NBE Science
Stones found in the urinary bladder.
Vesical calculi
Blister
Vesicle
What is the #1 sign of distribution?
Visible dye in the tissues.
An example of leukoderma
Vitiligo
Patches of skin that are melanin free; may affect skin, hair, and eyes.
Vitiligo
Brilliance; intensely bright color
Vivid
The degree of brilliance
Vividity
What would be the appropriate treatment for a person who died with a hematoma or blister on their right arm?
Puncture the pustule (drain it) and cauterize it (dry it) otherwise it could rupture and soil their clothing or casket.
Evacuation of any substance from any orifice as a result from pressure:
Purge
What are the signs of decomposition?
Purge, foul odor, skin slip, color, gases
Flat medium-sized hemorrhage beneath the skin surface
Purpura
Widespread, spontaneous hemorrhage usually seen in the elderly. Condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin. (Larger lesions)
Purpura
A suture made around the circumference of a circular opening or puncture to close it or to hold the margins in position
Purse string suture
This is an effective suture used to close trocar openings, colostomy openings, or surgical drain openings
Purse strong suture
A small elevation of skin containing pus.
Pustule
Renal pelvis.
Pyelo-
The formation or accumulation of pus
Pyo-
Production of pus
Pyogenic
Fire, heat, fever.
Pyro-
Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery
Radial artery and ulnar artery
Energy traveling through space in the form of electromagnetic waves of various lengths
Radiant energy
An example of Iatrogenic illness
Radiation and chemotherapy incites hair loss
Treatment of localized cancer.
Radiation therapy
How can razor burns be avoided?
Razor burns can be avoided by exercising care, applying appropriate shaving lotion, and using new sharp blades
Hydrolysis
Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down. In the hydrolysis of proteins, the addition of water accompanied by the action of enzymes results in the breakdown of protein into amino acids.
Reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission (abatement).
Recurrence
What two colors also make dark brown
Red and black
When looking at a red apple, which colors are reflected and which colors are absorbed
Red color rays are reflected, and other rays in the light are absorbed
Can be gradually extended to a point where a complete blackout results
Reduction
Submental
Refers only to area beneath the chin
Submandibular
Refers to the entire region below the mandible, including the chin
The return of light waves from surfaces
Reflection
Requires sunlight or white light
Reflection and absorption
The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells.
Regeneration
A color scheme that utilizes a single hue or similar hues
Related color harmonies
Intravascular Blood discoloration
Remains within the vascular system and can be seen in skin surface capillaries when blood pools due to gravitation
A decrease in severity of disease.
Remission
What is the recommended treatment for removal of maggots?
Remove them using cotton soaked in a hydrocarbon solvent.
Water conditioner
Removes calcium (and magnesium) from hard water which is undesirable to embalmers because hard water causes blood to clot.
For the kidney donation case, the embalmer would want to clamp off which artery during injection to build up IVP during injection
Renal
Pertaining to the kidney.
Reno-
Physical or mechanical restoration of damages or diseased tissue by the growth of healthy new cells - not necessarily the same type
Repair
The replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) is an example of what
Repair
The termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state.
Resolution
In the event of facial tissue distension, what method of injection should be used
Restricted cervical injection
What is the recommended injection method for second degree burns?
Restricted cervical injection
What method of injection should be used for an obese case
Restricted cervical injection
What type of injection method should be used for a decedent with a gun shot to the head
Restricted cervical injection
What is the recommended method of injection for an edematous case?
Restricted cervical injection.
Rod or rod shaped.
Rhabdo-
(benign neoplasm) of striated muscle tissue.
Rhabdomyoma
(malignant neoplasm) of striated muscle tissue.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Where is the center of drainage?
Right atrium of the heart.
A terminal branch of the brachiocephalic artery
Right common carotid
In the 9 region method, where would you find the cecum appendix?
Right inguinal region
What is the best drainage site for a person with varicose veins?
Right internal jugular vein
Where is drainage generally taken from during a restricted cervical injection
Right internal jugular vein
The brachiocephalic artery is on the ____________ side of the body.
Right. There is no such structure on the left side.
What factors affect *extravascular* resistance?
Rigor Mortis Gas Pressure Tumors Ascites (A condition caused by severe liver disease. It causes excess fluid to build up in your abdomen, making your belly swell and protrude.) Contact Pressure (Why we use body blocks) Visceral weight Bandages Edema
What is the band of color in sequence
Roy G BIV - Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Scientific name for redness.
Rubor
Red complexion; having a healthy reddish color said of the complexion, more vivid than florid
Ruddy
A yellowish, sickly color of the complexion
Sallow
An agent, usually chemical, that possesses disinfecting properties when applied to a precleaned object/surface
Sanitizer
A visual aspect indicating the vividness of the hue in the degree of difference from gray of the same lightness."
Saturation
An equal mixture of two primary hues will produce
Secondary hue
If a remains has localized edema, what type of embalming should be performed?
Sectional embalming with a high index fluid in the edematous areas.
Primary injection
Selection and injection of the largest artery that is closest to the center of circulation (arch of aorta).
Autolysis
Self-destruction of cells. Decomposition of all tissues by enzymes that form **without microbial assistance**.
What valve should close, creating the pathway for arterial solution distribution
Semilunar valve
Sources of purge- Anus:
Semisolid liquid
Decomposition
Separation of compounds into simpler substances by action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes.
