N436 Evidence Based Practice EAQ
Which part of an evidence-based article includes the major themes or findings and the implications for nursing practice? 1 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Literature review 4 Manuscript narrative
1 An abstract is a brief summary that quickly tells whether the study is research-based or clinically based. This part of the evidence-based article includes the major themes or findings and the implications for nursing practice. The introduction contains more information about the purpose of the article. The literature review offers an argument about what led the author to conduct the study or report. The manuscript narrative is the middle section, which differs according to the type of evidence-based article it is (that is, a clinical article or a research article).
The nurse designs and conducts an informational health campaign and then measures the outcomes of the campaign. Which type of research practice did the nurse perform? 1 Evaluation 2 Descriptive 3 Exploratory 4 Experimental
1 Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. The nurse is conducting an informational health campaign and measuring the outcomes of the campaign, which indicates that the nurse is engaged in evaluation. Descriptive research measures the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Exploratory research is designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena. In experimental research, the investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable.
The nurse researcher decides to complete a study to evaluate how Florence Nightingale improved patient outcomes in the Crimean War. This is an example of which type of research? 1 Historical 2 Evaluation 3 Exploratory 4 Experimental
1 Historical studies establish facts concerning past events. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Exploratory research is designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationship among phenomena. Experimental research involves studies in which the researcher controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable.
The registered nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about quantitative nursing research. Which statement made by a student indicates effective learning? 1 "It focuses on statistical analysis." 2 "It focuses on nonnumeric data." 3 "It includes research methods such as grounded theory." 4 "It provides an opportunity for patients to share their experiences."
1 Quantitative nursing research is the study of nursing phenomena that offers precise measurement and quantification. It focuses on numerical data, statistical analysis, and controls to eliminate bias in findings. Qualitative research focuses on nonnumeric data. Qualitative research methods include ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory. Qualitative research provides an opportunity for patients to share their experiences.
The nurse has to read many articles while doing research. Studying the full text of a research article to determine whether the article is relevant to the nurse's own research can be tedious. Which section of a reference article would aid the nurse in learning about the study in brief? 1 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Literature review 4 Methodology section
1 The abstract of an article summarizes the purpose of the article and briefly states the methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. This gives a brief overview of the research. The nurse should read the abstract to find out whether the research article is an appropriate reference for the study. The introduction states the purpose of the article in detail but gives no information about the study results or the conclusion. The literature review provides a detailed background of the level of science or clinical information that exists about the research study. The methodology section only explains the process by which the research was conducted.
Critiquing the evidence is one of the most important steps in the process of implementing evidence-based practice. Which is the most important information required while critiquing evidence? 1 Are the findings clinically applicable? 2 Can the findings be applied in a different patient group? 3 Are the findings applicable to patients of a different ethnicity? 4 Do the findings provide better treatment alternatives than conventional therapy?
1 The most important information required while critiquing research is whether the findings of the research are clinically applicable and scientifically relevant. Of lower priority when critiquing the research are questions such as whether the findings of the research are applicable to a different group of patients or to patients belonging to a different ethnicity, and whether the findings of the research provide better treatment alternatives than conventional therapy. Unless the clinical applicability of a research finding is confirmed, it cannot be applied to any patient group.
The nurse caring for patients in an inpatient unit asks a clinical question using a PICOT format. What does C stand for in a PICOT question? 1 Comparison of interest 2 Client who is admitted 3 Care provided 4 Current diagnosis
1 There are five elements of a PICOT question. P stands for the patient identified by age, gender, ethnicity, and disease or health problem. I stands for intervention of interest. C stands for comparison of interest. O stands for outcomes, and T stands for time. C does not stand for client, care, or current diagnosis.
A group of nurses are studying the research on nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which outcomes are nursing sensitive? Select all that apply. 1 Prevalence of restraint use 2 Prevalence of pressure ulcers 3 Effectiveness of acetaminophen 4 Patient falls with injury 5 Prevalence of heart failure
1, 2, 4 The prevalence of restraint use, prevalence of pressure ulcers, and falls of patients are outcomes dependent chiefly on the quality of nursing care. The effectiveness of acetaminophen and the prevalence of heart failure are not dependent on nursing care. They are not included in the list of nursing-sensitive outcomes.
A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with lung cancer and has a history of smoking. To find the association between smoking and lung cancer, the nurse decides to use a case-control study. Which are the requirements of a case-control study? Select all that apply. 1 Two groups are required. 2 Hospital records are sufficient for evidence. 3 One of the groups should have lung cancer. 4 One of the groups should not have lung cancer. 5 Two groups with different genders are required.
1, 3, 4 A case-control study requires two groups. One of the groups must have lung cancer, and the other should not have the disease. The hospital records are not sufficient for obtaining the evidence. It is not necessary that two groups should have different genders. Each group can have a mix of genders.
The nurse helps a researcher to conduct a study on human subjects. The researcher obtains approvals from an institutional review board (IRB). An IRB ensures that researchers follow ethical principles, including respecting the rights of human subjects. The nurse verifies that the subject has signed the informed consent. Which criteria regarding the informed consent will the nurse explain to the subject? Select all that apply. 1 Consent is voluntary. 2 The subject cannot refuse to participate in the research. 3 The subject understands how the researcher maintains confidentiality. 4 The subject is allowed to choose the treatment modality. 5 The subject can withdraw from the study at any time.
1, 3, 5 Informed consent is needed to ensure that the subject is given sufficient information about the research to enable the subject to either consent voluntarily to participate or decline to participate. The subject should understand the confidentiality of the data obtained. The subject has the right to withdraw from the study when desired. Informed consent does not limit the subject's ability to decline participation; the subject can decline participation anytime in the course of the study. The informed consent does not allow the subject to choose his or her own treatment.
The nursing student has posed a PICOT clinical question for a research study. The question that has been posed is, "How do patients with cervical cancer rate their quality of life?" Which PICOT elements does this question contain? Select all that apply. 1 Patient population of interest 2 Intervention of interest 3 Comparison of interest 4 Outcome 5 Time
1, 4 Using the PICOT format helps to ask a focused clinical question. P stands for population of interest, I stands for intervention of interest, C stands for comparison of interest, O stands for outcome, and T stands for time. Patients with cervical cancer represent the population of interest, and rating the quality of life represents the outcome. The question does not contain the other three elements: intervention of interest, comparison of interest, and time.
The nurse is learning about the characteristics of different types of research studies. Which is the chief characteristic of a case control study? 1 The study explains a phenomenon. 2 The study is performed on two groups of subjects. 3 The study groups are randomized. 4 The study groups are biased.
2 A case control study is a nonexperimental study in which the researchers study the effects of the variables on a particular group of patients. In this type of study, researchers study one group of subjects with a certain condition (e.g., asthma) at the same time as another group of subjects who do not have the condition. A case control study determines whether there is an association between one or more predictor variables and the condition. A descriptive study explains a particular phenomenon. In a randomized controlled trial, the study groups are randomized. In controlled trials without randomization, the researchers have not randomized the groups.
The nurse finds topics for research studies in different scientific literature databases. Which source is described correctly? 1 MEDLINE provides only biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. 2 AHRQ gives clinical guidelines and evidence summaries. 3 CINAHL offers free access to journal articles. 4 EMBASE includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health.
2 AHRQ stands for Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and provides clinical guidelines and evidence summaries. MEDLINE includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. CINAHL stands for Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature; it includes studies in nursing, allied health, and biomedicine at a cost. EMBASE provides biomedical and pharmaceutical studies.
A group of nurses have implemented an evidence-based practice (EBP) change and have evaluated the effectiveness of the change. What is their next step? 1 Conduct a literature review. 2 Share the findings with others. 3 Conduct a statistical analysis. 4 Create a well-defined PICOT question.
2 After completing an evidence-based practice (EBP) project and evaluating its effectiveness, the next step is to communicate the results with others. Conducting a literature review and statistical analysis, and creating a well-defined PICOT question, come before evaluation and sharing findings.
The nurse researcher is developing a research proposal and is in the process of selecting an instrument to measure anxiety. The nurse is in which part of the research process? 1 Analyzing the data 2 Designing the study 3 Conducting the study 4 Identifying the problem
2 During study design, the researcher selects instruments to measure variables. Identifying the problem comes first in the research process, after which the researcher will design the study. Once the study has been designed, the researcher will conduct the study, and then analyze the data collected.
