Midterm Exam Review

How did Bacon's Rebellion confirm the fears of colonial plantation owners and illustrate the purpose of the slave codes enacted in the 1660s? How did the slave codes help solidify the construction of colonial America's idea of race?

Bacon's Rebellion showed that indentured Europeans and enslaved Africans could, and would, come together to fight their oppressors. Colonial plantation owners must have known that they would eventually be overthrown. The slave codes helped solidify the construction of colonial America's idea of race by drawing a more emphasized line between indentured Europeans and enslaved Africans. You were shown more favor if you were white, which only devastated the enslaved Africans more than before.

Even though some Latinos are physically indistinguishable from whites, they are not able to reap any of the benefits of white-skin privilege.

False

White people in the United States share in white privilege equally.

False

Ann Ferguson argues that the use of Black English or African American forms of expressiveness will get children in trouble in school.

True

Both blacks and whites are over-represented on television shows

True

An example of social media being used in a way to reveal and counter stereotypes is through the: a. "successful black guy" meme b. Butterfly c. "biracial buddy" d. wise man

a. "successful black guy" meme

African Americans have a higher unemployment rate than whites. If someone were to make the argument that African Americans are more likely to be unemployed because African Americans tend to be lazy, this would be an example of a. cultural racism b. biological racism c. color-blind universalism d. systemic racism

a. cultural racism

Many scholars make a distinction between ______, which permitted the enslavement of Africans, and _______, in which it is no longer acceptable to make overtly racist statements, yet racial inequality persists: a. new racism; old racism b. institutional racism; systemic racism c. old racism; new racism d. systemic racism; institutional racism

a. new racism; old racism

1 out of 1 points In explaining U.S. American history, Dina Gilio-Whitaker defines the term ______ as an "imposed structure [that is] characterized by relationships of domination and subjugation that become woven throughout the fabric of society" and whose objective is to acquire indigenous territories and eliminate the native people via biological warfare, military domination and/or national policies of assimilation. a. Settler Colonialism b. Chattel Slavery c. Symbolic Violence d. Naturalization

a. Settler Colonialism

W. E. B. DuBois argued that white workers received a psychological "wage of whiteness" by: a. developing working-class solidarity with recently freed black slaves b. seeing themselves as white, thereby aligning themselves with the dominant group c. forming strong labor unions that included blacks, Asians, and Mexicans d. All of the above

b. seeing themselves as white, thereby aligning themselves with the dominant group

Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be incarcerated than whites because: a. Blacks and Latinos use drugs at higher rates than whites b. The criminal justice system is racially discriminatory c. Blacks and Latinos commit more serious crimes than whites d. Public defenders are better equipped at representing white clients

b. The criminal justice system is racially discriminatory

What strategy aided Irish workers in both securing their positions within the labor force and eventually becoming white? a. joining forces with Mexican and Chinese laborers to demand better working conditions b. forming labor unions which excluded black workers from membership c. converting from Catholicism to Protestantism in order to better identify with their white bosses d. starting their own businesses and hiring black workers

b. forming labor unions which excluded black workers from membership

Although slaves were emancipated in the 1800s, this period also marked the beginning of a new understanding of race known as: a. indentured servitude b. scientific racism c. genealogical discrimination d. ancestral biases

b. scientific racism

Passed in the 1600s, laws aimed at distinguishing the social status of European indentured servants from that of African slaves were known as the: a. Virginia common laws b. slave codes c. fugitive slave laws d. servitude acts

b. slave codes

The form of slavery that developed in the North American colonies was unique in each of the following ways, EXCEPT: a. slavery was permanent b. slaves were not allowed to learn how to read or write c. slaves could only marry other slaves d. slaves had no legal rights

c. slaves could only marry other slaves

Systemic racism encompasses a diverse assortment of racist practices, inequalities, and ideologies. It includes: a. patterns of unjust impoverishment of non-whites b. vested group interests of whites to maintain racism c. routinized discrimination against non-whites d. All of the above

d. All of the above

__________ is a name with Biblical origins that has come to signify an oversexed or hypersexual black woman. a. Sapphire b. Vamp c. Mammy d. Jezebel

d. Jezebel

What type of ideology would scholars of race describe as today's most pervasive racial ideology? a. biological b. cultural c. systemic d. color-blind

d. color-blind

Early laws addressing naturalization indicated that only whites or blacks could become citizens, without indicating who is considered "white." Which two Supreme Court cases demonstrated the extent to which whiteness was "whatever the Court says it is"? a. Mendez v. Westminster and Brown v. Board of Education b. Plessy v. Ferguson and U.S v. Wong Kim Ark c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke and Springer v. United States d. Takao Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind

d. Takao Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind

Colonists' initial justifications for using African slaves were based on: a. genetics b. race c. anthropometrics d. religion

d. religion

Colleges are the one place where blacks report encountering no microaggressions.

False

Compared to the United States, definitions of race in Latin America are much more rigid.

False

Current depictions of non-whites in film, television, and other media show no trace of the stereotypes that existed in the early twentieth century.

False

In the 1600s, people in the Americas would have distinguished themselves according to their race, including "White," "Black," or "Indian."

False

Race is based on biological distinctions.

False

The majority of African Americans in the United States have white and/or Native American ancestry, yet most identify as blacks, not as multiracials.

True

The status of slaves varied across societies, with some slaves being adopted into the family, allowed to marry, or even owning property.

True

Today whites have 20 times the wealth of African Americans and 18 times the wealth of Latinos.

True

When Italians began migrating to the United States, they often faced discrimination and were even lynched on occasion in the South.

True

A person must consider themselves to be racist in order to be influenced by racist ideology.

False

Although nuanced stereotypical depictions of non-whites still exist in modern media, they are not harmful.

False

Asian Americans are the one non-white group that doesn't face discrimination.

False

The Emancipation Proclamation demonstrated a change in American attitudes toward white superiority, with supporters such as Abraham Lincoln calling for social and political equality between whites and blacks.

False

The U.S. Census consistently uses the same racial categories in order to allow for comparisons from one Census to the next.

False

The boundaries of whiteness are clear and fixed.

False

Throughout its history, the United States has offered unequivocal citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.

False

When people of color are the creators of popular media, non-whites are always depicted in less stereotypical ways.

False

Define race. Explain sociologists' argument that race is a social and historical, rather than biological, construction.

Race is defined by the text book as a social construction to describe a group of people who share physical and cultural traits, as well as a common ancestry. Consequently, it can be stated that race is more of a modern way of classifying people. The reading in Chapter 1 suggests that the concept of race was developed by Europeans in order to justify colonization and slavery. Therefore, it is much more social and not at all biological.

Who is Hattie Carroll? Explain the relevance of her murder to that of Trayvon Martin's. Identify what the author means by arguing that the dream for racial justice is continuously being deferred?

She was an African-American barmaid who was killed by a white man named William Zantzinger. Both she and Trayvon Martin were killed without good reason by white males. Neither Zimmerman nor Zantizinger were properly punished for their murders. The author means that even now, decades after the civil rights movement, there is still a lack of racial justice. Many people continue to hope that because "times are changing," the judicial system will begin to treat all races with equality. However, outcomes such as in Trayvon Martin's case continue to occur, which defers the dream for racial justice.

Audit studies have shown that blacks are less likely than whites to be interviewed, and once interviewed, to get a job.

True

Both white privilege and class privilege work so well, in part, because they are largely invisible to those who have it.

True

Elites strategically extended more privileges to white servants as opposed to black slaves in order to prevent the two groups from joining forces in rebellion.

True

It was during the Great Depression that Anti-Mexican sentiment intensified, leading to mass deportations of Mexican immigrants.

True

Media portrayals of non-whites may partly explain why so little is being done about racial disparities in a nation that values equality and democracy.

True

Mexicans were defined as white until the twentieth century.

True

Most Arabs on television are portrayed as foreign, instead of Arab American.

