module 11: skeletal system and axial division

cervical vertebrae

-7 vertebrae -smallest -support weight of head -transverse foramina -atlas/axis

true ribs

1-7 direct via costal cartilages

floating ribs

11-12 do not articulate

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae -demifacets

Excluding the sacrum and coccyx, which are collections of fused vertebrae in adults, how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton?

24

erector spinae

3 back muscles: iliocostalis longissimus spinalis

coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae -attachment site for ligaments and muscle that constricts the anal opening

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

5

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae -protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs -attach axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae -largest vertebrae -spinous processes are stumpy

false ribs

8-12 indirect articulation

Inguinal ligament

ASIS and pubic tubercle -inguinal canal: passageway for vessels -deep inguinal ring: where vein/artery enter -superficial inguinal ring: where sematic cord exits -can lead to a hernia

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

Atlas

Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?

Atlas

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".

Atlas - axis

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

Axis

Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region? -Large size overall -Blunt spinous process -Elongated spinous process -Bulky centrum

Elongated spinous process

The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column. (T/F)

False

Improper administration of CPR could fracture which bone?

Improper compression of the chest during CPR could result in a fracture of the ribs or sternum, especially at the xiphoid process.

One section of the vertebrae tends to carry the most weight and strain, and accordingly those vertebrae have the largest vertebral bodies. Which section of vertebrae is this?

Lumbar

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

Occipital bone - atlas

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

Occipital condyles

intervertebral foramen

Opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. Allows passage of spinal nerves and vessels.

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?

Sacral

Joe suffered a hairline fracture (fracture without separation of the fragments) at the base of the dens. What bone is fractured, and where would you find it?

The dens is found on the second cervical vertebra, or axis, which is located in the neck.

List the spinal curves in order from superior to inferior.

The spinal curves from superior to inferior are the (1) cervical curve, (2) thoracic curve, (3) lumbar curve, and (4) sacral curve.

What are the five vertebral regions? What are the identifying features of each region?

The vertebral column is divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. Distinguishing features are as follows: cervical: triangular foramen, bifid spinous process, transverse foramina; thoracic: round foramen, heart-shaped body, transverse facets, costal facets; lumbar: triangular foramen, oval-shaped, large robust body; sacral: five fused vertebrae; coccygeal: three to five small fused vertebrae.

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?

Thoracic

The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region. (T/F)

True

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

transversus abdominus

action: compresses abdominal wall -deepest

rectus abdominus

action: flexes vertebral columan

ligaments

anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum flavum

atlas

c1 -permits nodding -largest vertebral foramina

axis

c2 -dens -rotating of head to shake "no"

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

secondary curvatures

cervical, lumbar -later in life; due to standing/being upright

costal cartilage

connects ribs to sternum -hyaline -ossifies when older (around 40)

spinal curvatures

curvatures of the spine or spinal column

kyphosis

curve in cervical vertebrae regions

lordosis

curve in thoracic/sacral regions

costal facets (demifacets)

helps articulate with two pairs of ribs

neurovasular structures (4)

intercostal nerves subcostal nerve intercostal arteries intercostal veins

sternum parts

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

transverse foramen

only found in the cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertaebral artery, vein, and nerve

intervertebral articulations

outer annulus fibrosus, inner nucleus pulposus

transverse process

project laterally or dorsolaterally on boths sides

spinous process

projects posteriorly and often caudally from the midline

articular facets for vertebral bodies

superior and inferior

manubrium notches

suprasternal (jugular) notch; clavicular notch

primary curvatures

thoracic, sacral innate

The major function of the vertebral body is to ________. -allow twisting motions -provide a passageway for nerves -provide support -protect the spinal cord -transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column

transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column

vertebral body

transfers weight along the spine

Which of the following can be found on cervical vertebrae only? -transverse foramina -transverse processes -laminae facets -spinous processes

transverse foramina

rib bones

true, false, floating

internal oblique

unilateral: ipsilateral rotation bilateral: flexes vertebral column

external oblique

unilateral: contralateral rotation bilateral: flexes vertebral lig. -inguinal ligament