MGT 312: Chapter TWO

2) Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms is called:

Conformity

16) Job satisfaction has a positive relationship with ______________, and a negative relationship to ____________.

Job performance; turnover

15) _________________ is the psychological process that arouses our interest in doing something.

Motivation

13) _____________ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Needs

17) ____________ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.

Onboarding

8) The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called:

Organizational commitment

Perceived behavioral control

The perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior, assumed to reflect past experience and anticipated obstacles.

20) Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track?

Turnover

11) The _______________ model suggests that managers should structure the work environment and rewards to match employees.

Value attainment

1) Swartz's model suggests that:

Values may conflict with each other.

Values

abstract ideas that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.

Telecommuting

allows employees to do all or some of their work from home, using advanced telecommunications technology and Internet tools to send work electronically from home to the office, and vice versa.

Workplace attitudes

an outcome of various OB-related processes, including leadership.

Effect on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs):

as emotional stability increases, OCBs decrease

Schwartz's second bipolar dimension includes openness to _____ and _________.

change, conservation

Withdrawal cognitions

encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting.

Stressors

environmental characteristics that cause stress.

Values vary across _________ because they are influenced by events occurring during childhood.

generations

Information flowing through an organization is said to affect _______ .

motivation

Needs

physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Self-transcendence (1st Bipolar)

pursuit of one's own interests and relative success and dominance over others (power, achievement).

Organizational commitment

reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.

Employee engagement

the "harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.

Schwartz value theory

the belief that values are motivational in that they "represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time." Example: valuing achievement will result in you studying hard to get all A's.

Cognitive (attitude) component

"I believe." Reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation.

Affective (attitude) component

"I feel." Contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.

Behavioral (attitude) component

"I intend." Refers to how one intends or expects to act towards someone or something.

Subjective norm

A social factor representing the perceived social pressure for or against the behavior.

5) Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _______________; attitudes relate to behavior _____________.

Across all situations; toward specific targets

6) The components of attitudes are:

Affective, cognitive, and behavioral

8 Key Outcomes of Job Satisfaction (+/- Correlations)

Attitudes: 1. Motivation (+) 2. Job Involvement (moderately +/-) 3. Withdrawal Cognitions 4. Perceived Stress (strong -) Behavior: 5. Job Performance (controversy-moderately +/-)? 6. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (moderately +) 7. Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) (strong -) 8. Turnover (moderately strong -)

12) According to the text and the lecture, one way to reduce cognitive dissonance is to________________.

Change your attitude and behavior

3) In discussing the psychological contract I emphasized that expectations and the psychological contract itself are __________.

Changeable

7) ________________ is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions.

Cognitive dissonance

14) ________________ allows employees to do all or some of their work from home using telecommunication technology and internet tools.

Telecommuting

9) An individuals perceptions of the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between himself and or herself and the organization is called:

The psychological contract

Openness to change (2nd Bipolar)

independence of thought, action, feelings, and readiness for change (self-direction, stimulation).

19) The text defines psychological contract as "an individuals's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him/or herself and another party." In the lecture I stated that the key term in the definition of psychological contract is _________________.

perception

Cognitive dissonance

represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, emotions, values).

Need fulfillment

the extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs.

10) _______________ refers to the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being.

POS

4) Hedonism is:

Pleasure and sensual gratification for oneself.

Attitude towards the behavior

The degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question.

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB)

behavior that harms other employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders; has a strong negative relationship with job satisfaction.

Equity theory

builds on the notion that satisfaction ties to how "fairly" an individual is treated at work; managers must interact with employees and monitor their perceptions of fair treatment.

Self-enhancement (1st Bipolar)

concern for the welfare and interests of others (universalism, benevolence).

Onboarding programs

help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization.

Role modeling desired behaviors is an effective way to impact the ________ of others and increase ________ norms about doing work.

intentions, subjective

The most significant contributor to withdrawal cognitions is low levels of ______________ _______________ .

job satisfaction

Turnover has a moderately strong, negative relationship with _____ _____ .

job satisfaction

One of the simplest tools a manager can use to change behavior is referred to as the _______ _______ ________ .

lever of information

18) In the lecture I stated that organizations have values too. I asserted that you can tell an organizations real values by ________________.

observing the behavior of the organization.

Conservation (2nd Bipolar)

order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change (security, conformity, tradition).

Psychological contracts

represent an individual's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him- or herself and another party; an employee's belief's about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization.

Attitudes

represent our feelings or opinions about people, places, and objects, and range from positive to negative.

Met expectations

represent the difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, and what she or he actually receives.

Employee motivation

represents a psychological process that arouses our interest in doing something, and it directs and guides our behavior.

Value attainment

satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important values.

Disposition/ genetic components

the fact that some coworkers remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied.

Job involvement

represents the extent to which an individual is personally involved with his or her work role.

The positive outcomes of job _____ _____ include motivation and job involvement.

satisfaction

Flextime

giving employees flexible work hours that allow people to come and go at different times, as long as they work the normal number of hours.

Perceived organizational support (POS)

reflects the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being; the idea that we are motivated by the norm of reciprocity.