An example of exudate
Serous; clear watery plasma fluid that comes from blisters
What is exudate fluid composed of
Serum, fibrin, and leukocytes
Progressive additions of black to any hue will darken and produce a shade of that hue
Shade
Objects capable of puncturing , lacerating or otherwise penetrating the skin and which are contaminated.
Sharps
Ears have what type of form?
Shell-like form
Linear Sulci
Short furrows of the palpebra, which fan from opposite eyelid corners toward the center
In what situations can you expect good drainage?
Short interval between death and embalming Livor mortis very early Skeletal edema is present Jaundiced Carbon monoxide poison Refrigerated early after death Treated with heparin or dicumarol (blood thinners)
What does STEL stand for
Short term exposure level
Dwarfism
Shortness in height that results from a genetic or medical condition, where the pituitary gland fails to secrete sufficient amounts of somatotropin (HGH) *during the growth years*, resulting in *stunted growth*.
Is a fever a symptom or a sign
Sign
Objective/outward disturbances that can be observed by a physician
Signs
Coveralls:
Similar to large underwear, extends up to the armpits.
What are the two types of bone fractures?
Simple fracture Compound fracture
Employs the use of one ligature thread and one suture needle
Single intradermal suture
How are temporary stitches executed
Single or multiple stitches knotted on the surface to hold the skin in place
A cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities
Sinus
Who discovered that sunlight is composed of pure colors, which are so balanced, that no color predominates
Sir Isaac Newton
In the event of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, what type of injection method could be utilized
Six- point injection
Where is the greatest anterior projection of the chin?
Slightly below the angle formed by the labiomental sulcus and above the base of the bony chin
Desquamation (skin slip)
Sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis.
What type of weather condition reflects almost all of the color rays of daylight and absorbs none
Snow
Example of chemical irritants
Sodium Hydroxide (ex soaps)
Dialysis =
Solutes
Osmosis =
Solvents
Vehicle
Solvents that serve as the carriers of the components found in embalming fluid.
General considerations for exciting tissue
Sometimes tissue must be excised. If so, Prior authorization must be secured, affected areas must be disinfected, sealed to prevent leakage, and restored
How would you treat a body with pigmentation problems?
Special care should be given so as not to cosmetize over moles, etc. because the pigmentation was normal and the family was used to seeing them.
(Also known as systemic pathology) Deals with *specific* features of disease *in relation to particular organs* or organ systems.
Special pathology
Fluids designed for use with special body conditions such as jaundice or bodies requiring a high preservative demand as seen in bodies with renal failure, extensive burns, or decomposition
Special purpose fluids
Congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or undergoes incomplete closure.
Spina Bifida
The use of 3 hues which include a base and the two hues on each side of its complement
Split complementary color scheme
The injection is made in an artery at one location and the drainage occurs from a vein at another location
Split-injection
often effective for cream cosmetic application and works well to conceal discolorations. Cosmetics are patted or tapped onto the skin surface.
Sponge
Tumor
Spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass
Disease which occurs occasionally.
Sporatic
The source of infections:
Spores
used to spread cosmetics onto the skin surface.
Spreading brushes
malignant neoplasm epithelial tissue of stratified squamous cells.
Squamous cell carcinoma
The abnormal *narrowing or stricture* of a passage in the body.
Stenosis
A process that renders a substance free from all microorganisms
Sterilization
The mastoid process is a point of origin for what?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Pertaining to the chest.
Stetho-
A small, rounded, stiff brush, all bristles the same length, used to simulate pores on wax; stencil brush; could be used for thick cream cosmetic application.
Stipple brushes
Denoting the oral cavity or mouth-like structure
Stomato-
Monolith
Stone
What is the most common nasal profile?
Straight Nasal Profile (Grecian)
Profile Classification of the nose include:
Straight nasal profile (Grecian) Convex nasal profile (Roman, aquiline) Concave nasal profile (infantine, retroussé)
Texture of head hair
Straight, curly, tight curls, kinky curls
Renal failure will require what strength of solution
Strong arterial fluid
Dyes
Substances that, on being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution. Classified as to their capacity to permanently impart color to the tissue of the body into which they are injected.
Method of diminishing the wave lengths of light by superimposing two or more color transparencies over the same light source; the light is gradually reduced by absorption of colors in the light.
Subtractive Method
Occurs when colorants are mixed or when colored filters are inserted into a single beam of white light
Subtractive method
The absorption and selective transmission or reflection of light
Subtractive method
An increase in melanin to protect deep tissues from the sun's ultraviolet rays; a physiologic reaction.
Sun tanning
In excess, above, superior or in the upper part of, more than usual.
Super-
Where is hemoglobin presented in the body
Superficial skin capillaries
Maxillary prognathism
Superior jaw protrudes
What are the four margins?
Superior margin Lateral Margin Inferior margin Medial Margin
What 3 structures make up the femoral triangle?
Superiorly by the *inguinal ligament*. Medially by the lateral border of the *adductor longus muscle*. Laterally by the medial border of the *sartorius muscle*.
Integumentary lips
Superiorly, the skin portion of the upper lip from the attached margin of the upper mucous membrane to the base of the nose; and inferiorly, the skin portion of the lower lip from the attached margin of the lower mucous membrane to the labiomental sulcus
Fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection. These fluids generally fall into one of three categories; pre-injection, co-injection, and humectants.
