MGMT ch 15

Personality types

- Extraversion (E) versus Introversion (I) - Sensing (S) version Intuition (N) - Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F) - Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P)

the creative process- Incubation

- a period of less intense conscious concentration during which knowledge and ideas acquired, during reparation, mature and develop. - incubation helped by pauses in rational thought

the creative process- insight

- a spontaneous breakthrough in which the creative person achieves a new understanding of some problem or situation - patterns of thought coalesce into a new understanding

withdrawal behaviors

- absenteeism occurs when an individual does not show up for work when expected for legitimate or feigned reasons - absenteeism may be a symptom of other work-related problems - turn over occurs when individual quit their jobs for work related or personal reasons

interpersonal demands

- associated with relationships that confront people in organizations - may result from group pressure, leadership styles or conflicting personalities

Task demands

- associated with the task itself - have to make quick decisions, critical decisions based on inappropriate information

physical demands

- association with the job setting - may have extreme temperatures, poorly designed office space or threats to ones health

the creative individual

- background experiences and creativity + many creative individuals were reared in creative environments - personal traits and creativity + creative persons have personal traits of openness, an attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, independence, autonomy, strong self-confidence, and a strong belief in their own creativity

type A personality

- extremely competitive (aggressive), devoted to work, have a strong sense of time urgency (impatient). - have a lot of drive and want to accomplish as much as possible as quickly as possible

the creative process- preparation

- formal education and training is used to "get up to speed." - experiences on the job provide additional knowledge and ideas

stereotyping

- is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute (gender and race) - may cost the organization valuable talent, violate federal anti-bias laws, and is likely unethical

type B personality

- less competitive, less devoted to work, have a weaker sense of time urgency - less likely to experience personal stress or to come into conflict with other people - more likely to have balanced, relaxed approach to life

enhancing creativity in organizations

- making creativity part of the organization's culture + set goals for revenues from creative products and services - reward creativity; refrain from punishing creative failures + some ideas work out as expected, others don't work out as intended

stress management strategies in organizations

- organizations are partly responsible for stress - organizations also must bear the coast of stress related claims - organizational wellness/stress management programs can be used to promote healthful employee activities and derive the benefits of increased organizational productivity

negative work-related consequences

- poor quality work output and lower productivity - job dissatisfaction, low moral, and a lack of commitment - withdrawal through indifference and absenteeism

the creative process- verification

- tests are conducted and prototypes are built to see if the insight leads to the expected results

cognitive dissonance

- the conflict individuals experience among their own attitudes - the affective and cognitive components of the individual's attitude are in conflict with intended behavior

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

- the general cycle of the stress process - stage 1 alarm + panic, wondering how to cope, and a feeling of helplessness - stage 2 resistance + individual is actively resisting the effects of the stressor - stage 3 exhaustion + prolonged exposure to stress causes an individual to give up

selective perception

- the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs - if selective perception causes someone to ignore important information it can become quite detrimental

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

-A popular questionnaire that some organization use to assess personality types + is a useful method for determining communication styles and interaction preferences

the person-job fit

Reasons for poor person-job fit: - imperfect organizational selection procedures - change in both people and organizations over time - new technologies require new employee skills - unique individuals and unique jobs

The psychological contract

The overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return

burnout

a feeling of exhaustion that may develop when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time.

attribution

a mechanism through which we observe behavior and attribute a cause to it

workplace behavior

a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness

self-efficacy

a person's belief about his or her capabilities to perform a task. High self-efficacy individuals believe they can perform well while low self-efficacy individuals doubt their ability to perform.

stress

a person's response to a strong stimulus (stressor)

attitudinal components

affective component - feelings and emotions towards a situation cognitive component - perceived knowledge intentional component - expected behavior in a given situation

The "big five" personality traits

agreeableness: a person's ability to get along with others conscientiousness: number of goals in which a person focuses on at once negative emotionally: the extent to which a person is calm, resilient, and secure extraversion: a person's comfort level with relationships openness: a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests

role demands

associated with the role; may experience Role Ambiguity or Role Conflict

machiavellianism

behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others

Negative personal consequences

behavior: smoking, alcoholism, overeating, accident proneness Psychological: sleep disturbance, depression, family problems Medical: heart disease, stroke, headaches, backaches

external locus of control

belief that forces beyond their control are in charge of their lives

internal locus of control

belief that individuals are in control of their lives

attitudes

complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people.

ways in which attributions are formed

consensus - the extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way consistency - the extent to which the same person behaves the same way at different times distinctiveness - the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations

individual diffrences

personal attributes that vary from one person to another. - physical, psychological, or emotional[

Stress Management strategies for individuals

regular exercise - reduces tension and stress, and improves self-confidence and feelings of optimism relaxation - allows individuals to adapt and better deals with their stress time management - reduces stress by prioritizing activities to accomplish them in their order of importance support groups - socializing away from work reduces stress

creativity

the ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives in existing ideas

risk propensity

the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions

self-esteem

the extent to which a person believes she/he is a worthwhile individual

authoritarianism

the extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social organizations

Emotional intelligence, of EQ

the extent to which people are self-aware, can motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and possess social skills. - self-awareness: is a person's capacity for being aware of how they are feeling - managing emotions: is a person's capacity to ensure that feeling do not interfere with getting things accomplished - motivating oneself: is a person's ability to remain optimistic in the face of failure - empathy: refers to one's ability to understand how others are feeling even without explicitly being told - social skill: is a person's ability to get along with others

Locus of control

the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them.

Personality

the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another

perception

the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware af and interprets information

performance behaviors

the total set of work-related behaviors an organization expects an individual to display