Microbiology Module 2

True or False: Isotopes are elements with the same atomic weight but different atomic number.

False

True or False: Oils are more saturated than fats.

False

The name given to the -COOH group of an amino acid

carboxylic acid group

All of the breaking-down reactions/process of the cells of an organism

catabolism

An atom of potassium, whose atomic number is 19, is more likely to become (a cation or an anion)?

cation

What is the name given to any positively charged ion?

cation

How many electrons are in the outer energy level of an electrically neutral atom of oxygen?

6

What is the molecular weight of C2H4O2?

60

A food product label lists the following information. Carbohydrate 5g., Protein 3g., fat 4g. per serving. How many calories per serving would this product contain?

68

At pH ___, the concentration of acid equals base.

7

What type of bond is formed by the transfer of (an) electron(s)?

ionic

Which of the following is a disaccharide that is produced by the combining of glucose and galactose?

lactose

What is the name of the theory, or hypothesis, that describes how an enzyme works, or bonds specifically with, its substrate?

lock and key

To become stable, an atom will always attempt to fill it's ____

outer energy level of electrons

Collagen and keratin are examples of which basic type of protein?

structural proteins

In DNA, adenine always bonds to which complementary base?

thymine

If an atom had the atomic number 14 and atomic mass of 27, how many (protons, neutrons, and electrons) would it contain?

(14,13,14)

The smallest protein consists of about ___ amino acid units.

100

If chlorine has the atomic mass/weight of 35 and the atomic number of 17, what is the number of neutrons in an atom of chlorine?

18

How many energy levels (shells) are in an electrically neutral sodium atom?

3

What is the atomic mass/weight of an atom with 23 protons, 24 neutrons, and 25 electrons?

47

A total of how many electrons are needed to fill the outer shell of most atoms?

8

Which of the following is the energy carrier compound for living organisms?

ATP

This structure is composed of nucleotides and encodes the cell's genetic information

DNA

___ are usually composed of protein and aid in chemical reactions without being used up.

Enzymes

All carbohydrates are composed of:

H, C, O

Complete the following exchange reaction: NaOH + HCl -->

NaCl + H2O

Complete the following reaction: NaOH + HCL -->

NaCl + H2O

Which functions in protein synthesis?

RNA

Identify the two men that first described the structure of a DNA molecule

Watson and Crick

NaCl, when dissolved in water, would dissocate into NA+ and Cl-. What term would refer to NA+ ?

a cation

Which of the following occurs when the sequence of amino acids is changed? a. The protein is changed to a different protein. b. Nothing happens! c. You will have a weaker protein. d. You have a stronger protein. e. changes in sequence never occur.

a. The protein is changed to a different protein.

Which of the following is not a major class of organic compounds? a. fat b. carbohydrate c. lipid d. nucleic acid e. protein

a. fat

A pH of 3 means that a solution is:

acidic

What is the organic base that is found in ATP?

adenine

What is the name given to any negatively charged ion?

anion

Which of the following is a hydrogen isotope with a mass of 3? a. 3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons b. 1 proton, 2 neutrons, 1 electron c. 3 protons, 2 neutrons, 1 electron

b. 1 proton, 2 neutrons, 1 electron

Which of the following is not a steroid? a. vitamin D b. chlorophyll c. Cortisone d. cholesterol

b. chlorophyll

Using the periodic table, identify the element whose electrically neutral atom has 2 energy levels with 2 electrons in the outer energy level.

berylium

If you denature a protein, you have

broken the hydrogen bonds within

Which of the following is not a part of a nucleotide? a. a 5 carbon sugar b. a base unit c. a carboxyl group d. a phosphate group

c. a carboxyl group

Which of the following is not always contained in a lipid? a. carbon b. hydrogen c. a metal d. oxygen e. covalent bonds

c. a metal

Which contains no histones? a. ATP b. RNA c. prokaryotic DNA d. eukaryotic DNA

c. prokaryotic DNA

We get most of our food energy from

carbohydrates

Insects and some fungi contain the polysaccharide:

chitin

The shape of most protein molecules may be described as

conformations

Carbon will typically form a ____ bond(s) with other atoms.