Supplemental fluid
Co-injection fluid
Supplemental fluid used primarily to enhance the action of vascular (arterial) solutions.
Restorative fluid (humectant)
Supplemental fluid, used with the regular arterial solution, whose purpose is to retain body moisture and retard body moisture.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are an example of a:
Supplemental germicide
An exudation which contains pus.
Suppuration (superlative)
Above, over.
Supra-
The eyebrow is influenced by what margins
Supraorbital margin (Superior margin) and lateral margin
Superior margin
Supraorbital margin of the frontal bone
If there is dry gangrene on the face or fingers, what type of preservation should be utilized
Surface and hypodermic
The study of tissue removed during surgery.
Surgical pathology
Act of sewing or bringing together the skin by using ligature, also the completed stitch
Sutures
Used to close incisions, lacerations, and various skin openings
Sutures
Different types of closure methods (2):
Sutures, glues
Dark-colored complexion, as a face made swarthy by the tropical sun
Swarthy
Lymphedema
Swelling in an arm or leg caused by a lymphatic system blockage.
Is a headache a symptom or a sign?
Symptom
Subjective/inward disturbances that are felt by the patient but are not directly measurable
Symptoms
Together, union, association.
Syn-
Miliary TB
TB in which the infection spreads through the blood to other organs of the body.
Cleaning and disinfection of the body, instruments and the embalming room following embalming of the body
Terminal disinfection
Derived from Latin and translates to " three or thirds"
Tertiary
Agonal translocation
Movement of microorganisms from one are of the body to another which occurs as organisms that are naturally confined to a specific area of the body by natural body defenses are able to move as the body loses its ability to keep them in check. The movement may be the result of the organism: 1) having natural motility 2) entering the blood stream and circulating to other parts of the body 3) gravitating to other parts of the body during hypostasis or shifts in tissue moisture
Vascular injection from two or more arteries
Multi-point injection
What is the recommended method of injection for persons dead from cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)?
Multisite injection.
The oval chin shape is influenced most by what?
Muscle
On what kind of tissue do myosarcomas originate?
Muscle tissue
Facial Hair includes
Mustache Beard Goatee Sideburns
Fungus
Myco-
What pathogen is tuberculosis caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spinal cord or bone marrow.
Myelo-
Muscle
Myo-
(benign neoplasm) of muscle tissue.
Myomas
Benign neoplasms (muscle tissue)
Myomas - rhabdomyoma - leiomyoma
(malignant neoplasm) of muscle tissue.
Myosarcoma
Malignant Neoplasms (muscle tissue)
Myosarcomas - Rhabdomyosarcoma - Leiomyosarcoma
Can Extravascular discolorations be removed by arterial injection of embalming solution?
NO
Will arterial injection of embalming solution remove a surface stain?
NO
Colors that are the grays and browns (and slate) that can be obtained from the mixtures of all three primary colors
Tertiary colors
Where is it recommended to do hypodermic tissue building?
NOT recommended before arterial injection
What would a narrow hypodermic needle be used for?
Narrow diameter used for liquid fillers
What factors affect *intravascular* resistance?
Narrowing or obstruction of the lumen - arteriosclerosis Blood Coagula - emboli, thrombi
Death or corpse, necrosis.
Necro-
Gradual degeneration and death of cells in the body tissues.
Necrobiosis
normal death of cells or tissues because of age-related changes
Necrobiosis
Another word for autopsy.
Necropsy
Localized death of cells or tissues through injury, disease, or the interruption of blood supply
Necrosis
New, recent.
Neo-
Pertaining to the kidney.
Nephro-
Pertaining to the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.
Neuro-
(benign neoplasm) of the nerves.
Neuroma
benign epithelial neoplasm tumor of melanocytes (skin darkening pigment, melanin); pigmented mole; the most common form of neoplasms.
Nevas
What element in protein attracts formaldehyde?
Nitrogen
Is carotene a dominant pigment
No
Is necrosis reversible?
No
Is tan a hue?
No
Normally, Is the ear passage visible from the front or direct profile view?
No
Death rattle
Noise made by a moribund person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity.
Study of disease *to ascertain cause and manner of death* as related to a criminal investigation.
Forensic (medicolegal) pathology
Infection acquired in a hospital or health care setting.
Nosocomial
What would the embalmer do for a tumor in a non-viewed area?
Nothing Tumors in non-viewed areas should be left intact
Hue which results from the mixture of two secondary pigmentary hues or an unbalanced proportion of complements with the warm hue or cool hue predominating
Tertiary hue
What chemical is responsible for the majority of tissue moisture reduction?
Formaldehyde
What governmental agency is concerned with embalmers safety?
OSHA
Dental prognathism (Buck Teeth)
Oblique insertion of the teeth; front teeth protrude
A color scheme that uses 4 hues. Those hues have spacing of 2 hues between each of them
Tetrad color scheme
Pertaining to death.
Thanato-
What typically causes cysts?
Occluded ducts.
A disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in members of a particular work force.
Occupational disease
To whom is the Bloodborne Pathogen Rule applied to
Occupations and professions where employees are exposed to infectious agents.
What should you not say is an advantage of having a casket?
That the casket will preserve the body longer.
When embalming fluids dehydrate tissue and formaldehyde bleaches the color of blood
Formaldehyde gray
What does the consumer have a right to expect from an embalming?
That the preservation *will last* until the time of disposition.
Cavitation (TB)
Formation of cavities in the lungs that causes the tubercles of the lungs to erode, forming a depressed area of lung tissue which is dysfunctional. *Resulting in a solid mass of pus*.
The lateral margin is formed by what?
Formed by extension of both the zygomatic bone and frontal bone
Simple fracture
Fractured bone that does not pierce the skin
An uneven distribution of melanin; common in children and tends to fade with age in the absence of sunlight exposure.
Freckles
Temporary ischemic (interference) attack:
Occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to your brain, producing symptoms of a mini-stroke. Ex: fainting
Referring to the eyes.
Oculo / opti
The eyebrows lie on what planes of the skull?
Frontal and lateral planes
The bony margins of the eye socket are created by what?
Frontal bone Zygomatic Bones Maxilla
Sources of purge- Lungs:
Frothy with little odor.
Where is the trocar guide for the stomach?
The (left) 5th intercostal space and mid-axillary line (armpit)
Indicating a few or little.
Oligo-
Why is the term complementary used
One color completely balances the other and their mixtures produce a new color, which bears no resemblance to either component
An artery and a vein at one location are used for injection and drainage
One-point injection
How do you correct cellular (solid) edema?
Only by excision or channeling of tissues.
When would you remove a pacemaker/defibrillator?
Only if the body is to be cremated.
No light passes through; neither transparent no translucent.
Opaque
What 3 structures make up the femoral triangle?
The **inguinal ligament** serves as the base whose two sides consist of the **medial boarder of the sartorius** and the **lateral boarder of the adductor longus** muscles.
Endometrium
The *inner* lining of the uterus.
Myometrium
The *middle* layer of the uterine wall; the *smooth muscle* tissue of the uterus.
Blood in the veins flows in the direction _____ that of blood in the arteries
Opposite
Perimetrium
The *outer* serosa layer (lining) of the uterus.
Goal of post-mortem cosmetology
The achievement of a natural, non-cosmetic effect which stimulates the appearance of color coming from within the skin
Bleaching Treatment
The act of lightening a discoloration by hypodermic means or by surface compress and is performed before cosmetic application.
Rate of flow:
The amount of embalming solution injected in a given period, or the speed at which the embalming solution enters the body, generally measured in ounces per minute. (volume)
Pressure:
The amount of pressure (*force*) produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within the vascular system.
Burnt-orange, copper are shades of
Orange
Which color is the warmest color
Orange
A condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy.
Organic disease
A change in a blood clot in which the tissue of the vessel walls form a new wall around the clot.
Organization
Pertaining to the mouth.
Oro-
Pertaining to bone.
Osteo-
Degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone.
Osteoarthritis
benign connective tissue neoplasm of bone.
Osteoma
Benign neoplasms of connective tissue
Osteoma Chondroma Lipoma Angioma - Lymphangioma - Hemangioma Fibroma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of bone.
Osteosarcoma
Undercut Method
The angled cut of the borders of an excision, made so that the skin surface will overhang the deeper tissues
Nasal Sulcus
The angular area between the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold.
What determines the inclination of the ear
The anterior margin of the ear
Dorsum
The anterior protruding ridge of the nose from the root to the tip of the lobe
Root
The apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose, which lies directly inferior to the forehead; the concave dip inferior to the forehead (profile view)
Bridge
The arched portion of the nose which is supported by the nasal bones; a structure or span connecting two parts of a mutilated bone
Excision
The area from which tissue has been removed
Alternate (method of drainage)
The arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken.
What is a disadvantage of using a femoral artery in an obese person?
The artery will be very deep.
What kind of precautions should be given to the family of a chemotherapeutically treated body (if cremated)?
The ashes should not be scattered because they may be radioactive and could be ingested.
How might you be able to tell that a person died as a result of a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
The body might shows signs of one side receiving more fluid than the other. One side of the body went into vaso*dilation* and the other went into vaso*constriction*. Multi-site injection is recommended for the constricted side.
Corpse
The body of a dead human being, deprived of life, but not yet entirely disintegrated.
Saponification
The breakdown of fatty acid.
Helix
Outer rim of the ear
All, entire, whole.
Pan-
Solid organs that are treated by cavity injection include:
Pancreas Kidneys Spleen Liver Lungs
Effects the majority of the population in a large area.
Pandemic
(benign neoplasm) epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds.
Papillomas
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness with interruption of awareness of oneself and ones surroundings. When the loss of consciousness is temporary and there is spontaneous recovery, it is referred to as syncope or, in non-medical quarters, **fainting**.
A symptom of wet gangrene:
Passive hyperemia due to the blockage of venous blood flow.
Venous hyperemia
Passive hyperemia:
Relating to disease.
Patho-
Passive increases in blood supply are always what?
Pathological
Another name for morbid anatomy:
Pathological anatomy
Decrease in size of a body part due to disease.
Pathological atrophy
Necrosis
Pathological death of a tissue still part of the living organism. Ex: gangrene
An abnormal increase in cell division (& growth).
Pathological hypertrophy
Science that deals with the study of disease.
Pathology
Superior Crus
The broad, convex ridge of the antihelix which descends from under the superior rim of the helix, as it merges with the main body of the antihelix to form the posterior margin of the concha, as well as the inner rim of the ear
Melanin
The brown to black-brown pigment in the epidermis and hair
Myxedema
The clinical manifestations of *adult* *hypo*thyroidism *characterized by swelling of the face or hands*, which gives the skin a waxy or coarsened appearance.
