Motor Behavior Chapter 5: Movement Models

Movement models serve two main purposes: 1) Provide a conceptual ___________ by which to understand how movements are ___________ and ___________, and this enables prediction of change following interventions. 2) Provide a framework for practical use to devise more effective programs for ___________, ____________, and ____________.

1) Framework, formulated and executed 2) Rehabilitation, practice, and training

These link what is perceived and what action may take place in a process termed "perception-action coupling."

Affordances

A system always tries to maintain what kind of state? (name and define)

Attractor state: a stable and patterned state of operation

This is a motor program that produces continuous repetitive actions:

CPG (central pattern generator)

This model of motor behavior starts with the brain, uses a feedforward system to send messages to the muscles, and receives feedback from the muscles that gets sent back to the brain:

Closed - Loop

This model of motor control explains movement as an outcome of feedback-initiated reflex actions and prepatterened neural systems:

Closed - Loop

Which model of motor behavior does not require sophisticated commands from higher brain centers?

Closed - Loop

Which model does not require sophisticated commands from higher brain centers?

Closed-Loop (heterarchical, feedback)

This is a barrier or restriction that must be used, avoided, or overcome for effective movement to take place:

Constraints

In an experiment or observation, the independent variable can also be known as what? And what is the thing that changes as a result?

Control parameter Order parameter

Synergies among opposite limbs during bilateral movements are called what?

Coordinative Structures

In order to promote better functioning at a new stable state, it is often necessary to do what?

Destabilize the system

This includes the movement plan and a prediction of the sensory outcome

Efference Copy

When analyzing movement-related problems, how does understanding environmental constraints help the practitioner?

Enables the practitioner to bring those situation-specific constraints into the practice and training environment

There are different theories of what may constitute a motor command in a complex heterarchical model. What does the equilibrium point hypothesis suggest? What does the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis suggest?

Eq Pt: Suggests the commands set stretch reflex thresholds Uncontrolled Manifold: Suggests that the brain activated a series of synergistic muscle actions

Complex closed-loop models include involvement of higher brain enters but still rely on what?

Feedback Loops

The Schema Theory combines what two principles?

GMP (generalized motor programs) & Schemas

This is general representation of various motor actions, or a class of actions:

Generalized Motor Program (GMP)

Give an example of when destabilization of a system could be beneficial, and when it may not be.

Good: breaking down tissue to build more muscle Bad: Too much breakdown with not enough recovery, leading to overtraining syndrome

What do movement models help to determine?

Help to determine what and how the brain and body are trying to control movement

This type of model uses a distributed and balanced command and execution system: What other model is this closely related to?

Heterarchical Model Closed - Loop

CPGs may fall into what category of models? Why?

Hierarchical (open loop, feedforward) Because they do not require conscious thought or feedback

This model describes a systematic command structure from top to bottom: What other model is this closely related to?

Hierarchical Model Open - Loop

This suggests that motor skills arise from comprehensive sets of CNS commands:

Hierarchical models

The systems model relies on the idea that behavior and movement emerge as a function the characteristics of what three things?

Individual, Task, and Environment

What are the three different types of constraints in the systems model?

Individual, Task, and Environment

This model emphasizes that the brain sends commands to the PNS and itself through efference copy:

Internal Hierarchical Model

Constraint based information usually merges with what information to find a stable movement solution?

Internal sensory information

What 2 characteristics are stored in the GMP and schemata?

Invariant Characteristics Parameters

What happens when a system is knocked out of it's attractor state?

It will try to find a new attractor state under the new circumstances

Complex closed loops models are based on theories stating that different "levels" of command in the body. The brain is involved in these commands, but what is also essential to fulfill the command signals at each level?

Modification (feedback) via sensory information

The understanding of the relationship between the original motor commands and the actual output determines future ________ _______ in what model?

Motor Commands in the Internal Hierarchical Model

This came from the idea that the brain is like a computer and needs software to have it run efficiently:

Motor Program

This refers to the fact that for any given movement, there are numerous options for how it may be performed:

Motor Redundancy

In this model of motor behavior, the role of feedback in movement initiation and execution is minimized:

Open - Loop

This model of motor behavior starts with the brain, uses a feedforward system, and ends with the muscles.

Open - Loop

This model of motor control suggests a top-down hierarchy across CNS and neuromuscular structures in planning, executing, and initiating movements:

Open - Loop

A Feedforward model could also be called what two other things?

Open loop, Hierarchical

The initiation of movement in a hierarchical model is purely ________ loop, why?

Open, there has been no preceding movement to provide feedback

These are features that change within the GMP:

Parameters

How planning and action interact as part of the environment is known as:

Perception - action coupling

Hierarchical models can include feedback systems, but it is largely used to do what?

Prepare or modify the next movement

Synergistic actions _________ degrees of freedom and _________ CNS planning.

Reduce, Simplifies

In an internal hierarchical model, the differences between the actual movement feedback and the predicted feedback are used to do what?

Refine subsequent motor commands

Which model primarily bases it's theory on ingrained "fight or flight" actions?

Reflex Model

What are the simplest models of motor control?

Reflex Models

Bimanual transfer could be an example of evidence contributing to the:

Schema Theory

This is the longest - standing hierarchical model:

Schema Theory

This theory is good at explaining simple, well practiced movement that can have small manipulations:

Schema Theory

These are separate memory components in which movements are recognized and recalled, which are essentially the decision - making and learning processes for the GMP:

Schemas

Though CPGs are initiated and driven by nominal supraspinal commands, how might they be reinforced?

Sensory feedback

These are ensembles or grouping of muscles and limbs that work together as a functional unit:

Synergies

What is the concept that requires inherent neural pathways, muscle and limb biomechanical properties, and learned behaviors?

Synergies

What is typically seen when observing wrist out-of-phase movements transitioning into in-phase movements during rapid movements?

Synergies in muscle activation and timing

Instead of having to bring up the motor plan to do every individual action of a movement, the movement is thought of and planned to be one thing if it is:

Synergistic

These are assemblies or groups of components that together have certain features or characteristics that are task specific:

Systems

This model describes the production of skilled movement as a natural outcome of the person interacting with the environment:

Systems model

This theory is very good at explaining the emergence or learning of new behavior:

Systems model

Although Motor Redundancy provides many options for how to perform a certain movement, we can only choose one. What is this problem called?

The Degrees of Freedom Problem

How does the reflex model explain complex behavior?

The chaining together of reflex actions provides the building blocks of complex behavior

All movement models can find consensus on what three points?

The nervous system is concerned more with total movement outcomes than specific muscle actions The nervous system must take into account internal and external factors that may effect the movement goals There is some kind of hardwired, preformed, and synergistic movements that form building blocks for more complex movements in the body

The planning and initiation portions of an Efference Copy are based on what?

The prediction of the outcomes possible

CPGs are believed to be stored where?

The spinal cord

This provides a framework from which to address movement-related problems:

The systems approach

What is the period between different attractor states called?

Transition phase

What is "Searching for affordances?"

When systems determine ways to take constraints into account for movement planning and execution ex: determining a movement opportunity based on size and shape, i.e. being able to fit into a trash can to hide as a child, but not as an adult

These are features of the GMP that do not change:

invariant characteristics