for mental toughness development and maintenance is _____

belief and focus

hays, maynard, thomas and bawden (2007)

belief in their ability to achieve (both winning and improved performance) belief in their superiority over the opposition

overconfidence (false confidence)

causes you to prepare less than you need to in order to perform

(coaching efficacy stage 3) coaches' behaviors affect athletes' performance by

causing low-expectancy performers to perform more poorly because of: less reinforcement less playing time less confidence attributions to low ability

when learning to use counters, it is important to describe the evidence necessary to _____

change an attitude or belief

James, a boxer, is straightforward and brash and is often associated with loud and abrasive levels of confidence. which of the following misconceptions about confidence is illustrated in this scenario?

confidence equals outspoken arrogance

an athlete can practice dealing with all the potential things that could go wrong using a ________

coping tape

lack of confidence or self-doubts

create anxiety, break concentration, and cause indecisiveness

building team efficacy: after competition

develop intrateam interpretations of experiences of the game

building self-confidence: prepare

develop performance plans and precompetitive routines; plans give you confidence because you know what to do

sources of sport self-confidence: mastery

developing and improving skills

Terrence believes that confidence is an inherited disposition or trait that cannot be changed by training, practice, or experience. identify the misconception about confidence that is illustrated in this scenario

either you have it or you do not

sources of efficacy: emotional states

emotional states or moods are a source of efficacy information

building self-confidence

ensure performance accomplishments act confidently think confidently use imagery train for physical conditioning prepare

in the context of the research on self-talk for skill acquisition and performance, identify a true statement about self-talk

even on the beginning level, self-talk should be kept as brief and minimal as possible

aspects of self-confidence, vealey and knight (2002): multi dimensional

execute physical skills use psychological skills employ perceptual skills be fit and highly trained improve one's skill

self-fulfilling prophecy

expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to happen

in the context of personalization, optimistic athletes take personal credit for successes and progress and protect their confidence by _____

explaining failures as the result of forces beyond their control

according to Seligman (1991), the hallmark of whether an individual is an optimist or a pessimist is his or her _____

explanatory style

sources of sport self-confidence: environmental comfort

feeling comfortable in the environment where one will perform

sources of sport self-confidence: physical self-presentation

feeling good about one's body and weight

building team efficacy: before competition

focus on developing joint perceptions of capabilities and fitness to manage the upcoming competition in a successful manner

building team efficacy: during competition

focus on getting team members believing in one another right before and during the game

building self-confidence: think confidently

focus on instruction and motivating thoughts avoid judgmental thoughts

attention

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

(coaching efficacy stage 2) coaches expectations influence their behavior regarding the

frequency and quality of coach-athlete interactions, quantity and quality of instruction, and type and frequency of feedback

sources of efficacy: verbal persuasion

from oneself and others (coaches, teachers, peers) can enhance feelings of self efficacy

components of coaching efficacy

game strategy, motivation, technique, character building

sources of sport self-confidence: social support

getting encouragement from teammates, coaches, and family

the pygmalion effect (rosenthal effect)

higher expectations lead to an increase in performance

building self-confidence: use imagery

imagine yourself as confident and successful

sources of efficacy: imagery

individuals can generate beliefs about personal efficacy or lack of efficacy by imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively in future situations

building self-confidence: act confidently

instructors and coaches should display confidence teach athletes to display confidence

a feature of self-talk is that _____

it can occur out loud or inside one's head

building self-confidence: social climate

leadership style, types of goals, social support network, and social feedback influence confidence

sources of efficacy: physiological states

lower self-efficacy when they are associated with aversive physiological arousal, poor performance, and perceived failure

depressed mood ______ self-efficacy

lowers

sources of sport self-confidence

mastery demonstration of ability physical and mental preparation physical self-presentation social support coaches leadership vicarious experience environmental comfort situational favorableness

according to Jones, Hanton, and Connaughton (2002), the natural or developed psychological edge that enables one to cope better than one's competitors with the demands of performance and to remain more determined, focused, confident, and in control can be defined as _____

mental toughness

in the context of pervasiveness, an optimistic athlete tends to assume that _____

mistakes and difficulties will remain confined to their original context

in the context of changing bad habits, a feature of self-talk is that it _____

needs to be more detailed in the relearning phase of the change is drastic

the ABC cognitive restructuring process begins by keeping a daily record in which athletes record not only their upsetting thoughts but also the resulting feelings and behavior and the _____

negative events that triggered them

if an athlete fails to selectively perceive and reinterpret criticism, sarcasm, and other negative comments in a constructive way and does not use them to build confidence, the athlete is under the misconception that _____

only positive feedback can build confidence

the tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation is known as _____

optimism

one's immediate feelings at a given moment directly affect _____ because they produce objectively verifiable changes in muscle tension, blood flow, hormone production, and attentional focus

performance

sources of efficacy

performance accomplishments vicarious experiences verbal persuasion imaginal experiences physiological states emotional states

