Midterm shmidterm

UN Charter & Duties

-"We the peoples" -Create an org for the peoples of the world, not the states -Duties: save people from war, reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, -promote social progress and better standards of life (in response to great depression) -elevates human rights and socio-economic development along with traditional war and peace

LoN 2 Basic Principles

-10 total 1. Member states must respect and preserve territorial integrity and political independence of others 2. Aggression of 1 state will be countered by acting all together as LoN

Calls to Reform

-1950s, any crippling content was due to cold war, when it ended hopes to multilateral world -Resurgence of nationalism (US, Turkey, Philippines, Brexit. Increased # of failed states, # of humanitarian crises, revived effort of peace keeping) -UN we have is unequipped to deal with 2017 world

History of NGOs

-20 century, states weren't dominant, until cold war -1914-33, Economic (bretton woods) and security lockdown -Communication technologies. Terrorism. 3rd wave of democracy, maybe interest in funding NGOs

China

-5 and last perm member of UN security council -trajectory is different, didn't used to be active in international politics. actively sought not to be involved -after revolution, gov in taiwan held seat in China until 1971 -1990 went from a passive role to an active one - Doesn't want to upset current system but wants to to gain power. If US loses influence, that's okay

Brazil

-A strong voice in developing world -More collaboration, Pushing regionalism, Elevate collective influence through BRICS

Regional Groups of Gen Assembly

-Africa -Asia -Latin America/Caribbean -Eastern Europe -Western Europe + others -Above reflect world circa 1945, groupings now shifting

Criteria for an IGO

-At least 3 states as members -Created by a formal agreement -Formed by states but have their own members -Decisions are often made separate of the state

English School

-Borrows a little from realism, liberalism, constructivism -You can create theory by combining some main ideas -Realists and liberals correct on large focus on states -There is an order but also some competition -Critical feminism and social constructivism believe current order is not set in stone. Realism believes it is

Germany and Japan

-Both greatest losers post WWII -Since WWII, no military role in international system Influence didn't starrt until 30 yrs ago -Members of international criminal court (US, Russia, China are not). Indication if country believes multilateralism is important -Both paid more than needed to specialized agencies -Important in global orgs, not global powers bc no military presence -Germany, with france, heavily invested in EU. Recognizes need for US but EU could play a bigger role

Hegemonic Stability

-Britain was hegemon pre WWII, then US became it -Some realists fear we're headed into a multipolar world bc then there's no one to take the lead -Hegemon's selfish interest to maintain stability bc no one benefits more than the hegemon -Focuses less on military issues and more on economic development

International Regimes

-Broadened concept of I.I.s to consist informal rules and procedures but no central management, norms rules and decision making of NPT - for example

Structural Realism

-Build on notion of self-help -Most important aspect of system: it's anarchic -Relative gains (slice of the pie is set. what am i making relative to you)

Organizational theories view on NGO

-Businesses -Where's the funding from? How do they operate and how do we understand them like businesses

Civil Society vs NGOs

-CS: broader, orgs inside and outside the state advocacy groups (ie unions, lawyers, doctors, commerce, religious groups) -NGOs: elite-run with links to citizens whose behalf they claim to act upon

Reason Why NGO/IGO relationship Relationship Exists

-Capacity (NGOs have more) -Quell Public Opposition -Increase legitimacy (both ways. ago interest can be too special) -Grant access to promote democracy -Money (states cut igo funding) -Issues of how they compete for their influence (compete in same market)

Globalization 3.0 (2001)

-China joined WTO -Globalization 1.0 and 2.0 from one hegemon to another, but now we're in a multilateral world

UN Security Council

-Collective security is a better organizing mechanism than balance of power -Purpose is not to take us to heaven but to prevent us from going to hell -15 members : originally 11. 5 permanent members: GB, USA, Russia, China France -veto power, special ass position compared to others -nominated by non-permanent members but general assembly votes. big states repped more often -any amendment must be approved by both gen assume and security council

France

-Core member of UN security council, nukes, relations with former colonies, ICJ (similar to GB) -Differences from GB: not as enthusiastic about NATO, less military more political. Not as ready to rally behind US with military force abroad, FR core founding member of EU, GB skeptical from the start -defense should be all EU, whereas GB thinks we need NATO and US

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

-Created international system how we know it. Brough end to 30 yrs war -"How do we cooperate to enforce these rules" mentality shift -Whatever territory that a sovereign is in charge off, the king or queen is the superior decision maker. Had the right to choose the religion of the country -The treaty of Westphalia marked the end of religious rule and beginning of secular states. 1648-post 300 yr war -state sovereignty, borders, sole entity within state has control of military forces