The student nurse is documenting the similarities and differences among evidence-based practice, research, and quality improvement. Which datum documented by the student nurse is accurate? 1 Datum 1 2 Datum 2 3 Datum 3 4 Datum 4
2 Quality improvement sometimes requires IRB (institutional review board) approval. Therefore, datum 2 is accurate. Researchers may or may not be employed by the health care agency and usually are not a part of the clinical health care team, so datum 1 is inaccurate. Funding sources for evidence-based practice are usually internal, from the health care agency, so datum 3 is inaccurate. The purpose of evidence-based practice is to determine safe and effective nursing care with the goal of improving patient care and outcomes, so datum 4 is inaccurate.
The nurse researcher interviews parents of children who have diabetes and asks them to describe how they deal with their child's illness. The analysis of the interviews yields common themes and stories describing the parents' coping strategies. This is an example of which type of study? 1 Historical 2 Qualitative 3 Correlational 4 Experimental
2 The data in this study were collected during interviews; information from the interviews was used to describe common themes and experiences of the parents. These are characteristics of qualitative research. Historical research establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher. In experimental research, the investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable.
The nurse is studying the process of nursing research. Which research should the nurse classify as qualitative research? 1 Effectiveness of aspirin to reduce fever in patients with viral infections 2 Effectiveness of psychological counseling on the perception of stress in patients with chronic illness 3 Effectiveness of relaxation techniques in decreasing pain severity in cancer patients 4 Effectiveness of loop diuretics in increasing urine output in patients with chronic renal failure
2 The effectiveness of psychological counseling on the perception of stress in patients with chronic illness is the outcome variable. This variable cannot be measured; thus the study is a qualitative study. In the statement regarding the effectiveness of aspirin to reduce fever in patients with viral infections, fever is the main outcome variable. Changes in temperature can be measured; thus this study is an example of quantitative research. In the statement regarding the effectiveness of relaxation techniques in decreasing pain severity in cancer patients, pain severity is the main outcome variable. Changes in pain severity can be measured using the visual analogue scale; thus this study is an example of quantitative research. In the statement regarding the effectiveness of loop diuretics in increasing urine output in patients with chronic renal failure, urine output is the main outcome variable. The change in urine output can be measured; thus this study is an example of quantitative research.
A group of staff educators are reading a research study together at a journal club meeting. While reviewing the study, one nurse states that the study evaluates whether newly graduated nurses progress through orientation more effectively when they participate in patient simulation exercises. Which part of the research process is reflected in this nurse's statement? 1 Introduction 2 Purpose statement 3 Methods 4 Results
2 The purpose statement includes research questions or hypotheses—predictions made about the relationship or difference among study variables (concepts, characteristics, or traits that vary within or among subjects). The introduction lays the basics of the questions the researcher is asking and lays the groundwork of the study. Methods describe the steps taken to gather knowledge and test the variables. Results describe the findings of the research.
The nurse is helping a researcher conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Which characteristic differentiates the RCT from other types of studies? 1 Researchers will test a new drug with the usual standard of care. 2 When completed, researchers will know if the intervention leads to better outcomes than the standard of care. 3 Researchers will study two groups of subjects—one with the disease and another without the disease. 4 When completed, researchers will determine if there is an association between one or more predictor variables and the condition
2 When a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is completed, the researcher will know if the intervention leads to better outcomes than the standard of care. In a case control study, the researchers determine if there is an association between a predictor variable and a condition. A case control study is one in which researchers study one group of subjects with a certain condition at the same time as another group of subjects who do not have the condition.
A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with lung cancer and has a history of smoking. To find the association between smoking and lung cancer, the nurse decides to use a case-control study. Before proceeding to implementation, the nurse should obtain informed consent from the study subjects. Which are involved in informed consent? Select all that apply. 1 The patient and a family member should sign the consent form. 2 The patient should be capable of understanding the research procedure. 3 Once the patient has signed the forms, the patient must participate until the end of the research. 4 Informed consent ensures the patient that all the information of the study will be confidential. 5 The patient has the right to refuse to participate at any point of time in the research
2, 4, 5 Informed consent means that the research subjects are given full and complete information about the study, including the purpose of the study, procedures, data collection, potential harm and benefits, and alternative methods of treatment. An informed consent implies that the information rendered by the patient will be kept confidential. The patient has the right to withdraw from the study at any point in time. If the patient is participating in the study, the family members are not required to sign the consent form. Signing a consent form does not mean that the patient has to participate until the end of the research. The patient can withdraw at any time.
