Memory Module
Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation? Amanda's sensory memory malfunctioned. Amanda never really encoded the material. Amanda's flashbulb memory was not working. Amanda's echoic memory isn't working.
Amanda never really encoded the material.
At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information? High level Deepest level Shallow level Intermediate level
Deepest level
Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.) It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can hold unlimited information. It involves procedural memory, which is memory for skills.
It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.
Which of the following are involved in problems in the retrieval process? (Select all that apply.) Other information gets in the way. Time has elapsed. The use of mnemonics There are personal reasons.
Other information gets in the way. Time has elapsed. There are personal reasons.
Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding? (Select all that apply.) Retrieval paths are created. Sensory memory is greatly improved. The material is easier to remember. There is no effect; memorization is more efficient.
Retrieval paths are created. The material is easier to remember.
Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? (Select all that apply.) Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop Eidetic imagery
Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop
People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do _____ than people who must divide their attention.
better
Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This multitasking is called _____ _____, and it decreases encoding.
divided attention
The _____ ______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.
dual code
Generally speaking, the more ______ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.
elaborate
Generally speaking, the more _______ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.
elaborate
According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.
encoding
Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
encoding
The initial recording of information into memory is called
encoding
The process by which information gets into memory storage is
encoding
During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory. episodic; semantic priming; implicit implicit; explicit semantic; episodic
episodic; semantic
____ attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.
executive
______ attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.
executive
Anthony is excellent at preparing multicourse meals. He is excellent at planning and knowing when to start cooking each item so everything is ready at just the right time, and he knows exactly when certain dishes in the meal require more prep time and cooking attention compared to others. All of these skills are involved in _____. sustained attention top-down processing memory retrieval executive attention
executive attention
The two main components of long-term memory are ______ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ______, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.
explicit, implicit
The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming. implicit; explicit long-term; short-term explicit; implicit short-term; long-term
explicit; implicit
True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.
false
True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.
false
The term used to describe visual sensory memory, which is retained for about 1/4 of a second, is _____. echoic memory imagery memory visual storage iconic memory
iconic memory
In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental ______ to remember the necessary route.
imagery
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____. the serial position effect chunking sensory memory imagery
imagery
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory. implicit episodic explicit semantic
implicit
_____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.
implicit
According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis, _____. (Select all that apply.) memory for words is better than memory for pictures there is no difference in memory for words compared to pictures. memory for pictures is better than memory for words the image code produces better memory
memory for pictures is better than memory for words the image code produces better memory
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory. autobiographical prospective repressed procedural
procedural
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory. procedural episodic semantic explicit
procedural
You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____. rehearsal elaboration long-term memory priming
rehearsal
______ does not work well for retaining information over the long term because it often involves just mechanically repeating information.
rehearsal
The memory process involves encoding, storage, and
retrieval
_______ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.
selective
Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____. multitasking selective attention divided attention storage
selective attention
Asia is studying for an exam. As she studies, she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Asia is using ______-______ to help her remember the course concepts.
self-referencing
Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts. levels of processing the phonological loop multitasking self-referencing
self-referencing
David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory. priming implicit semantic episodic
semantic
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______.
semantic
The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
sensory
The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is _____s memory.
sensory
You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _______ memory.
sensory
According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____. two; one four; two seven; two nine; five
seven; two
You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from ______-term memory to _____-term memory.
short, long
The process of retaining information for future use is called
storage
The process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as
storage
Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for a class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in a _____ attention task.
sustained
Dr. Brown is carefully grading student papers. He has been entering the grades from each paper for over 2 hours, and he is concentrating so hard that he doesn't even hear the music playing from the radio in his office. Dr. Brown's situation is a good example of _____. multitasking divided attention sustained attention distracted attention
sustained attention
Which of the following could be used as a metaphor for the capacity of working memory? the keypad of a cellphone the hard drive of a computer the table of contents of a textbook the RAM of a computer
the RAM of a computer
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____. there is a memory center in the brain a memory center exists in the brain, but researchers can't agree on its location no conclusions can be made about a memory center in the brain there is no one memory center in the brain
there is no one memory center in the brain
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory. two three four
three
True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.
true
According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _____.
what they mean
______ memory can be thought of as a mental blackboard, a place where we can imagine and visualize.
working
Working memory has a different capacity than short-term memory. In working memory, if chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can remember how many chunks of information? 1 to 3 7 to 9 4 to 8 3 to 5
3 to 5
Short-term memory can retain about _____ pieces of complex information. 3 to 5 9 to 13 5 to 9 13 to 17
5 to 9
Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is ______.
chunking