"Globalization 2.0" Walker

-Divides globalization into 3 phases: 1. Globalization 1.0 (early 1800s) 2. Globalization 2.0 (1944-45) 3. Globalization 3.0 (2001) -global governance system evolved because of globalization

NGO's sources of funding

-Donations from individuals, foundations, other orgs -EU pays NGOs to lobby it basically to increase legitimacy -States (democratic funding NGOs)

League of Nations

-First permanent org dealing with war and peace -Hague and CoE institutionalize regular meetings, but LoN had headquarter and staff -Collective security -Real Politik: recognition WWI winners, permanent members and veto powers -Doomed to fail bc US didn't join -Focused on peace, not economy. So when great depression hit, League proved useless

Public International Unions

-Functional International Orgs (ITU, UPU). Leading orgs in late 1800 -Opened up GG from just important people to low-level bureaucrats -Foundations for international bureaucracy -Stamps, business and trade

Functions of NGOS

-Gather and publicize info -Frame issues for public consumptions -Create mobilized nets -Public participation -Policy change Promote new norms -Interaction of igos/ngos

UN Secretary General

-Generally small countries. Not controversial -Nominated by sec. Council and approved by gen assemb -Power as sec gen is not because you actually have power, it's from your diplomatic skills

How do IOs Work?

-Information (improves cooperation bc reduces uncertainty) -Alignment of states interests and compliance (the more you invest in the institution the more likely you are to comply with it) -Reciprocity and reputation (want to join bc enhances your rep) -Support (centralization of collective activities and independence to act with autonomy) -Ideas (norms have to buy into these, epistemic community) -Leaders (push to enter IO)

2 Big points about Globalization

-It's not consistent. Stops and goes -Has not effected people equally. Implications vary

India

-Large population largest democracy -"Country with potential" 20 yrs ago, but still haven't fulfilled it...still on the trajectory tho -Nonalignment position. You don't have to pick a side

Dependency theory

-Latin American perspective is different than European/North American -See the world in lenses of rich and poor: countries, not people like marxism -Global North and Global South -Colonized see world differently than colonizers -Main drive: Industrialized country trying to keep their economic superiority at the backs of developing countries -Industrialized countries have developed a system that screws developing over

PIL Treaties

-Legally binding -Bilateral or multilateral -States act on a voluntary basis, but legally bound if they do sign it (why paris agreement was hard to get people to join) -Now a global governing power to punish states for not following treaties -Nothing in place to enforce PIL, GG system is main trust

Social Constructivism

-Liberalism and realism don't pay enough attention to the origin of ideas -States ideas and identities are not given. They are formed with time and can change and differ -if we collectively want to change the sovereignty principle, we can -describing and explaining. Other theories are too limited because assumptions are too rigid

Globalization

-Links distant communities and expands reach of power relations across regions -the more interdependence with globalization, the more need for GG

United Nations

-Modeled after LoN with fixes where it went wrong -Atlantic charter in declared it -Could only act with unanimous decision. Needed permanent members but only majority from non-perm

UN ECOSOC

-Necessary after Leagues failure of great depression -Body set up to coordinate UN actions of economic and social issues -Majority of $ spend by UN is spent by ecosoc -Meet 2 month each yr. Alternate ny and geneva -non-binding resolutions. Encourages UN to focus on issues and push issues up agenda -human development, environment, UN peace keeping

Critical theory view on NGO

-Ngos theories of dominant classes in the world -North vs south, big vs small, using NGOs to keep power

Great Britain

-Not as important as US, debatably on par w Russia -Perm member of UN security council too, has nukes, but importance comes from close relationship with US -Commonwealth, countries used to be part of UK but now close connections (specialized trade agreements) (not as big global presence as US but more contacts than russia) -UK unlike US can't go alone. Stress importance of multilateralism -Brexit can give them a role in WTO and Global Stage that they couldn't do when part of the EU

Russia

-Nukes, veto power in UN, economic muscles to flex -All seats USSR had went to russia -Since end of cold war, US fared better than Russia. USSR had more power and now US has global leadership that Russia doesn't -US army is the only one with a global presence -From global power to regional -US doesn't follow int law always, but Rus has violated neighbors sovereignty more

International Organizations

-Operates in multiple countries, forum for discussion, policy making, structure -But way more complex than this! Isis can fit under this definition

