mccall psyc380 chapter 14 - self-confidence
true or false: athletes must enter and win the ongoing personal mental battle of understanding their habits of mind in order to realize their dreams
true
true or false: it's not uncommon for successful athletes to use negative comments as fuel to ignite their confidence
true
true or false: thought stoppage will not work unless an athlete first recognizes undesirable thoughts and then is motivated to stop them
true
sources of sport self-confidence: coaches leadership
trusting coaches' decisions and believing in their abilities
building self-confidence: goal mapping
have personalized goal achievement plans
four factors of the self-fulfilling prophecy
- climate factor - input factor - feedback factor - response opportunity
which of the following are irrational thoughts that are common among athletes?
- one-trial generalizations - fallacy of fairness - polarized thinking and labeling
self-fulfilling prophecy example
Roger Bannister's mile run
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
sources of efficacy: performance accomplishments
accomplishments are the most dependable source successful experiences raise the level self-efficacy, while failure results in lowered efficacy
positive statements that might naturally have occurred with previous successful performance are a good source of ________
affirmation
statements that reflect positive attitudes or thoughts about oneself are known as _________
affirmations
benefits of self-confidence
arouses positive emotions facilitates concentration affects the setting and pursuit of challenging goals increases effort affects game strategies (play to win versus play to lose) affects psychological momentum affects performance
optimal confidence
being so convinced that you will achieve your goals that you strive hard to do so
Connaughton, Hanton, and Jones (2010) affirmed that the foundation for mental toughness development and maintenance is _____
belief and focus
hays, maynard, thomas and bawden (2007)
belief in their ability to achieve (both winning and improved performance) belief in their superiority over the opposition
overconfidence (false confidence)
causes you to prepare less than you need to in order to perform
(coaching efficacy stage 3) coaches' behaviors affect athletes' performance by
causing low-expectancy performers to perform more poorly because of: less reinforcement less playing time less confidence attributions to low ability
when learning to use counters, it is important to describe the evidence necessary to _____
change an attitude or belief
James, a boxer, is straightforward and brash and is often associated with loud and abrasive levels of confidence. which of the following misconceptions about confidence is illustrated in this scenario?
confidence equals outspoken arrogance
an athlete can practice dealing with all the potential things that could go wrong using a ________
coping tape
lack of confidence or self-doubts
create anxiety, break concentration, and cause indecisiveness
building team efficacy: after competition
develop intrateam interpretations of experiences of the game
building self-confidence: prepare
develop performance plans and precompetitive routines; plans give you confidence because you know what to do
sources of sport self-confidence: mastery
developing and improving skills
Terrence believes that confidence is an inherited disposition or trait that cannot be changed by training, practice, or experience. identify the misconception about confidence that is illustrated in this scenario
either you have it or you do not
sources of efficacy: emotional states
emotional states or moods are a source of efficacy information
building self-confidence
ensure performance accomplishments act confidently think confidently use imagery train for physical conditioning prepare
in the context of the research on self-talk for skill acquisition and performance, identify a true statement about self-talk
even on the beginning level, self-talk should be kept as brief and minimal as possible
aspects of self-confidence, vealey and knight (2002): multi dimensional
execute physical skills use psychological skills employ perceptual skills be fit and highly trained improve one's skill
self-fulfilling prophecy
expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to happen
in the context of personalization, optimistic athletes take personal credit for successes and progress and protect their confidence by _____
explaining failures as the result of forces beyond their control
according to Seligman (1991), the hallmark of whether an individual is an optimist or a pessimist is his or her _____
explanatory style
sources of sport self-confidence: environmental comfort
feeling comfortable in the environment where one will perform
sources of sport self-confidence: physical self-presentation
feeling good about one's body and weight
building team efficacy: before competition
focus on developing joint perceptions of capabilities and fitness to manage the upcoming competition in a successful manner
building team efficacy: during competition
focus on getting team members believing in one another right before and during the game
building self-confidence: think confidently
focus on instruction and motivating thoughts avoid judgmental thoughts
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
(coaching efficacy stage 2) coaches expectations influence their behavior regarding the
frequency and quality of coach-athlete interactions, quantity and quality of instruction, and type and frequency of feedback
sources of efficacy: verbal persuasion
from oneself and others (coaches, teachers, peers) can enhance feelings of self efficacy
components of coaching efficacy
game strategy, motivation, technique, character building
sources of sport self-confidence: social support
getting encouragement from teammates, coaches, and family
the pygmalion effect (rosenthal effect)
higher expectations lead to an increase in performance
building self-confidence: use imagery
imagine yourself as confident and successful
sources of efficacy: imagery
individuals can generate beliefs about personal efficacy or lack of efficacy by imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively in future situations
building self-confidence: act confidently
instructors and coaches should display confidence teach athletes to display confidence
a feature of self-talk is that _____
it can occur out loud or inside one's head
building self-confidence: social climate
leadership style, types of goals, social support network, and social feedback influence confidence
sources of efficacy: physiological states
lower self-efficacy when they are associated with aversive physiological arousal, poor performance, and perceived failure
depressed mood ______ self-efficacy
lowers
sources of sport self-confidence
mastery demonstration of ability physical and mental preparation physical self-presentation social support coaches leadership vicarious experience environmental comfort situational favorableness
according to Jones, Hanton, and Connaughton (2002), the natural or developed psychological edge that enables one to cope better than one's competitors with the demands of performance and to remain more determined, focused, confident, and in control can be defined as _____
mental toughness
in the context of pervasiveness, an optimistic athlete tends to assume that _____
mistakes and difficulties will remain confined to their original context
in the context of changing bad habits, a feature of self-talk is that it _____
needs to be more detailed in the relearning phase of the change is drastic
the ABC cognitive restructuring process begins by keeping a daily record in which athletes record not only their upsetting thoughts but also the resulting feelings and behavior and the _____
negative events that triggered them
if an athlete fails to selectively perceive and reinterpret criticism, sarcasm, and other negative comments in a constructive way and does not use them to build confidence, the athlete is under the misconception that _____
only positive feedback can build confidence
the tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation is known as _____
optimism
one's immediate feelings at a given moment directly affect _____ because they produce objectively verifiable changes in muscle tension, blood flow, hormone production, and attentional focus
performance
sources of efficacy
performance accomplishments vicarious experiences verbal persuasion imaginal experiences physiological states emotional states
(coaching efficacy stage 4) athlete's performance confirms the coaches' original expectations
performance results then feed back into stage 1 of the coaches' expectations and athlete performance process
(coaching efficacy stage 1) coaches form expectations based on
personal cues (gender, race, body size) and performance information (skill tests, practice behaviors)
the degree to which one sees him- or herself as the primary causal agent in events is known as _____
personalization
the degree to which one feels that a particular experience will generalize to other contexts is known as _____
pervasiveness
amy cuddy ted talk
power posing leads to confidence
bandura's self-efficacy theory
provides a model for studying the effects of self-confidence on sport performance, persistence, and behavior
happiness ______ self-efficacy
raises
the goal of coupling any negative thought with a positive thought is to _____
recognize the situation involved and why the thought occured
as skill acquisition improves, the goal of using self-talk for skill acquisition and performance is to _____
reduce conscious control and promote the automatic execution of skills
as skill acquisition improves, the goal of using self-talk for skill acquisition and performance is to _________
reduce conscious control and promote the automatic execution of skills
gauron encourages athletes to cultivate the skill of _____ because it helps athletes control their internal dialogue in a positive, self-enhancing manner
reframing
sources of sport self-confidence: situational favorableness
seeing breaks going one's way and feeling that everything is going right
sources of sport self-confidence: vicarious experience
seeing other athletes perform successfully
sources of efficacy: vicarious experiences (modeling)
seeing others or modeling influences efficacy: attention retention motor reproduction motivation
Edward, an athlete, honestly pursues the question of whether he is really thinking in a way that will give him the best chance of success. in this scenario, Edward is trying to cultivate _____
self-awareness
_____ cognitions are a mediator of behavior change, that is, the mechanism by which interventions affect exercise behavior
self-efficacy
a situation-specific form of self-confidence
self-efficacy
a situational-specific type of confidence referring to one's expectation of succeeding at a specific task or meeting a particular challenge is known as _____
self-efficacy
in the context of self-talk for adopting and maintenance of exercise behavior, appropriately modifying _____ cognitions toward exercise contributes to exercise adoption or adherence
self-efficacy
in the context of changing bad habits, the process of intentionally forcing conscious control over a previously automatic execution and then directing attention to the replacement movement can be facilitated by _____
self-talk
in the context of the world of sports, the key to cognitive control is _____-_____
self-talk
Mark, an archer, always has a recorder present during his performance so that he can directly tape his thoughts and a description of the situation as it occurs. in this example, Mark is keeping a(n) _____
self-talk log
sources of sport self-confidence: demonstration of ability
showing ability by winning and outperforming opponents
coaching efficacy
the extent to which coaches believe they have the capacity to affect the learning and performance of athletes
John, a soccer player, believes that he can do whatever it takes to be successful in soccer. in this example, John's belief can be referred to as _____
sport confidence
the greatest difficulty in gaining confidence is the fact that _____
sports are played by imperfect human beings who often make mistakes
sources of sport self-confidence: physical and mental preparation
staying focused on goals and being prepared to give maximum effort
in the context of the world of sport, which of the following is true of athlete confidence?
success or competence in no way guarantees confidence
building self-confidence: ensure performance accomplishments
successful behavior increases confidence and leads to further successful behavior include good physical, technical, and tactical instructions use game-pressure simulations
when an athlete can re-create positive thoughts and bring them to a new environment, the athlete can be said to be _____
taking control of his or her mind
state self-confidence
the belief of certainty that individuals have at a particular moment about their ability to succeed
self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
self-confidence
the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior
dispositional self-confidence
the degree of certainty individuals usually have about their ability to succeed
the placebo effect (rosenthal & jacobson)
the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
motor reproduction
the process of imitating the model's actions
retention
the proportion of material retained (remembered).
identify a true statement about athletes who are effective at imagery
they can describe exactly what happened during a competition
identify a true statement about athletes with an optimistic explanatory style
they usually assume that positive events will repeat rather than be a fluke
negative self-fulfilling prophecy
this is a psychological barrier whereby the expectation of failure leads to actual failure
building self-confidence: training for physical conditioning
training and physical states are keys to confidence
many athletes are able to identify typical thoughts and common themes associated with both good and bad performance by _____
trying to re-create the thoughts and feelings that occurred prior to and during performance
an athlete has the best chance of success when he or she focuses his or her mind on _____
what is desired now
identify a situation in which self-talk becomes a liability
when it is perceived as distracting to a task at hand
