Memory Module

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation? Amanda's sensory memory malfunctioned. Amanda never really encoded the material. Amanda's flashbulb memory was not working. Amanda's echoic memory isn't working.

Amanda never really encoded the material.

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information? High level Deepest level Shallow level Intermediate level

Deepest level

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.) It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can hold unlimited information. It involves procedural memory, which is memory for skills.

It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following are involved in problems in the retrieval process? (Select all that apply.) Other information gets in the way. Time has elapsed. The use of mnemonics There are personal reasons.

Other information gets in the way. Time has elapsed. There are personal reasons.

Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding? (Select all that apply.) Retrieval paths are created. Sensory memory is greatly improved. The material is easier to remember. There is no effect; memorization is more efficient.

Retrieval paths are created. The material is easier to remember.

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? (Select all that apply.) Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop Eidetic imagery

Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop

People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do _____ than people who must divide their attention.

better

Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This multitasking is called _____ _____, and it decreases encoding.

divided attention

The _____ ______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

dual code

Generally speaking, the more ______ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.

elaborate

Generally speaking, the more _______ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.

elaborate

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is

encoding

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory. episodic; semantic priming; implicit implicit; explicit semantic; episodic

episodic; semantic

____ attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.

executive

______ attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.

executive

Anthony is excellent at preparing multicourse meals. He is excellent at planning and knowing when to start cooking each item so everything is ready at just the right time, and he knows exactly when certain dishes in the meal require more prep time and cooking attention compared to others. All of these skills are involved in _____. sustained attention top-down processing memory retrieval executive attention

executive attention

The two main components of long-term memory are ______ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ______, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit, implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming. implicit; explicit long-term; short-term explicit; implicit short-term; long-term

explicit; implicit

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

false

The term used to describe visual sensory memory, which is retained for about 1/4 of a second, is _____. echoic memory imagery memory visual storage iconic memory

iconic memory

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental ______ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____. the serial position effect chunking sensory memory imagery

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory. implicit episodic explicit semantic

implicit

_____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis, _____. (Select all that apply.) memory for words is better than memory for pictures there is no difference in memory for words compared to pictures. memory for pictures is better than memory for words the image code produces better memory

memory for pictures is better than memory for words the image code produces better memory

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory. autobiographical prospective repressed procedural

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory. procedural episodic semantic explicit

procedural

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____. rehearsal elaboration long-term memory priming

rehearsal

______ does not work well for retaining information over the long term because it often involves just mechanically repeating information.

rehearsal

The memory process involves encoding, storage, and

retrieval

_______ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____. multitasking selective attention divided attention storage

selective attention

Asia is studying for an exam. As she studies, she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Asia is using ______-______ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts. levels of processing the phonological loop multitasking self-referencing

self-referencing

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory. priming implicit semantic episodic

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______.

semantic

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is _____s memory.

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _______ memory.

sensory

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____. two; one four; two seven; two nine; five

seven; two

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from ______-term memory to _____-term memory.

short, long

The process of retaining information for future use is called

storage

The process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as

storage

Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for a class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in a _____ attention task.

sustained

Dr. Brown is carefully grading student papers. He has been entering the grades from each paper for over 2 hours, and he is concentrating so hard that he doesn't even hear the music playing from the radio in his office. Dr. Brown's situation is a good example of _____. multitasking divided attention sustained attention distracted attention

sustained attention

Which of the following could be used as a metaphor for the capacity of working memory? the keypad of a cellphone the hard drive of a computer the table of contents of a textbook the RAM of a computer

the RAM of a computer

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____. there is a memory center in the brain a memory center exists in the brain, but researchers can't agree on its location no conclusions can be made about a memory center in the brain there is no one memory center in the brain

there is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory. two three four

three

True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

true

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _____.

what they mean

______ memory can be thought of as a mental blackboard, a place where we can imagine and visualize.

working

Working memory has a different capacity than short-term memory. In working memory, if chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can remember how many chunks of information? 1 to 3 7 to 9 4 to 8 3 to 5

3 to 5

Short-term memory can retain about _____ pieces of complex information. 3 to 5 9 to 13 5 to 9 13 to 17

5 to 9

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is ______.

chunking