Things to consider about an NGO

-Operational NGO (functional tasks of governance. could say mafia is one) -Functional Advocacy NGO (advocacy ngo: does things, functional ngo: influences ideas) -Geographical Scope (May or may not coordinate with each other. Local may not communicate with international. Vertically vs horizontally organized) -Membership (States and other NGOs, Bc states don't coordinate, you have layers of NGOs trying to coordinate. Regulate themselves with other NGOs, i.e. rainforest alliance)

PIL, Legal writings

-PIL is static. Looks different now than back in the day -Responsibility to Protect Sovereignty Principle (main point of GG) -Country has obligation to set its own laws etc -Works well except for dictators

Transnationalism

-Process through which non-state actors work together across state borders (ie NGOs, TANS, global civil society)

Emergence of IOs

-Protection of security and sovereignty (westphalia) -More inclusion of states (hague conferences) -Mercantilism (increased trade) -"Enlightened" ideas of norms and behavior -Democracy -Internationalism

5 major functions of NGO/IGO relationship

-Regime implementation and consultation -Lobby for and against policies Surveillance of international activities -International program implementation -Participate in decision making (early alliance reading)

The Hague System (1899/1907)

-Replaced Concert of Europe, operate along IUs -Countries outside of europe included for first time -Relied on Public International Law rather than balance of power -Settle agreements in court, creating a bureaucracy -1907 meeting created PIC. Creating bureaucracy

NGOs Matter but not inherently good!

-Represent special/specific/private interests

3 Golden Issues for IOs

-Representation -Accountability -Transparency

Concert of Europe (1815-1870)

-Role was to prevent war -Only 8 great powers -Balance of power -Multilateral meeting -Great powers didn't go to war, but small did -The practice of periodic multilateral meetings among major european powers for the purpose of settling problems and coordinating actions

4 Things About UN That Should Be Reformed (Weiss)

-Sacrosanct State Sovereignty -Processes Trump Results -North-South Issues -Turf Battles

Rational Choice

-See states as selfish but inherently rational actors -State makes a list of pros and cons -Pro of attacking country? Benefits and costs? If benefit outweighs, then do it -Lack of uncertainty and potentially high transaction costs -Having organisations help reduce some uncertainty but don't rely on them

USA

-Size, population, resources. One of the few that has nukes -Post WWII, most active powers in internatinoal orgs -1945-65, key driver for creation of many orgs -1965-1980, that changed -9/11 onwards, many instances where US put unilateralism over multilateralism -Key discussion: where to strike the balance between unilateralism and multilateralism -"American dilemma"

International Institutions

-Smaller less powerful states use international institutions and coalitions to be heard (10-11) -different from IOs (rules governing politics and IOs that help implement those rules) -NPT is a set of rules and limits combined with IOs that help implement them

Social constructivist view on NGO

-Sources of new ideas, organs of idiational change -Land-mine treaty traced back to NGOs

Middle Powers

-South Africa, Nigeria, Canada, Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, South Korea, Nordic Countries -Tend to have shared strategies with major powers but because they're middle powers need to recalibrate strategies -Multilateralism (Could be seen either as they're good neighbors or they don't have another option) -Compromise positions (tend to compromise more than major powers, can't say my way or the highway) -Coalition Building (If can propose something for a group of 50 countries, people would be more interested to hear bc ur a coalition) -UN Peacekeeping (If they say multilateralism is important but it fails to succeed, people won't listen. Need to help UN's success)

UN Secretariate

-Staff and bureaucracy. 40,000 people -Head of Secretariat: secretary general of UN

Actors in Global Networks

-Stated and IGOs -NGOs -Expert networks -Partnerships (states joining ngos to create vaccines) -multinational corporations

Liberalism view on NGO

-States and NGOs/IGOs most important actors -Change how we think about the world

4 Ways of UN Reform (Karns and Mignst)

-Structural reform of the security council -Coordination and management -Secretariat -Financing

Types of NGOs

-Transnational nets -Expert Networks/Epistemic Communities -Foundations and Thinktanks -Multinational corps -Public/Private Partnerships -Social movements

Parts of PIL

-Treaties -Customary Practice -General Principles of Law -Previous legal decisions -Legal writings

Globalization 2.0 (1944-45)

-US took the stage. Architect behind LoN, bretton woods, etc -Both UK and US were more powerful military powers in the region

UN Trusteeship Council

-We're in a process where more and more countires coming out of colonial rule -Many of these will initially be very weak -So, should be UN body that helps countries establish domestic institutions when they come out of colonialism

Liberalism

-a reaction to realism, in many ways -individuals -cooperation through International Law -interdependence -think realists overplay military power and underplay other issues -promote democracy to avoid war -collective security -nonstate actors and intergovernmental orgs

General Assembly (UN)

-all countries have 1 seats 1 vote -designed as a discussion forum, not an action forum -runs from mid september to end of december -particular country is president of gen assembly each year. rotate, alphabetically usually -6 functional committees -soft law -most resolutions passed by consensus bc can't argue

What Global Governance is not

-an international government -on a basic level the anarchic system works, we haven't had nuclear war in 70 yrs we've had them

PIL General Principles of Law

-are there any commonalities among different nations legal systems -can make a decision from here

Public International Law (PIL)

-backbone of GG system -can predict there will never be a global gov within this century. Anarchic -Rules by states for states.

Globalization 1.0 (early 1800)

-britain was dominating actor. Industrialized earliest. Trade increase led by UK -Modern trade agreement with france -Lost dominance WWI

Neoliberal Institutionalism

-complex interdependence (the more transnational connections, the better) -absolute gains (instead of relative gains. engage the pie, now more resources to share) -don't behave as realist predicts (able to cooperate more)

IGOs

-contain at least 3 states as members -have activities in multiple states -created by a formal agreement

Functionalism

-create institutions to help our functional needs -gradually expanding international cooperation overtime -public goods theory -countries can come together and provide benefits. don't need hegemon to do this

Marxist Theory

-economic issues are the main drivers -capitalism -don't see states as independent actors like liberalists and realists do. see them as tools -international treaties are not there to help workers get paid more, they help trade brokers make deals

Reasons for Rise of Global Governance

-globalization -technological change -switch to multipolar (?) world -transnationalism

PIL Customary practice

-if two states have a border dispute, court would look at PIL to see who is right. -If no treaties on it, look at customary practice. Behavior pattern with situations like this in the past

Realism

-individuals -self help -states are primary actors, by far -power politics (military only) -balance of power -all states are the selfis -not immoral -realism is about the system we have, and how we're stuck with it

Critical Feminism

-look at world from gender perspective -inherent bias toward bias within international system. realism is masculinity on steroids -major critique: international system prioritized male world order over feminist -language and discourse matters (peacekeeper is your own missile)

5 Parts of Global Governance Definition

-many actors -many issues -diverging interests -interdependence -continuing and evolving process

Small powers

-most of worlds countries are small powers -networks (middle use it to enhance power, small do it to survive -Small island states (climate change is direct threat to survival, approach to international system from disadvantaged point) -Major and many middle powers put more $ into system than take out. Small states -Development assistance -Middle powers have more significant role on significant issues

States - Increasing or decreasing influence?

-not as powerful as they once were -some countries stronger with globalization (i.e. china)

NGO

-private voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations who came together to achieve a common purpose -Not a state actor but does things like a state on an international level

6 Main Bodies of UN

1. General Assembly 2. Security Council 3. Ecosoc 4. Secretariat 5. International Court of Justice 6. Trusteeship Council

Varieties of Global Governance

1. International Structures and mechanisms (IGOs, NGOs) 2. International Rules and Laws 3. International norm, "soft law" 4. International Regimes 5. Ad hoc groups, arrangements, global conferences 6. Private and private-public hybrid conference

League Organs

1. The Assembly (all members have a seat, main decisions, 60 members) 2. The Council (smaller body to react to collective breach of security faster than the assembly. 4 permanent members, some countries have more say than others, council and veto relationship made collective security hard) 3. The Secretariat

Realism view on NGO

Ignores NGOs. Can always trace them back to a states interest. Reflect US and European interest

UN International Court of Justice (ICJ) (5 Body)

Located in Hague -15 judges. Serve for 9 yrs Key part: non-compulsory jurisdiction Icj there for countries who want to go to court for int law but cannot be forced to to -China agreed to go to court with phillipines but when rules against them they said nah (allison) -US and nicaragua. this more easily

World System Theory (subgroup of Dependency Theory)

System is 3 groups: core (developed), semi-periphery (some industrialization, chile and argentina), periphery -groups don't change (except south korea cause US let them in w trade agreements) -everyone wants to move up but others don't benefit -new international economic order (complained developing countries are underpaid when selling raw materials and overcharged when finish goods sold back to them) -no solution

Evolution of Global Governance

Treaty of Westphalia 1. Concert of Europe (1815) 2. Public International Unions 3. Hague System 4. League of Nations

Global Governance

a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.

Is Global Governance working?

no nuclear war, no great depression since 2008, global poverty is decreasing