Which type of research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher? 1 Historical research 2 Evaluation research 3 Correlational research 4 Experimental research
3 Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher. Historical research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. In experimental research, an investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable.
A group of nurses implemented a well-designed health care program focusing on the importance of immunization across many regions in the state of California. These nurses are conducting research to determine the outcome of the program in terms of the number of children receiving vaccinations. Which type of research is this? 1 Exploratory research 2 Experimental research 3 Evaluation research 4 Descriptive research
3 Evaluation research helps to test how well a program, practice, or policy is working. The research is conducted to determine or evaluate the effectiveness of the immunization program. An exploratory study is the initial study designed to develop or refine the dimensions of a nursing phenomenon, or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among different variables. This type of study does not evaluate the effectiveness of a program or event. An experimental study is a study in which the investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable. The evaluation research does not involve the study of variables. Descriptive research is a type of study that measures characteristics of persons or situations, and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. This is not the case with evaluation research.
A group of nurses on the research council of a local hospital are measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which is a nursing-sensitive outcome that the nurses should consider measuring? 1 Incidence of asthma among children of parents who smoke 2 Frequency of episodes of low blood sugar in children at a local school 3 Number of patients who fall and experience subsequent injury on the evening shift 4 Number of sexually active adolescent girls who attend the community-based clinic for birth control
3 Nursing-sensitive outcomes are outcomes that are directly related to nursing care. The number of patients who fall and experience injury on the evening shift can be directly correlated to nursing care, and can be measured in accordance to the measures taken by nursing staff. The incidence of asthma among children of parents who smoke, frequency of low blood sugar in children at a local school, and number of sexually active adolescent girls who attend the community clinic for birth control are not directly related to nursing care.
The nurse is researching articles for a research study. Why would the nurse prefer gathering evidence from peer-reviewed articles? Choose the best answer. 1 The articles are reviewed by a group of statistical analysts. 2 The articles are reviewed by a group of nurse researchers. 3 The articles are reviewed by experts in the subject matter of the article. 4 The articles are reviewed by a group of advanced practice nurses.
3 Peer-reviewed articles are reviewed by experts in the subject matter of the article. Statistical analysts would be one part of the group reviewing the study. The experts of the subject matter vary from study to study and would be multidisciplinary; they are not limited to nurse researchers or advanced practice nurses.
Which type of research design would be helpful to determine the percentage of women who are diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction between the ages of 40 and 60 years? 1 Survey 2 Qualitative research 3 Quantitative research 4 Evaluation research
3 Quantitative research involves analysis of numbers, such as the percentage of women diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and what age groups the women belong to. The survey design examines opinions, attributes, behaviors, or characteristics of a population. Qualitative research describes information in a nonnumeric form. Evaluation research determines how well a program, practice, or policy is working.
The nurse working in an orthopedic center finds that most of the patients coming to the clinic have mechanical low-back aches. Which is the best reference in order to develop a good plan of care for these patients? 1 Psychology and related health care disciplines (PsycINFO) 2 Cochrane Database 3 National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) 4 Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
3 The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) contains clinical guidelines and care plans for a specific set of clinical circumstances involving a specific patient population. Therefore, it helps in guiding nursing actions for specific disease conditions. PsycINFO provides research study results for psychiatry-related disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews provides high-quality evidence. It includes the full texts of systematic reviews. However, it does not provide guidelines and care plans for implementation in practice. The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) is a comprehensive database helpful in providing scientific knowledge in healthcare. It does not provide detailed care plans for practice.
The nurse has conducted field research and is now writing a manuscript about the study. Which information should the nurse include in the section following the conclusion? 1 The statistical analysis of the data obtained in the research 2 The procedure or design of the research 3 The explanation of the application of the results in clinical settings 4 The explanation of the relationships predicted between various variables of the study
3 The clinical implication section follows the conclusion section and gives the information regarding the application of the research results in the clinical settings. The results section includes the information about the statistical analysis of the data acquired through research. The methods or design section of the research explains the process by which the research was carried out. The purpose statement of the research article provides information regarding relationships predicted between various variables of the study.
A group of nurses are evaluating the results after applying research evidence in practice. Which question addresses this evaluation? 1 Is the application of the evidence in clinical practice feasible? 2 Is the staff supportive of using the evidence as a practice change? 3 How effective was the practice change in the clinical setting? 4 Do the references provide sufficient evidence to apply the practice change for the patient?
3 The evaluation answers the question about the effectiveness of the practice change on the patient in the clinical setting. While critiquing the evidence the nurses should determine whether the application of the evidence is feasible in clinical practice. The question of whether the staff supports the use of evidence as a practice change is answered while integrating the results in practice. Finding out whether the references provide sufficient evidence to apply the practice change for the patient is done while critiquing the evidence.
The nurse who works in a newborn nursery asks, "I wonder if the moms who breastfeed their babies would be able to breastfeed more successfully if we played peaceful music while they were breastfeeding." In this example of a PICOT question, which represents "I"? 1 Breastfeeding moms 2 Infants 3 Peaceful music 4 The nursery
3 The intervention (I) in this PICOT question is playing peaceful music. Breastfeeding moms, infants, and the nursery are not interventions; however, the mothers and infants are related to the population of interest (P).
A research study is investigating the question, "What is the effect of the diagnosis of breast cancer on the roles of the family?" In this study the terms diagnosis of breast cancer and family roles are examples of what? 1 Surveys 2 The sample 3 Variables 4 Data collection points
3 Variables are concepts, characteristics, or traits that vary within or among subjects. Surveys are a method of collecting data collection points, and the sample is the group of individuals surveyed for the information.
Which statement correctly describes the literature review section in a scientific paper? 1 It mentions the purpose of the article. 2 It includes a short summary with brief information about the study. 3 It contains the design and methods on which the study was based and conducted. 4 It offers detailed background of the level of science that exists about the topic
4 A good author offers a detailed background of the level of science or clinical information that exists about the topic. The literature review also offers an argument about what led the author to conduct a study or report on a clinical topic. The abstract is a short summary that contains brief information about the study. The introduction contains more information about the purpose of the article. The design or methods section provides detailed information about the methodology followed when conducting the research.
Which activity regarding the research process should the nurse conduct to determine what has already been studied about the research problem of interest? 1 Construct a theoretical framework. 2 Identify variables. 3 Formulate a hypothesis. 4 Review the literature.
4 A literature review provides a logical but abstract structure that suggests the relationship among the variables in a research study, allowing for the organization and explanation of all the information in the study. All available literature related to the nurse's research problem should be reviewed to provide a theoretical framework as a foundation for the research study. Variables are concepts in the study that are expected to change or differ from one person or time to another. A hypothesis is a prediction that should be based on previous research, so it is developed after conducting a review of the literature.
To which type of study should the nurse refer in order to find the strongest evidence of the effectiveness of a particular treatment? 1 Case control studies 2 Randomized control trials 3 Descriptive studies 4 Systematic reviews
4 A systematic review is the highest level of evidence available. It summarizes what is currently known about a topic and reports if current evidence supports a change in practice or if further study is needed on that topic. Randomized controlled trials are the most precise form of experimental study and the gold standard for research. Case control studies and descriptive studies are much lower in the hierarchy of evidence.
The nurse understands the evidence-based articles and is critiquing the available evidence. Which characteristic feature should the nurse look for in a well-written literature review? 1 It mentions the purpose of the article. 2 It includes a short summary that contains brief information about the study. 3 It explains a new therapy or new technology. 4 It includes an argument about what led the author to conduct a study or report on a clinical topic.
4 A well-written literature review offers an argument about what led the author to conduct a study or report on a clinical topic. The literature review also provides a detailed background of the level of science or clinical information that exists about the research study. An abstract is a short summary that contains brief information about the study. An introduction contains more information about the purpose of the article. A manuscript narrative provides information regarding new therapy or new technology.
Nurses on a pediatric nursing unit are discussing ways to improve patient care. One nurse asks a colleague, "I wonder how best to measure pain in a child who has sickle cell disease?" Which type of question is this? 1 Hypothesis 2 PICOT question 3 Problem-focused trigger 4 Knowledge-focused trigger
4 Knowledge-focused triggers are questions about information available on a specific topic. A hypothesis is a prediction made about the relationship or difference among study variables. A PICOT question is the initial query on a relationship that leads to a research study. A problem-focused trigger is one you face while caring for a patient or a trend you see on a nursing unit.
The nurse administrator wants to implement evidence-based practices in a hospital and is searching for evidence on nursing practices that improve health care quality. The nurse has been referring to both research-based and non-research-based evidence. Which should the nurse administrator study in order to get non-research-based evidence? 1 Meta-analysis 2 Systematic reviews 3 Randomized controlled trials studies 4 Quality improvement and risk management data
4 Non-research-based evidence serves as a good source of information to help improve health care quality. Quality improvement and risk management data are non-research-based evidence. Research evidence includes information gained from meta-analysis, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials studies.
Which database offers free access to journal articles? 1 AHRQ 2 CINAHL 3 EMBASE 4 PubMed
4 PubMed offers free access to journal articles. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) includes clinical guidelines and evidence summaries. The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) includes studies in nursing, allied health, and biomedicine. The EMBASE database includes biomedical and pharmaceutical studies.
Which topic is best suited for quantitative research? 1 The perception of a patient diagnosed with cancer 2 The patient's perception of the nurse's care in a palliative unit 3 The perception of stress by family members of critically ill patients 4 The percentage of cardiac illness in men between 40 and 60 years of age
4 Quantitative research involves analysis of numbers, such as percentages and ages. This type of research offers precise measurements and quantifications. Determining the percentage of cardiac illness in men between 40 and 60 years of age is an example of quantitative research. Qualitative research involves verbal analysis, and the information is obtained in a nonnumerical form. Determining the patient's perception of the nurse's care in a palliative unit or the perception of stress by family members of critically ill patients are examples of qualitative research.
Which statement shows the steps of the research process in the correct order? 1 Review the literature, state the research problem, and develop a theoretical construct. 2 Review the literature, state the research problem, and select the research strategy. 3 Select the research strategy, collect data, and analyze data. 4 State the research problem, review the literature, and clarify operational definitions.
4 The first step of the research process is to state the research problem. The correct order of steps is to state the research problem, review the literature, develop a theoretical construct, identify variables, and then clarify operational definitions.
When recruiting subjects to participate in a study about the effects of an exercise program on balance, the researcher provides full and complete information about the purpose of the study and gives the subjects the choice to participate or not participate in the study. Of what is this an example? 1 Bias 2 Anonymity 3 Confidentiality 4 Informed consent
4 The process of informed consent includes providing research subjects full disclosure about the study and the opportunity to participate or not to participate in the study. Bias is opinion by a researcher that will influence the results of research. Confidentiality guarantees that any information a subject provides will not be reported in any manner that identifies the subject and will not be accessible to people outside the research team. Anonymity guarantees that any information a subject provides will not be reported in any manner than identifies the subject and will not be accessible by anyone, including the research team.
The nurse is providing care to a patient who is experiencing major abdominal trauma following a car accident. The patient is losing blood quickly and needs a blood transfusion. The nurse finds out that the patient is a Jehovah's Witness and cannot have blood transfusions because of religious beliefs. The nurse notifies the patient's health care provider and receives an order to give the patient an alternative to blood products. Of what is this an example? 1 A quality improvement study 2 A change in practice based on evidence 3 A time when calling the hospital's ethics committee is essential 4 Consideration of patient preferences and values while providing care
4 This example illustrates a situation in which the health care providers take the patient's values and beliefs into consideration while providing care. This is not an example of a quality improvement study or change in practice based on evidence. Although ethics is a critical consideration in this instance if the patient's life is in danger and the patient refuses treatment, the provider orders an alternative to blood products, which in itself is not an ethical dilemma.
The nurse researcher conducts a study that randomly assigns 100 patients who smoke and attend a wellness clinic into two groups. One group receives the standard smoking cessation handouts; the other group takes part in a new educational program that includes a smoking cessation support group. The nurse plans to compare the effectiveness of the standard treatment with the educational program. Which type of research study is this? 1 Qualitative 2 Descriptive 3 Correlational 4 Randomized controlled trial
4 This is a randomized controlled trial because patients are randomly assigned into the control or treatment group. The researcher will measure the effectiveness of the standard treatment with the educational program, which is a quantitative measure, not qualitative. This research is also not descriptive, which measures people, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher.