Module 8 Book Quiz

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

Reorganization or restructuring

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

Insight refers to

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

a. the representative heuristic.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

deductive

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object.

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

opt-out procedure

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome.

prefrontal cortex; insula

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias.

status quo

A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem.

swinging

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was PRE FRONTAL CORTEX= PFC

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem