Midterm Study Guide 202510 U.S. Government POS-2041-14913
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Abolitionist Movement
Movement to end slavery
Concurrent powers
Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.
American trust in government
Public trust of government has declined
Politics
Refers to conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of governments
Government
Refers to institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people areruled
Attitudes/opinions
Some attitudes may be short-lived; Other attitudes may change over a few years.
Devolution
That it allows states to be innovator and experimenters of policy
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The 1819 Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland is used as a precedent in many subsequent cases that deal with the scope of federal power and the relationship between the federal government and state governments:
Civil rights fights of different groups in the U.S
The Black Panthers. Founded in Oakland in 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey P. ... Chicago Housing Activists. ... Citizen's Council. ... Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) ... The FBI and the Civil Rights Movement. ... Fisk University. ... Howard University Student Protesters. ... The Klu Klux Klan.
Polko v. Connecticut (1937)
The Supreme Court explained the process for determining which parts of the Bill of Rights would protect individuals against states as well as the national government.
Political efficacy
The belief that ordinary citizens can affect what government does
Public opinion
The collective attitudes or opinions that peoples have about policy issues, political events, and elected officials
States rights
The end of dual federalism was blow to advocates of states' rights
Articles of Confederation
The first written constitution of the United States• Ratified by all the states in 1781• Primarily concerned with limiting the powers of the central government• The state governments retained their "sovereignty, freedom, and independence
Intergovernmental relations
The relationship between different different governments within a single country
The right to privacy
The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government.
Amendment 15th
The right to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color, previous servitud
Dual federalism
The system of government that prevailed the United States from 1789 to 1937
Necessary and proper clause
"all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution
Equal protection clause
14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Free exercise clause
A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.
Social Movements
A large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change
Simple random sample
A method used by pollsters to select arepresentative sample in which everyindividual in the population has an equalprobability of being selected as a respondent
Marging error
A polling error that arisesbased on the small size of the sample
Sampling error
A polling error that arisesbased on the small size of the sample
How to ratifying & amend the constitution
A proposed amendment must be passed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, then ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states.
Federalism
A system of government in which power is divided by a constitution, between a central government and regional (state) government.
Shay's Rebellion
A violent insurrection in the Massachusetts countryside during 1786 and 1787
Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
Amendment 14th
All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US
Bill of Rights (1st-1oth Amendments)
Amendment I. Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly. ... Amendment II. Right to bear arms. ... Amendment III. Quartering of soldiers. ... Amendment IV. Search and arrest. ... Amendment V. Rights in criminal cases. ... Amendment VI. Right to a fair trial. ... Amendment VII. Rights in civil cases. ... Amendment VIII. Bail, fines, punishment.
Social desirability effects
Arise when respondents in a survey report whatthey expect the interviewer wishes to hear ratherthan what they believe
Establishment clause
Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.
regulated federalism
Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
Constitutional Convention debates
Debates on equal versus proportional representation, the future of slavery, and the type of executive to be created.
Boston Tea party
Disagreements between the British and the colonist over taxation continued December 16, 1773
Types of grants-in-aid
Funding from the federal government given to state and local governments
Founding Father/Framers
George Washington , Alexander Hamilton, James Wilson and Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
a founding document of the United States that announced the separation of the 13 American colonies from Great Britain
political knowledge
a general understanding of how the political system works, and who runs the government
Antifederalists
a political group that opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1787
Political Speech
a speech focusing on an issue relating to government
Democracy
a system of rule that permits citizens to play asignificant part in the governmental process.
Amendment 13th
abolished slavery
Hate speech
any communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of characteristics
Liberals
are those who generally support social and political reform,governmental intervention in the economy, more economic equality,expansion of federal social services, and greater concern for consumersand the environment.
Conservatives
are those who generally support the social and economicstatus quo, are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas andeconomic arrangements and believe that a large and powerful governmentposes a threat to citizens' freedom.
Socialists
argue that more government is necessary to promote justice andto reduce economic and social inequality.
identity politics
as a mode of categorizing, are closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed
Values and Beleifs
basic principles that shapea person's opinions about political issues andevents
Cooperative Federalism
blends state and federal powers, resembling a marble cake rather than separate layers of authority
Inside vs. Outside strategies
cultivating relationships with existing government officials—and "outsider" tactics—grassroots lobbying and demonstrations designed to pressure officials
De jure vs. De facto
de jure, legal concept that refers to what happens according to the law, in contrast to de facto (Latin: "from the fact"), which is used to refer to what happens in practice or in reality
Women's Rights Movement
diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and '70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women.
Separation of Powers
each branch had checks on the others and had different constituencies to whom they were responsible
How to measure public opinion
elections, polls
Civil rights (examples)
equal access to schools, careers, marriage, housing, pay - all independent of one's race, age, gender, or sexual orientation.
Civil Rights Movement (major events, Civil Rights Acts, Voting Rights Act of 1965)
equal rights for African Americans and for an end to racial segregation and exclusion
Disinformation
false information purposely disseminated, usually by a government, for the purpose of creating a false impression
civil liberties examples
freedom of speech freedom of religion freedom of association the right to a fair trial
Political power
influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies
U.S. criminal justice system
is a key civil rights are in need of reform
Citizenship
is a political knowledge
Liberty
is key to the idea of limited government
Commercial speech
is subjected to limited regulation
The role of slavery
lower than the lower class that are so important to the economy; owning a human being, most are prisoners of war, often tipped for their services, usually not permanent,
Home rule
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
Implied powers
powers that are not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution, but are are necessary to carry out the powers that are.
reserved powers
powers that are not given to the federal government by the Constitution and are instead reserved for the state.
Affirmative action
programs seek to redress past injustices against specified groups
Connecticut (Great) Compromise
promised the creation of a bicameral legislature composed of the House of Representatives and the Senat
Civil Liberties
protect people from undue government interference or action
1st amendment
protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
due process of the law
referes to the right of every individual against arbitrary action by national or state governments
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
ruled that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in federal court
Police power
state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals
Federalists
supporters of the Constitution
The New Deal (1930s)
that the national government gained vast new powers
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
the 14th Amendment requires all states to license marriages between same-sex couples and to recognize all marriages that were lawfully performed out of state.
Supremacy Clause
the Constitution and federal laws (of the types listed in the first part of the Clause) take priority over any conflicting rules of state law.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
the Supreme Court case that had originally upheld the constitutionality of "separate, but equal facilities" based on race
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
the Supreme Court ruled that Virginia's anti-miscegenation law violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses:
Comity clause
the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of the citizens of other states
Equality
the ideal that allpeople should have the freedom
political socialization
the inductionof individuals into the politicalculture; learning the underlyingbeliefs and values on which thepolitical system is based
The three branches of government
the legislative branch (makes the law), the executive branch (enforces the law), and the judicial branch (interprets the law).
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Popular sovereignty
the political theory that the government is created by and is subject to the will of the people
Expressed powers
the powers of the national government explicitly listed in the Constitution
Justice
the quality of being just and fair
shared powers
the states played a much more active role in economic and social regulation than the federal government
Pluralism (Group politics)
the theory that all interests are, and should be free to compete for influence in government
Libertarians
want government to be involved as little as possible in both theeconomy and society