True

Native Americans continue to have a unique legal position in the United States— they are both citizens of the United States and of the tribes to which they belong.

True

If in the same scenario as the question above the aunt instead responded with: "I don't mind if he marries a black woman, but you have to think about the children," which rhetorical strategy would she be using? a. projection b. covert language c. prefacing discriminatory actions d. concealment

a. projection

A white student is recommended for a gifted program over an equally qualified black student. This decision constitutes: a. racial discrimination b. racialization c. racial prejudice d. racial advocacy

a. racial discrimination

Laws prohibiting blacks from marrying whites, from enrolling in the same schools as whites, and from living in white neighborhoods were all included in a. the Jim Crow Laws b. the Internment Protocols c. the Color-blind Laws d. Naturalization Laws

a. the Jim Crow Laws

The ______________was the first major piece of immigration legislation, targeting one specific group based on race and class. a. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act b. Immigration Act of 1917 c. Johnson-Reed Act d. United States Naturalization Law of 1790

a. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

English colonists' justification for the treatment of Native Americans was distinct from justifications for African slavery in that: a. Native Americans were seen as hindering white expansion b. Native American rebellion was less of a threat than African slave rebellion c. Native Americans were considered superior to blacks d. Native Americans were vital sources of labor

a. Native Americans were seen as hindering white expansion

What did Peggy McIntosh mean when she described white privilege as an "invisible knapsack"? a. That white privilege is like having a package of unearned advantages, which you are meant to be oblivious to, but can use on a daily basis. b. That white privilege is like an object that makes you invisible to discriminatory practices in the labor market. c. That as long as a person "looks white" their actual race will be invisible, allowing them to take advantage of opportunities reserved for whites. d. Whiteness has its privileges, but it also comes with an invisible weight that whites must carry.

a. That white privilege is like having a package of unearned advantages, which you are meant to be oblivious to, but can use on a daily basis.

H. H. Goddard believed that feeble-mindedness was inherited. To test his theory, he administered intelligence tests to immigrants as they arrived at Ellis Island, finding that many received low scores. What was problematic with Goddard's method of testing intelligence? a. The tests were given to immigrants who barely spoke English b. The type of intelligence test he administered was unreliable c. Goddard only tested female immigrants d. Children under the age of 10 were excluded from testing

a. The tests were given to immigrants who barely spoke English

Why were the methods used by scientists such as Samuel George Morton problematic? a. They were biased by the expectations of the scientists. b. The scientists did not have enough subjects to prove their theories. c. The technology needed to properly test their theories did not yet exist. d. The scientists were under political pressure to find certain results.

a. They were biased by the expectations of the scientists.

The idea of race as a classificatory system: a. is a modern invention b. has existed since ancient times c. stemmed from Europeans' first interactions with people in Africa, Asia, and India d. developed in response to slaves captured after European conquests

a. is a modern invention

_______ is a sociological explanation for how racial inequality is created and reproduced. a. Color-blind universalism b. The sociological theory of racism c. The "abstract liberalism" frame d. Racialization

b. The sociological theory of racism

In debates over the Trayvon Martin case, some people argued that racism isn't a problem anymore. They pointed to President Obama as proof that race does not affect life chances for people of color anymore. This example demonstrates which frame of color-blind racism? a. abstract liberalism b. minimization of racism c. cultural racism d. naturalization

b. minimization of racism

All three Latina stereotypes identified by Debra Meskin have what characteristic in common: a. vulnerability b. sexuality c. intellect d. compassion

b. sexuality

The _____________ allowed for the forcible displacement of thousands of Native Americans. a. Indian Act of 1876 b. Indian Removal Act of 1830 c. Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 d. Indian Land Act of 1860

b. Indian Removal Act of 1830

Eugenicists advocated the selective breeding of Americans and the sterilization of the biologically unfit as a way of creating a superior breed of people. Eugenics proponents based their ideas on the belief that: a. intelligence is the driving force behind leadership b. intelligence and moral traits were inherited c. intelligence was affected by conditions in the womb d. intelligence could be learned over time