covalent

This is the type of bonding characterized by sharing of electrons

covalent

The bond between amino acids is a/an?

covalent bond

Guanine always bonds to _____ in a DNA molecule.

cytosine

A peptide bond: a. is formed by dehydration synthesis b. can be broken by hydrolysis c. holds monosaccharides together in chains d. both a & b e. both b & c

d. both a & b

Enzymes are ____. a. proteins b. catalysts c. inorganic d. both a & b e. both a & c

d. both a & b

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? a. acid b. base c. sodium chloride d. iron e. Epson salts

d. iron

Which of the following molecules has a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophylic portion? a. glucose b. glycerol c. amino acid d. phospholipid e. porphyrin

d. phospholipid

The process of removing the amino group from amino acids is referred to as

deamination

Identify the process by which water is removed so that larger organic molecules are formed from smaller molecules.

dehydration synthesis

If a protein's shape is changed, it has been ____

denatured

Which of the following is incorrect? a. DNA is a double stranded molecule b. RNA can self replicate c. RNA has one more Oxygen atom per nucleotide than DNA d. DNA bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine e. DNA cannot self replicate

e. DNA cannot self replicate

ATP: a. contains ribose b. is a high energy molecule c. has phosphate groups d. contains adenosine e. all of the above

e. all of the above

A major function of proteins is: a. structural material b. enzymes c. antibodies d. pigments e. all of these

e. all of these

In which of the following is the element and its number of bonds paired correctly? a. H-2 b. C-3 c. N-1 d. O-4 e. none are correct

e. none are correct

The sugar fructose is composed of a. glucose and galactose b. glucose and glucose c. sucrose and maltose d. maltose and lactose e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Which of the following is not formed by the dehydration synthesis of only glucose molecules? a. maltose b. starch c. glycogen d. cellulose e. sucrose

e. sucrose

A particle with a negative charge and low mass is a/an:

electron

Most biological energy is involved with exchanges of the:

electron

A chemical reaction that absorbs or requires the intake of energy is a/an ___ reaction.

endergonic

Lipids are primarily important as

energy storage molecules

What type of reaction is demonstrated as A +BC --> AC + B or AB + CD --> AD + CB?

exchange

Cholesterol is:

found within the membranes of cells that do not possess a cell wall

The part of an organic compound that has a predictable reaction or solubility is called the _____ group.

functional

The most common and energetically useful hexose is:

glucose

The only carbohydrate capable of directly producing energy by cellular respiration is ____.

glucose

Sucrose is composed of ______.

glucose and fructose

All triglycerides must contain esters of fatty acids and:

glycerol

Which of the following is not type of carbohydrate?

glycerol

Fats are best described as being composed of

glycerol and saturated fatty acids

The type of bonds that links the monosaccharides in maltose, starch, or glycogen molecules

glycosidic

An endotoxin is associated with some

gram negative cell walls

What type of bond is found between the bases in the DNA molecule?

hydrogen

The two strands of DNA are held together by:

hydrogen bonding

Which of the following would break large molecules into smaller components with the re addition of water?

hydrolysis

Which term refers to the "water loving" nature of the phospholipid head?

hydrophylic

Fructose and glucose are _____

isomers

What is the name that refers to atoms with the same atomic number but with different atomic masses/weights?

isotopes

A triglyceride is an example of a:

lipid

What is the measurement of the amount of matter contained in an object?

mass/weight

Which type of reaction may be used to aid ph balance?

neutralization

Both RNA and DNA are known as which of the following types of organic compounds?

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are composed of basic units called

nucleotide

What are the subatomic particles on which the atomic number is based?

protons

The cleaving of the bonds within the fatty acids by microbial action is referred to as

rancidity

The type of bond that links amino acids together

peptide

Which of the following is the type of lipid that is the basic component of cell membranes?

phospholipid

The extra- chromosomal DNA in a cell that codes for ancillary functions

plasmid

Glycogen, a major nutrient reserve of animals, is an example of a ______.

polysaccharide

The sugar that composes part of the ATP molecule is

ribose

Which term refers to a pair of shared electrons?

single covalent

Glycogen is most similar to ____

starch

Carbon

usually forms four covalent bonds

An acid and base will react to form a salt and:

water