Mini Exam #1 Study Guide

What was the Dark Period of Nursing?

(1500-1860) -Nursing seen as a menial position -nursing conditions at worst -women came from illiterate classes, too few to serve, immoral, alcoholic, rough, inconsiderate -low-status position -bribes from clients, involved with them -no social standing

What is the leader role?

A nurse influences behaviors of others within their environment in a way that will facilitate the establishment and achievement of shared goals. -EVERYONE, constantly lead

What is the advocate role?

A nurse protects patient's human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights. TRUST AND RESPECT, fight for pt, bond

Chadwick Report

Edwin Chadwick (1837) -death rates high in large industrial cities -more than 1/2 children of labor-class workers died by 5 -Laborers lived 1/2 as long as upper classes -1848: first board of health for England -sewers, fireplugs, available water supply

What happened in the Americas "The New World"?

First Hospitals The Chadwick Report The Shattuck Report

When giving a bed bath...

NEVER FULLY UNDRESS pt

What is the researcher and innovator role?

Nurses are in a position to best understand the needs of patients and the profession. -collect data and provide EVIDENCE

What is indirect care?

Nurses working on behalf of the client -insurance company, social work, nurse manager

ANA

Professional- the protection of emotion, etc.

Inpatient vs. outpatient

Pt in hospital (inpatient) Not overnight (outpatient)

Nursing as an art

committed to compassion, artful Tx, dignity

What happened in the Industrial Revolution?

(mid-1700s) Widespread reform Increased people = increased germs and disease -increased stress, child labor, injury -urban life, trade, industrialization-> health hazards -John Stuart Mill (1800s): more humane care of sick, poor, wounded -religious orders of Catholic Church, service to sick and disenfranchised -EPIDEMICS -Chadwick and Shattuck Report

What is APA?

APA style is a guideline for professional and scholarly writing. APA style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences, including NURSING! APA Style was first developed 80 years ago by a group of social scientists who wished to establish sound standards of communication. The rules of APA style are designed to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material. Currently on the 6th edition

What is an example of a Book cited?

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter for first word in subtitle. Location: Publisher.

What are the roles of the professional nurse?

Caregiver Communicator Educator Advocate Manager Leader Collaborator Researcher & Innovator

What must nurses do?

DELEGATE, give people things to do but still be responsible, supervise

What is important with self-care?

Do not forget to sleep Do not forget to eat, well-balanced meals-not just Red Bull or caffeine! Get some form of exercise, go outside and get fresh air, or just change your scenery for a little while Make time for these things...balance is very important!

What is direct care?

Involves personal interaction between nurse and client WITH PATIENT

Shattuck Report

Lemuel Shattuck (1839): American Statistical society and census of Boston (1845) -high infant and population mortality rates -1850: outlined findings on unsanitary conditions, made recommendations for public health reform -developing monitoring system about env, FDA, disease control -Child care, health, immunizations, mental health, education on health for all -vision for public health

Rehab Facilities...

Shorter term, less expensive, PT/OT/Speech

What are the Nursing Models of Patient Care?

Team Nursing: 1940, best pt care (esp long term), nurses that do different things (fragmented), not holistic (miss things), usually RN, CNA, LPN now depending on facility, poor communication= miss care -teamwork and resources together Total Patient Care: Primary Nurse Model; 1920s: you do EVERYTHING! -autonomy, same nurse, salary usually, 4 days pt care, 1 day not, seen in ICU, PACU, L+D, better communication, very costly, no delegation Case Management: pt timeframe, what to send home, referrals outside, home care, social worker, etc., not direct pt care, but supervises

What is the collaborator role?