b. intelligence and moral traits were inherited

The depiction of successful blacks in television shows, such as the Cosby Show, helped to: a. reduce stereotypes about African Americans b. show that successful blacks do not experience discrimination c. make white Americans feel less racist because they liked the black characters d. All of the above

c. make white Americans feel less racist because they liked the black characters

____________ consists of policies, laws, and institutions that reproduce racial inequalities. a. Systemic racism b. Structural racism c. Institutional racism d. Individual racism

c. Institutional racism

Latinos on television are most often portrayed as: a. pimps and thugs b. gardeners and laundry men c. law enforcement officers and criminals d. domestic workers and clerks

c. law enforcement officers and criminals

Michael is white and he brings his black fiancé home for Thanksgiving dinner to meet the family. After the couple leaves, Michael's mother asks his aunt what she thought about his fiancé. The aunt responds with: "I'm not a racist but, wouldn't it be better if he married a nice white girl?" Which rhetorical strategy did the aunt use to justify her racial prejudice? a. projection b. covert language c. prefacing discriminatory actions d. concealment

c. prefacing discriminatory actions

Racial discrimination is frowned upon in the United States. However, individual racism persists through: a. racial affirmations b. racialization c. racial microaggressions d. racial advocacy

c. racial microaggressions

Andrea Smith argues that anti-black racism, genocide, and orientalism are the three pillars of: a. Neoliberalism b. racial dominance c. white supremacy d. ethnic hegemony

c. white supremacy

What do The Bell Curve, Race: The reality of human differences, and Jason Richwine's dissertation about Hispanic immigrants all have in common? a. Each work describes a different way in which intelligence testing has been used to discriminate against people of color. b. All of these works provide evidence disproving the belief that intelligence is inherited. c. All of these recent works trace their intellectual origins to early-twentieth-century eugenicists. d. Although many people have disagreed with the claims presented in each of these works, no one has been able to discredit the evidence they present.

c. All of these recent works trace their intellectual origins to early-twentieth-century eugenicists.

According to the reading by Roediger, in the early to mid-Twentieth Century, all of the following groups EXCEPT _______ were regarded as "not-quite-white-ethnics": a. Jewish immigrants b. Irish immigrants c. Asian Indians d. Southern Europeans

c. Asian Indians

Roediger discusses the epilogue of the following author's Autobiography and how the author predicts that European immigrant children will learn the word "******" as their first English word. Roediger discusses this example to help explain how the "not-yet-white-ethnic" became white. a. John Bukowczyk b. James Baldwin c. Ella Baker d. Malcolm X

d. Malcolm X

______ is the idea that racism has been part of the United States since its founding and that it continues to be reproduced through various institutions, such as the educational system and the criminal justice system. a. Cultural racism b. Biological racism c. New racism d. Systemic racism

d. Systemic racism

Almost all victims of police brutality are black or Latino. a. systemic racism b. structural racism c. institutional racism d. individual racism

d. individual racism

The media often portray Arab cultures as backward, barbaric, patriarchal, and in need of Western civilization. This portrayal works to: a. undermine support for U.S. foreign aid in Arab countries b. prevent Americans from helping oppressed Arab women c. challenge previous understandings of Arab-American relations d. justify foreign interventions

d. justify foreign interventions

Which of the following methods were used to deprive blacks of political equality following Reconstruction? a. Blocking roads to ensure that blacks were unable to vote b. Locating polling places far from black communities c. Implementing literacy tests for potential voters d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The ___________ limited naturalization to immigrants who were "free white persons," thus making it important to address "who is white." a. The 1887 Dawes Act b. The Immigration Act of 1917 c. The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 d. United States Naturalization Law of 1790

d. United States Naturalization Law of 1790

Racism refers to: a. the belief that races are populations of people whose physical differences are linked to significant cultural and social differences b. the belief that innate hierarchical racial differences can be measured and judged c. the practice of subordinating races believed to be inferior d. all of the above

d. all of the above