(coaching efficacy stage 4) athlete's performance confirms the coaches' original expectations

performance results then feed back into stage 1 of the coaches' expectations and athlete performance process

(coaching efficacy stage 1) coaches form expectations based on

personal cues (gender, race, body size) and performance information (skill tests, practice behaviors)

the degree to which one sees him- or herself as the primary causal agent in events is known as _____

personalization

the degree to which one feels that a particular experience will generalize to other contexts is known as _____

pervasiveness

amy cuddy ted talk

power posing leads to confidence

bandura's self-efficacy theory

provides a model for studying the effects of self-confidence on sport performance, persistence, and behavior

happiness ______ self-efficacy

raises

the goal of coupling any negative thought with a positive thought is to _____

recognize the situation involved and why the thought occured

as skill acquisition improves, the goal of using self-talk for skill acquisition and performance is to _____

reduce conscious control and promote the automatic execution of skills

as skill acquisition improves, the goal of using self-talk for skill acquisition and performance is to _________

reduce conscious control and promote the automatic execution of skills

gauron encourages athletes to cultivate the skill of _____ because it helps athletes control their internal dialogue in a positive, self-enhancing manner

reframing

sources of sport self-confidence: situational favorableness

seeing breaks going one's way and feeling that everything is going right

sources of sport self-confidence: vicarious experience

seeing other athletes perform successfully

sources of efficacy: vicarious experiences (modeling)

seeing others or modeling influences efficacy: attention retention motor reproduction motivation

Edward, an athlete, honestly pursues the question of whether he is really thinking in a way that will give him the best chance of success. in this scenario, Edward is trying to cultivate _____

self-awareness

_____ cognitions are a mediator of behavior change, that is, the mechanism by which interventions affect exercise behavior

self-efficacy

a situation-specific form of self-confidence

self-efficacy

a situational-specific type of confidence referring to one's expectation of succeeding at a specific task or meeting a particular challenge is known as _____

self-efficacy

in the context of self-talk for adopting and maintenance of exercise behavior, appropriately modifying _____ cognitions toward exercise contributes to exercise adoption or adherence

self-efficacy

in the context of changing bad habits, the process of intentionally forcing conscious control over a previously automatic execution and then directing attention to the replacement movement can be facilitated by _____

self-talk

in the context of the world of sports, the key to cognitive control is _____-_____

self-talk

Mark, an archer, always has a recorder present during his performance so that he can directly tape his thoughts and a description of the situation as it occurs. in this example, Mark is keeping a(n) _____

self-talk log

sources of sport self-confidence: demonstration of ability

showing ability by winning and outperforming opponents

coaching efficacy

the extent to which coaches believe they have the capacity to affect the learning and performance of athletes

John, a soccer player, believes that he can do whatever it takes to be successful in soccer. in this example, John's belief can be referred to as _____

sport confidence

the greatest difficulty in gaining confidence is the fact that _____

sports are played by imperfect human beings who often make mistakes

sources of sport self-confidence: physical and mental preparation

staying focused on goals and being prepared to give maximum effort

in the context of the world of sport, which of the following is true of athlete confidence?

success or competence in no way guarantees confidence

building self-confidence: ensure performance accomplishments

successful behavior increases confidence and leads to further successful behavior include good physical, technical, and tactical instructions use game-pressure simulations

when an athlete can re-create positive thoughts and bring them to a new environment, the athlete can be said to be _____

taking control of his or her mind

state self-confidence

the belief of certainty that individuals have at a particular moment about their ability to succeed

self-efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

self-confidence

the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

dispositional self-confidence

the degree of certainty individuals usually have about their ability to succeed

the placebo effect (rosenthal & jacobson)

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

motor reproduction

the process of imitating the model's actions

retention

the proportion of material retained (remembered).

identify a true statement about athletes who are effective at imagery

they can describe exactly what happened during a competition

identify a true statement about athletes with an optimistic explanatory style

they usually assume that positive events will repeat rather than be a fluke

negative self-fulfilling prophecy

this is a psychological barrier whereby the expectation of failure leads to actual failure

building self-confidence: training for physical conditioning

training and physical states are keys to confidence

many athletes are able to identify typical thoughts and common themes associated with both good and bad performance by _____

trying to re-create the thoughts and feelings that occurred prior to and during performance

an athlete has the best chance of success when he or she focuses his or her mind on _____

what is desired now

identify a situation in which self-talk becomes a liability

when it is perceived as distracting to a task at hand


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