Concha
The concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear
Mandibular fossa
The concavity on the underside of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Naso-orbital fossa
The concavity superior and medial to the inner corner of the eye; lies near the root of the nose
What of the descending arch of the lobe varies from individual to individual?
The curvature and surface contours
The profile view is helpful to the restorative artist because it determines what?
The degree of anterior projection, the relationship to the superior mucous membrane, and its relationship of the submental area
Triangular Fossa
The depression located between the crura of the antihelix
Differential pressure:
The difference between the potential and actual pressures.
Dialysis:
The diffusion of *crystalloid solutes* of a solution through a semipermeable membrane.
How long should medical records be kept?
The duration of emplyment, plus 30 years.
What are the 4 anatomical guides for locating the modeled ear?
The ear passage (External Auditory Meatus) Zygomatic arch Mandibular Fossa Mastoid Process
What facial feature changes the least in a lifetime?
The ears
Tragus
The elevation protecting the ear passage
Antitragus
The eminence located superior to the lobe of the ear and posterior to the intertragic notch (obliquely opposite the tragus)
Hanging
The execution or suicide by strangling or breaking the neck by a suspended noose.
Anterior Nares
The external openings of the nostrils
Tip
The extremity of anything, which tapers (e.g. the tip of the nose; the termination of the forward projection of the nose)
Where on the body does rigor mortis begin?
The eyelids
How would you treat dry gangrene of the finger tips?
The fingertips are hard to embalm hypodermically, so they would be treated with a *surface pack*.
Columna Nasi
The fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose; located between the nostrils; the most inferior part of the mass of the nose
Where is the ligature anchored for a muscular mouth closure?
The frenula and nasal septum.
Morbidity rate
The frequency with which a disease appears in a population.
The six intermediate pigment hues, the three primary hues, and the three secondary hues combine to form the color wheel of twelve colors which has a greater range than that of the standard colors
The full color wheel
Inferior Palpebral Sulcus
The furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebra; an acquired facial marking
Superior palebral sulcus
The furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid; an acquired facial marking
Optic Facial Sulci
The furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye; acquired facial markings
What can be found in all 9 regions of the abdomen?
The greater omentum (drape)
Angulus Oris Sulcus
The groove found at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking
Where does the first sign of decomposition appear in a body in water (wet)?
The head and neck.
What are some considerations for using the carotid arteries?
The head can be over embalmed (restricted cervical injection is recommended).
Drainage instruments should always be directed towards what?
The heart
The vertical dimension of the concha is divided into two sections by the leg of what?
The helix
Ectopic pregnancy
The implantation of a fertilized ovum in a site other than the normal one in the uterine cavity.
What are some precautions that should be considered when using the common carotids?
The incisions could be visible, leakage could be seen, instruments could leave visible marks on the skin, incisions may need to be waxed to avoid visibility.
The cause of redness and heat in an area of inflammation is caused by what?
The increase in blood flow.
Another term for lanugo
Peach fuzz
Surrounding, around.
Peri-
A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B-12.
Pernicious anemia
Small pinpoint skin hemorrhage
Petechia
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discolorations visible as small red or purplish hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes.
Petechiae
A rapidly spreading ulcer.
Phagedena
Eating, devouring, absorbing, ingestion.
Phago-
Clinical death
Phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 minutes during which life may be restored.
Carbolic acid is another name for what?
Phenol
Pertaining to veins.
Phlebo-
Pus inflammation of connective tissue.
Phlegmon
Congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent.
Phocomelia
Is livor mortis a chemical change or physical
Physical
The normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physio-
A normal decrease in size of a body part.
Physiological atrophy
Increased arterial blood supply to an organ for physiological (normal) reasons.
Physiological hyperemia
Natural increase in size of an organ or part
Physiological hypertrophy
Study of changes in body functions due to disease.
Physiological pathology
A coloring matter which can be applied to an object, when combined with some other type of vehicle
Pigment
The Prang System; the basis for mortuary cosmetology
Pigment Theory
A powder is usually composed of dry, pulverized pigments and talcum; employed as a cosmetic material
Pigment powder
Coloring caused by either deposit or lack of coloring material in tissues.
Pigmentation
Found in nature and are derived from various earths, minerals, or vegetable dyes
Pigments
Another name for hemorrhoids:
Piles
Which gland is the master gland of the body?
Pituitary gland.
The book suggest that when lifting or moving a decomposition case which has been placed in a pouch that this should be done to help prevent it from tearing
Place a sheet under the pouch and lift with the sheet
What nose classification is common to individuals of African Descent?
Platyrrhine
Pleura. (lungs)
Pleuro-
Relating to the lungs, air or gas, respiration, or pneumonia.
Pneumo-
Fibrous inflammatory disorder of the lungs caused by inhalation of dust particles
Pneumoconiosis
Grey matter in the nervous system such as the spinal cord or brain.
Polio-
Many, much.
Poly-
An abnormally high red blood cell count.
Polycythemia vera (erythrocytosis)
A birth defect characterized by extra fingers or toes.
Polydactylism
(benign neoplasm) epithelial mucous membrane.