Teamwork and collaboration are competencies expected of health professionals. -Open and mutual communication, shared decision-making

Ambulatory Care Center...

not overnight, outpatient care and day surgery

Nursing homes...

people who cannot care for self, LIVE here, CNAs take care of, Nurses give meds and do wound care, usually will send pts to ER or call doctor

Community/PH centers...

usually in large communities

Hospitals used for... and levels

very sick, broad Tertiary (3): Brigham, BMC- has Doctors, ER, OR, Residents, trauma centers (BIG) Secondary (2): ICU, ER, internist, anesthesiologist w/doctor, call surgeons and other doctors, call specialists Primary (1): may not have ER, 1 doctor or on call, send pts to level 2 or 3 usually if serious

What is an example of an article cited?

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

What is main body grammar and spelling?

Voice of the paper: use personal pronouns and active voice "The author" rather than "I" (except in personal reflection papers) "The teacher asked a question." rather than "The teacher was asking..." Language and wording: clear, concise, and plain Avoid vague wording More is NOT always better Always capitalize proper nouns, people, and places Spell out any acronym or abbreviation the first time you use it and identify the abbreviation, ex: United States of America (USA). Then you can use just the abbreviation for the remainder of the paper. Proofread and Spell Check!! Most software notifies you of misspelled words and/or grammar mistakes-don't ignore it! Have a friend proofread your paper to catch things you might miss

What do you use for in-text citations with direct quotes?

When using a direct quote: Always use quotation marks around quote Include author, year, and page number (print) or paragraph number (online resource without a page number): (surname, year, p. ##) ex: To help prevent bed sores, Nightingale comments, "where there is any danger of bed-sores a blanket should never be placed under the patient" (Nightingale, 1890, p. 83)

What is some other info on in-text citations?

You should be citing the original source of the information. For example, if it is something discussed in class you would cite the textbook, not the professor. When using a direct quote longer than 40 words: Do not use quotation marks Indent ENTIRE quote by 0.5 inch margins, both sides; include page number in indented paragraph at the end of the quote When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

What are some stress management recommendations?

You want a little stress Do not focus on the stress...figure out what is causing the stress and focus on one thing you can do to help Maintain balance...it can't be all nursing all the time! Find friends or a support person...do not suffer alone! Procrastination...not your friend; just giving something 15 minutes of your time, rather than skipping it, will help you stay on top of your assignments/studying/reading Time management...PRIORITIZE! Ask yourself "What is the best use of my time at this moment?" **RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT**

What happened in the Reformation?

(1517) Religious changes saw decrease in nursing care (rise in Protestantism) from nuns and increase in community care -abolition of monastic or cloistered career -Monastic institutions (hospitals, schools) closed, and order of nuns (nurses) dissolved -leaders were aware of lack of nurses-> community chest, public hospitals (laywomen as nurses) -diff to find, judges gave prostitutes, intoxicated women, and poverty-stricken women going to jail, poorhouse, or working in public hospital -public hospitals filthy, lacked training, motivation, or qualified

Who was Florence Nightingale?

(1820-1910) -"angel of mercy" -God called her to be a nurse -Industrial Revolution: starvation and suffering -collected public health data and hospitals -vowed to nurse training at 31 at Kaiserworth The Lady with the Lamp: walking to take care of Crimean soldiers Synonymous with Modern Nursing: nursing went beyond sick care, social reform to promote good Crimean War Hero: reformed military health, English General Hospitals, Sir Hebert asked her to go with 38 nurses (3000-4000 men in place designed for 1700), clean dressings, clean bedding, good food, proper Sani, fresh air

What happened in the Roman era?

(31 B.C.-A.D. 476) -Greek culture strong, protect citizens with laws Galen of Pergamum: greatest physician after Hippocrates, medicine evolved to science -PROMOTE NURSING -mobile war nursing unit, portable hospital -nurses were usually family members, servants, or slaves -strengthened position, SEP and DISTINCT specialty -massive aqueducts, bathhouses, and sewers

What happened in the Middle Ages?

(A.D. 476-1453) REVERSAL: transition between ancient and modern civ -myth, magic, religions were explanations and cures -Nursing influenced by Christianity (deaconesses: female servants), ministering needs -forward step in nursing -Roman military hospitals replaced by civilian ones -LOTS OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE -deferring to church for diseases -nursing roles by religious orders -Hotel-Dieu -deaconesses who chose to care for others in a life of servitude and spiritual sacrifice Religious figures carried out nursing care The Black Death: bubonic plague- 1300s: Europe, Asia, Africa saw nearly 1/2 populations lost -More than 60 million deaths worldwide -Nurses and Doctors powerless -3 days=dead -avoidance of victims and isolation

What happened in the Greek era?

(B.C.) Asclepsias cured disease Hygeia: goddess of preventative health (protect humans from disease Panacea: universal remedy, ultimate cure-all medicine Hippocrates of Cos: sickness is natural, not god-inflicted phenomenon "father of medicine" -arrangements of oral and written remedies and diseases -balance between mind and body (humans vs environment) Empedocles of Acragas: same 4 elements that made up universe were found in human and in all animate beings -man was microcosm Plato: importance of recreation Iliad: poem, 140 diff wounds -need for nursing care (Achilles, Patroclus, etc nurses to injured) -no wound=evil spirit

First Hospitals in Americas

-Hospital de la Purísima (1524) Hernando Cortez Mexico -Manhattan (1658) for care of sick soldiers and slaves -(1717): Boston- hospital for infectious disease -Charity hospital in New Orleans -1600s-1700s: colonial hospitals house poor an downtrodden -pesthouses=contagious diseases -1720: LE was 35 -1751: True hospital of new colonies in PA -1800s: disgraceful, dirty, nursing inferior

What do you use for in-text citations when paraphrasing or summarizing?

1-2 authors: Include author or authors' last name(s), year of publication, and separate by comma: (surname, year) ex: The environment is an important factor to help patients heal (Nightingale, 1890). 3-5 authors: list all authors for the first citation; any subsequent citation use just first name followed by et al. ex: (Robbins et al., 2018) 6+ authors: use only first author and et al. for all citations

What is included in the current nurse?

3.8 million Roles of the Nurse: research, quality care, compassion Qualities of the Nurse Characteristics of a Profession: evidence-based practice Nursing in the 21st Century: increase in aging pop 1 in 5 over 50 have 1 chronic illness, >80, several chronic illnesses, increased health costs

What happened in the Classical era?

>4000 yrs ago Egyptian physicians and nurses use over 700 remedies 1000 B.C. drainage systems, herbs, preserve dead Hebrews= hygiene code, laws, food+water (Jewish Contribution) Mesopotamian Area= disease and disability=curse -"deserve it" -atonement for sins, grievous acts against gods -Nursing care by family member or relative needed

What is the manager role?

A nurse establishes an environment for collaborative patient-centered care to provide safe, quality care with positive patient outcomes. -manage pt care, personnel, policies, budget, coworkers, adequate staff

What is the educator role?

A nurse explains, describes, demonstrates, and reinforces aspects of the patient's medical care. You also evaluate the patient's understanding. -family, communities, other coworkers

What is the caregiver role?

A nurse helps patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level of function and independence. -physical, spiritual, emotional, mental, psychosocial needs of pt

Why use APA?

APA uses in-text citations which allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. Clear and concise writing allows the author to get their ideas and points across and makes it easy for the reader to follow. APA style also shows the credibility of writers by showing accountability to their source material. Most importantly, use of APA style can protect writers from plagiarism--the purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit.

How do you format a reference page?

Any resource you cited with an in-text citation in your paper also needs to be included on your reference page. How to format the reference page: Center the word References at the top of the page. Do not bold it. Alphabetical order by authors' last names Includes title in top left-hand corner and page number in top right-hand corner Double-spaced First line remains left-aligned, subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches Use OWL APA website or citation generation websites for each of the various sources of information. Different sources have different ways to cite them, for example: Books, textbooks Articles from magazine or journal versus newspapers Electronic sources Non-print sources, such as interviews, movies, etc.

What are some clinical tips?

Arrive early so that you are prepared and ready to go Proper dress: hair pulled back, clean scrubs, minimal make-up, nails clean and trimmed, minimal perfume Be engaged and interested: seek out opportunities to help and ask questions Chart/note writing in professional nursing: Be Precise, Be Objective, Remember your critical audience https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/1012/01/ Networking at clinical: Observe the culture of the unit, learn what you do and don't like for your first job If you like the unit and would consider a job there, introduce yourself and work with ALL staff members, not just your clinical instructor Introduce yourself to the nurse manager, say thank you, maybe drop off a resume Don't burn bridges...especially in Boston; we are a small town and people talk

What is an example of an online periodical cited? (doi or website)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

What should you do with Nursing Exams?

Before the test: Get a good-night's rest, eat something, remember your supplies, arrive early so you don't feel rushed and cause increase stress Attend a test-taking workshop with Dr. Christian; repeat at the beginning of every semester if it is offered Practice...NCLEX review books, apps, questions in your textbook After the test: Try to jot down the topics that were on the test, especially what you had trouble with; this will help you study for cumulative finals Request to meet with your professor to review the test, see what AND WHY you got it wrong.

What are Simmons expectations of you?

Communication Do not hesitate to contact your professor with any questions of concerns you may have. It is better to reach out sooner than later. If you need any type of academic assistance or disability assistance...it is your responsibility to make an appointment with the Disability Office and your responsibility to present your professor with the letter. Professionalism Nursing is not just a job, it is a profession and career. You need to embrace this quality and characteristic into yourself and your nursing practice. Honesty/Integrity You are not learning this information just to pass "a test" and the boards; you need to know this information for your profession, for your patients, and for your license...so cheating will NOT HELP you in the long run.

What is the communicator role?

Communication is essential for all nursing roles and activities. -good relationship with pt and family, active listener with reciprocation, talk with how pts understand

What should you ask in class?

Do... Ask professors for clarifying examples or clinical stories Make sure you have a clear question, not vague Don't... Ask what is going to be on the test or final...this is nursing school it is all important, it could all be on the final, and you might need to know it all for the NCLEX or for the future patients you care for! Ask questions that have already been covered...pay attention in class

Definition of Nursing

Evidence-Based practice with equal care where you advocate on the behalf of the patient -focus on pt healthcare, family, environment of people -maintain, attain goal, recover to optimal health, help with QOL, die the way they like

What are some test taking tips?

Read the instructions! Don't make silly mistakes... Make sure you have an answer for every question Make sure you don't have any stray marks Unleash the knowledge: flip your test over and jot down any formulas, calculations, or mnemonics Process of elimination... Cross out any answers that make no sense Cross out any answers that contradict basic nursing knowledge Watch out for answers that have 'absolute' words, i.e. never, always-these answers are seldom correct If stumped, go back to ABCs: airway, breathing, circulation; Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and safety!

What were Nightingale's Accomplishments?

Public Awareness for Nurses: send nurses home for alcohol or character weakness, came back with honor and dignity, respected and noble profession Political Reformer: copious notes, hierarchical admin structure with ultimate control in one person to be reported to, attention of Parliament Military Reforms: overhaul administrative structure of military health, reformation of career nursing, Notes on Hospitals (1860), recommendations to US, sanitary commission The Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas: soldiers and donations-> 50,000 pounds, beginning of prof nursing, 40 years old, Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not, handpicked students (good moral character, sober, honest, 1 year program, autonomy, AGAINST standardized exams Community & Wellness: "health nursing vs sick nursing", healthy society, William Rathbone: first visiting nurse service, district community nursing, train more nurses, future of healthcare preventative in nature, paid salary nurses

What are some preparation tips?

Get yourself organized. Find, create, or buy some type of planner; fill it in and actually use it! Consider making assignment deadlines two weeks earlier so that you can have a friend review it for you, or bring it to the writing center. Scheduling small amounts of reading/studying each day, rather than saving it all for one marathon day...or night, keeps you prepared and on top of the material. It also always you some free time each day for life balance! Ask former students about an instructor's teaching and testing style before taking that course. Having some knowledge about the course will help with your expectations. Attendance: as Nike says "Just do it." You are paying a lot of money to hear us talk-get your money's worth! According to the Student Handbook, it is the STUDENT'S responsibility to notify the professor of any absence. Read Powerpoint Slides before class so you know what to expect. Compare them with what you read in your textbook for an even better understanding. This gives you a great foundation of knowledge going into class so you can ask appropriate questions about material you don't understand.

How are headings formatted in the main body?

Headings are used to separate and identify the thoughts, ideas, and/or content you have in the different sections or paragraphs of your paper. Example of headings used in a sample paper on slide 11 Use online resources or your professor for further clarification.

What are facilities that nurses work in?

Hospital Extended Care Facilities Nursing Home Rehab Centers Assisted Living Facilities Ambulatory Care Center Home Healthcare Agencies Community/Public Health Centers Independent Living Facilities

Assisted Living...

Houses and apartments to purchase

What should you do in class?

Introduce yourself to your instructors. You don't want to just be a "face in the crowd." Pay attention Try not to sleep...if you are tired-bring drinks or snacks to keep you awake, step out to take a quick break/walk Ask questions...valuable ones Consider recording the lecture Taking notes...pen & paper - research has shown that physically writing notes vs typing on your laptop helps you remember better

Who were important women in U.S. nursing?

Mary Mahoney: first AA nursing school grad 1879 from NE Hospital for women and children Margaret Sanger: nurse on Lower East Side NY worked with immigrant families-> taught about birth control: Planned Parenthood Lillian Wald: Nutting and Jane A. Delano, recruit young women to enter nurses training. CREATED PH NURSE TITLE, Mary Brewster and Henry Street Settlement: independent nursing service in NY Elizabeth Tyler: African American nurse hired by Wald, found AA families in need, Wald hired second nurse because of need Dorothea Lynde Dix: Horrendous conditions in prisons and MH institutions, humane treatment of insane and imprisoned, nursing army recruits in Civil War Clara Barton: ratify Treaty of Geneva in 1882 for American Red Cross, Spanish-American war in Cuba, Army Nurse Corps

What is U.S History of Healthcare & Nursing?

Nursing Education: 1862, NE Hospital for women and children First nursing schools: Bellevue (NYC), CT training (New Haven), Boston Training (MGH), University of Minnesota 1909 The First Century: Goldmark Report establishment of Universities for Nursing training, Brown Report quality and Structure of Nursing schools American Journal of Nursing: Mary Adelaide Nutting, Lavinia L. Dock, Sophia Palmer, Mary E. Davis, 1900 American Nurses Association: Isabel Hampton Robb-> Nurse's Associated Alumnae-> ANA Lavinia Lloyd Dock: women's roles to women's movement World War I and the influenza Epidemic: 1917, need for nurses, global conflict, increase in PH awareness, 1920 nurses with military rank Need for more nurses: Army School of Nursing: Annie Goodrich, home nursing and hygiene through Red Cross, military nursing Science & Health Care 1945-1960: sulfa drugs, cardiac drugs, surgeries, treatments Technology and scientific advances: medicine, Hill-Burton Act for funds to increase hospital construction Expansion of private insurance companies The "baby boom" generation: increase in birth rate Male nurses entered the profession: minority Revolution, Protest, & the New Order: 1961-2000 Social changes: women's movement, Vietnam conflict, civil rights, "great society" social reforms, increased consumer involvement in HC New specialized roles: NP, CICU, Nurse anesthetist, clinical specialist Health care Reform: MEDICARE AND MEDICAID (1965), health care for older adults, poor, and disabled, primary care providers, NPs managed

What is the definition of Nursing?

Nursing as an art and a science! "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge." ~Virginia Henderson

What is the future Nurse?

PATIENT-CENTERED raising educational levels and competencies of nurses, increase access, quality, and safety of patient care -federal coverage, access, and control of HC costs

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is copying someone else's work and submitting it as your own. This can include, but not limited to: using other people's ideas, research, or verbatim written words not properly quoting or citing references summarizing and paraphrasing (using your own words to describe the original text) without citation using your own words from previous papers in multiple different classes or papers Cheating and Plagiarism are major violations of the Simmons College Honor Code; repeated offenses could result in exclusion from the College. Golden Rule: If it is not your own thought or you read it somewhere... INCLUDE THE CITATION!!! Citation includes the in-text citation AND including the source on your reference list

What are the methods of healthcare delivery?

Primary: health promotion, screening to keep pts well, with preventative services, checking BP, cholesterol, prenatal care, nutrition, family planning, exercise, meds, toga, mental health, etc. Secondary: treat illness, disease, injury; acute med/surg, radiology, ICU, subacute, need services to diagnose, treat, etc. Tertiary: long-term care, care for dying, assisted living or Nursing home

How do you get the most out of your nursing textbooks?

Read them... Read them before class...then once we are in class if something doesn't make sense you can ask your professor, rather than reading after lecture-if you have a question you don't have your professor to answer your questions There is too much information for professors to cover ALL of it in class, you need to read and do some of the learning on your own Rule-of-thumb for college: for every 1 hour in class time you should be spending 3 hours outside of class reading and studying on your own

Independent Living Facilities...

Retirement homes, care of selves, have classes and fairs

How should you study?

Spread out your studying...you can't learn everything in one sitting Study harder subjects at your peak performance time Set a timer and give yourself breaks: 10 minute break for every hour of studying Avoid distractions...consider the library, reserve a study room on campus DIX Scholars: there is a commuter lounge in the MCB: C-022 You can record the lecture; then you can listen while driving, on the train, at the gym, etc. Review your notes shortly after class, this allows you to clarify anything you wrote down while it is still fresh in your mind When studying, consider writing up a summary page after each topic or section combining your notes from class, the PPP, and the textbook

Home Health...

Staff visit in home

What do you expect when you are a nursing student?

Stress... Panic... Fear... Excitement... Nervous... Relief... Writing... Reading... Studying... Managing time... Balancing life...

Nursing as a science

Systems, meds, physiology, high-tech Tx

Who are the recipients of healthcare?

The Patient/Client Individuals Families Communities Societies/ Populations (depends on role)

What happened in the Renaissance?

The first organized nursing service was founded -revival of learning -Leonardo da Vinci drew anatomy -1633: traveling nurses/nuns -Edwin Flint=germs

What are some tips for reading?

Tips for productive reading: Avoid distractions Find a quiet environment with minimal distractions Set timers, concentrate during short time intervals, then take a short break Make sure you are comprehending Highlight or underline the text as you read After each section ask yourself, "What was the take-away point?" or "How does it apply?" Takes notes while you are reading Talk to yourself while reading...Harvard's idea, not mine

What are key aspects of APA writing?

Title Page Abstract (mostly for doctoral or published; check with individual professors and/or syllabus to see if an abstract is required for your course) Main Body: grammar, spelling, punctuation, and in-text citations Reference Page

What are some studying tips?

Turn course objectives (as found in the beginning of each chapter or from the course syllabus) into questions - instant study guide! Make note cards: small and not as heavy as the textbook make them portable! Make mnemonics: http://studentnurses3.blogspot.com/p/medical-surgical-nursing-mnemonics.html https://digitalnursestation.weebly.com/med-surg-picture-mnemonics.html Attend review sessions Request a tutor Email your professor or make an appointment to ask questions Consider purchasing NCLEX review books or nursing question review apps such as PrepU, Nursing World

How is the main body formatted?

Typed Double-spaced 1" margins Use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman) Indent first line of every paragraph by 0.5in First page of main body: In header, Left, top corner (of every page): title, all-caps. This can be the title of your paper if the title is short or you can create a summary of your title. In header, Right, top corner (of every page): page number; title page = page #1, first page of main body =page #2, etc. Full title of the paper goes in the center on the first line, nonbolded, not in header