Polyp
_____ will diminish a family's ability to perceive the exact qualities of various caskets or other merchandise
Poor lighting
What artery is a continuation of the femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Post mortem *chemical* changes:
Post mortem caloricity Change in body pH (from alkaline to acidic, the back to alkaline in decomposition) Post mortem stain Decomposition Rigor mortis
An intravascular dark blue to purplish discoloration brought about by the pooling of blood to dependent body parts.
Post-mortem lividity
Examples of extravascular discolorations
Post-mortem stain, antemortem bruises, pathological or traumatic conditions that may cause discoloration
Discoloration which appears on the body only after death
Postmortem
Livor mortis
Postmortem **intravascular** red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood.
Algor mortis
Postmortem cooling of the body to the surrounding temperature.
An early discoloration or breakdown of red blood cells is referred to as
Postmortem stain
Rigor mortis
Postmortem stiffening of the muscles by natural body processes.
used to set and dry the cosmetics.
Powder application
a device used to blow powder onto a surface. It is a tool comprised of a reservoir (filled with powder), nozzle, and a bulb. The bulb is squeezed forcing air and powder through the nozzle and onto the skin surface.
Powder atomizer
a device containing hairs or bristles set in a handle; used to apply and/or remove powder.
Powder brushes
Solid and composed of extremely fine particles, which may be loose or compressed. The pigments are usually ground with talcum, chalk, zinc oxide, talcum, or titanium oxide. The main purpose for use is to "set" cosmetics (reduce smearing of creams) and reduce any sheen.
Powder cosmetics
Autopsy chemicals
Powders used to coat the inside of the viscera after they have been preserved in cavity fluid, as well as the inside of the dermis, base of the thoracic-abdominal cavity and the outside of the ribs. **They are powders that preserve and disinfect by fumigation.**
The Full Color Wheel is also known as
Prang System
Fluid that is designed to clear the blood vascular system of the blood prior to injection
Preinjection fluid
What fluids assist in correcting livor mortis
Preinjection fluids
What are aldehydes used for in embalming?
Preservatives
What are phenolic compounds used for in embalming?
Preservatives, cauterants, bleaching agents
Fluid passes from capillaries to interstitial space to cells via:
Pressure filtration - IVP (intervascular pressure) Filtration: Wetting agents decrease surface tension. Capillaries expanding during the agonal period due to lack of oxygen. Solvent and solutes penetrate interstitial space and cell.
The number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time.
Prevalence
Disinfection procedures carried out prior to embalming the body. This would include topical disinfection of and washing the deceased human body
Primary Disinfection
Cannot be reproduced from the mixtures of any other colors of the spectrum
Primary colors
Colors that could be mixed to reproduce the other colors of the spectrum and can make new colors not found in the visible spectrum
Primary colors
When should you remove a tumor?
Prior to arterial injection, if it occludes the vascular system (could be intravascular or extravascular).
If a body exhibits rigor mortis, when should you attempt to relive it?
Prior to injection of arterial fluids.
When viewing from the profile view, what should you look for?
Profile Silhouette Supercilium Supraorbital Area
A prediction of the outcome of a disease.
Prognosis
Prognathism
Projection of the jaw(s) beyond the projection of the forehead
Cadaveric spasm
Prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscles into the rigidity of death. (Instantaneous rigor)
Ptomaines are a biproduct of ____________.
Proteins
What are the restorative treatments for razor burns?
Protocols are the same as treating an abrasion
The type of TB in which only the lungs are affected is known as:
Pulmonary TB
What type of injection/pressure should be used for a remains that has arteriosclerosis?
Pulsating
Arch of the wing
The inferior margin of the nasal wing, which forms a distinct concave arc superiorly
Hypodermic Tissue building
The injection of special creams or liquids into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle to restore natural contour
Hypodermic tissue building
The injection of special creams or liquids into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle to restore natural contour. Prior authorization should be received before attempting this restoration.
Hypodermic injection
The insertion of chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle
Mastoid Process
The inverted conical structure at the most inferior portion of the temporal bone
Sides of the nose
The lateral walls of the nose between the wings and the bridge
The ascending aorta branches off of which quadrant of the heart?
The left ventricle.
Weather Line
The line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of each mucous membrane
Weather line
The line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of each mucous membrane
What is the correct shape and form in natural repose of the eyelids?
The line of eye closure forms along the lower one-third of the eye. Together, the palpebrae tend to be almond shaped.
Line of mouth closure (hunting bow)
The line that forms between two structures, such as the lips or the eyelids when in a closed position, which marks their place of contact with each other
Profile Silhouette
The linear shape of the anterior surface structures
Where is cartilage not located on the ear?
The lobe
Scapha
The long, slender depression located between the helix and antihelix
Where does the first sign of decomposition appear in a body on land (dry)?
The lower right quadrant of the torso- the cecum.
Inferior margin
The lower rim is made from the zygomatic bones and a small part of the maxilla
If a person dies from lobar pneumonia, what area should receive extra care during embalming? Why?
The lungs should be thoroughly aspirated because they will contain a lot of fluid.
Where is the ligature anchored for a mandibular closure?
The mandible and the nasal septum.
Medial Margin
The medial rim is made of the frontal process of the maxilla as it ascends superiorly to join the nasal and frontal bones
Formalin
The mixture form of liquid formaldehyde.
If a delayed viewing body starts to form mold, how should it be removed?
The mold should be scraped off with a spatula or scalpel blade.
What is considered the "center of expression" for the deceased?
The mouth
Inarticular mortis
The movement of blood from the heart and arteries into the capillaries and veins which **occurs at the moment of death**.
Intertragic Notch
The notch or opening located between the tragus and antitragus
Index
The number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100mL of water.
Agonal capillary expansion
The opening of the pores of the walls of the capillaries as the body attempts to get more oxygen to tissues and cells.
External Auditory Meatus (Ear passage)
The opening or passageway of the ear
Crus of the helix
The origin of the helix which is flattened in the concha
Osmosis:
The passage of a *solvent* (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of *low concentration to* an area of *high concentration*. (Dilute to concentrated)
Anatomical Limit
The point of origin and point of termination of a structure in relation to adjacent structures. Specifies a beginning and end point.
What is the first organ to decompose in a female?
The pregnant uterus
Bacteremia
The presence of bacteria in the blood.
The external convexity of the eyes is increased by what?
The presence of the cornea
Ideal pressure:
The pressure needed to overcome the vascular resistances of the body to distribute the embalming solution to all body areas. (e.g. 2-10lbs - varies from body to body)
Potential pressure:
The pressure set with the rate of flow valve closed.
Fermentation
The process by which glucose (carbohydrates) breaks down.
Oliguria
The production of abnormally small amounts of urine that leads to *rapid accumulation of nitrogenous waste associated with acute renal failure*.
Protruding lobe
The projection of the nose overlying the lower lateral cartilages
Where is the trocar guide for the urinary bladder?
The pubic symphysis (pubic bone)
Ideal rate of flow:
The rate of flow needed to achieve uniform distribution of the embalming solution without distention of the tissues. (e.g. 1 gallon of solution injected for every 12-15 minutes - varies from body to body)
Mortality rate (death rate, fatality rate)
The ratio of deaths in a specified area, group, etc, to the population of that area, group, etc.
Supraorbital area
The region between the supercilium and the superior palpebra
Where is the center of drainage?
The right atrium of the heart.
Where is the trocar guide for the right side of the heart?
The right earlobe
Where is the trocar guide for the cecum?
The right superior iliac spine (right hip bone)
The pulmonary artery branches off which quadrant of the heart?
The right ventricle.
Postmortem caloricity
The rise in body temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism.
Lobe
The rounded portion of skin located inferior to the concha The soft, non-cartilage lower portion of the ear
The triangular fossa is considered to be what?
The second deepest ear depression
Desquamation (skin slip)
The separation of the epidermis from the dermis as a result of putrefaction (and autolysis). Sometimes, inadequate embalming may lead to skin slip.
Gravity filtration:
The settling of fluids by gravitational force to the dependent areas of the body. (Why you should not let hands fall off the table when embalming)
Agonal hypostasis
The settling of the blood into the dependent tissues of the body due to slowing of circulation and force of gravity.
Oblique Palpebral Sulcus
The shallow, curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelids; a natural facial marking
The scapha is considered to be what?
The shallowest depression
Nasal spine of the maxilla
The sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity
Intussusception
The slipping of one part of the intestine into another part just below it; becoming ensheathed. (telescoping of the intestines).
Angulus Oris Eminence
The small convex prominence lateral to the end of the line of lip closure of the mouth
The intertragic notch is considered to be what?
The spillway of the ear
Secondary flaccidity
The state of relaxation of the muscles in a body (usually within 36-72 hours after death) when rigor mortis has naturally passed. There is **little to no firming of the tissues**.
Primary flaccidity
The state of relaxation of the muscles in a body immediately after death, before rigor mortis occurs.
Thanatology
The study of death.
Crura of the antihelix
The superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix of the ear
How are the eyes positioned?
The superior eyelid is brought 2/3 of the way down and the inferior eyelid is brought 1/3 up.
The convexity of the cornea influences what?
The surface contour of the closed eye
In a natural repose, how is the mouth positioned?
The teeth of the superior and inferior jaws are slightly separated leading to a relaxed appearance. A gap large enough to slip a dime between molar teeth (dime gap) is normally sufficient
Suspended animation
The temporary cessation of most vital functions without death, as in a dormant seed or a hibernating animal.
Polydipsia
The term given to *excessive thirst*, due to increased urine production, and is one of the initial symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
Anterior Crus
The thin, narrow ridge of the antihelix which forms the superior margin of the concha as it extends forward from the body of the antihelix to fit into the deep area under the overlapping rim of the anterior portion of the helix.
What problems could you expect to encounter when embalming a person who was taking barbiturates?
The tissues will be difficult to firm when embalming
What does the unattached lobe form?
The unattached posterior and inferior margins usually form a descending arc in the lobe's linear outline
What is the last organ to decompose in a female?
The unpregnant uterus.
Labial Sulci
The vertical furrows on the lip extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips
Philtrum
The vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking
Interciliary Sulci
The vertical or transverse furrows between the eyebrows; acquired facial markings
Death throe
The violent movements and noises that are sometimes made by a person who is about to die .
Mucous Membranes
The visible red surfaces of the lips, the lining membrane of body cavities, which communicate with the exterior
Zygomatic arch
The zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Since the concha is walled-in on all side by bordering parts of the ear, how does this affect the concha?
Their size and form directly affects the size and form of the concha
What should be done with the head/hands on an edematous case?
They should be elevated so fluid will drain out of them.
What should be done with the hands of a person exhibiting arteriosclerosis?
They should be lowered off the table to promote distribution via gravity filtration.
What type of body has a higher moisture content - thin or overweight?
Thin.
If the inclination of the ear has a more than average, posterior oblique slope, what might that cause?
This may cause the anterior margin of the ear to align parallel to the dorsum of the nose
Inversion (worm) suture:
This suture is used to gather in and turn under excess tissues. The pattern is the same as the single intradermal stitch except the stitches are made parallel to the incision edges and do not pierce through the margins of the incision. The sutures are made as close to the margin as possible and as close to uniform in length as possible for the best results. *The stitches do not enter the incision except to start the suture and each stitch should be drawn taut as sewn.*
How do you treat *localized* edema? (ascites, hydrocele, hydrocephalus, etc.)
This type of edema can be drained (and injected) with a trocar.
How do you correct intercellular (pitting/skeletal) edema?
This type of edema can be treated (corrected) with a hyp*er*tonic embalming solution, elevation of the head and/or limbs so gravity can pull it away.
How do you treat anasarca?
This type of edema can be treated (corrected) with a hyp*er*tonic embalming solution.
How do you treat generalized edema? (Pitting, skeletal, anasarca)
This type of edema can be treated (corrected) with a hyp*er*tonic embalming solution.
Denoting the chest or thorax.
Thoraco-
Beard area
Those areas of the fleshy lips, cheeks, chin, and neck which exhibit hair growth Generally, the hair growth is downward, and tends to grow in a more posterior direction in more lateral positions
How do bodies dead for a long time effect diffusion of fluid?
Those bodies will have a higher moisture content and lots of ammonia, so the index of the solution should be increased to achieve the correct formaldehyde demand.
Second degree burn
Those resulting in acute inflammation of the skin and blisters. There is NO charring or tissue destruction
An abnormal decrease in the number of platelets that inhibit blood clotting. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.
Thrombocytopenia
A clot in a deep *vein*.
Thrombus
Closure of incisions:
Tie all vessels Dry incision site *Do not suture until after cavity aspiration*: aspiration relieves pressure on the vascular system and helps to prevent leakage. Make several sutures before application of drying powder (create a pocket) May apply surface glue
Progressive addition of white to a hue will lighten and produce a tint of that hue
Tint
Medial Lobe
Tiny projection on the midline of the superior mucous membrane
The coinjection fluid which also acts as a germicide
Tissue Gas coinjection fluid
Stain
To discolor with foreign matter; an area so discolored
The y-tube is used?
To embalm both legs or arms or sides of the head at the same time
Other than preservation & disinfection, what is the objective of the embalming process?
To establish or maintain a proper moisture balance in the body.
What is the goal of diffusion?
To fixate (embalm) the cell by allowing arterial solution into the cytoplasm of the cell.
What are sometimes used in lieu of suture to close incisions and openings when skin margins are intact and match in surface area
Liquid adhesives
A fluid colorant in which pigments are dissolved or suspended in an evaporating vehicle. They tend to be transparent or translucent. Sometimes they are called a "tint." Often, the practitioner shakes before using. The liquid is painted on the surface.
Liquid cosmetics
A stone, calculus, calcification (calcium), salt.
Lith-
Brought about by the gravitation of blood into the dependent capillaries
Livor mortis
What is an example of intravascular discolortion?
Livor mortis
Abscess
Localized accumulation of pus
Where is the tragus located in correspondence to the auditory meatus?
Located anteriorly
Head of supercilium (eyebrow)
Located at the superciliary arch, within the anterior plane of the forehead. The abundance of hair is most dense. The inclination of hair growth is frequently irregular.
Rapid or acute disease that often proves to be fatal.
Fulminating
A condition or disease in which there are changes in physiologic activity, but no recognizable change in anatomy.
Functional disease
lighting in any room should enhance the experience. White light can provide the optimum experience but may be impractical for indoor use. Consider the use of artificial lighting that best duplicates white light.
Funeral home lighting
The quality and quantity of illumination used for presentation of casketed remains
Funeral lighting
Small wads of greenish cotton-like substance in drainage indicates what?
Fungal overgrowth
The product you would use to treat mycotic infections:
Fungicide
An abscess or pustular infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle.
Furuncle
A necrotic condition that accompanies the interference of the vascular system. An infarction will lead to this.
Gangrene
Another name for tissue gas (postmortem):
Gas gangrene (antemortem)
Pertaining to the stomach or abdomen.
Gastro-
Compress
Gauze or absorbent cotton saturated with water or an appropriate chemical and placed under or upon tissues to preserve, bleach, dry, constrict, or reduce swelling
Being born, producing, coming to be; as in a gene or generation.
Gen-
Deals with the study of wide spread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair and so on *without reference to particular organs or organ systems*.
General pathology
An agent, usually chemical, applied either to inanimate objects surfaces or living tissue for the purpose of destroying disease-causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
Germicide
malignant neoplasm of nervous tissue of the brain.
Glioma
Sugar or glucose and its derivatives
Gluco-
Setting (re-setting) features includes:
Gluing the mouth and eyes shut (weather line should not be seen, lips should not purse). Cotton which has become wet should be replaced. Putting dentures in after embalming if the family requests.
A color resulting from the mixture of complementary pigmentary hues in equal quantities
Gray
A neutral, achromatic color resulting from the mixture of black and white pigments
Gray
Gray is located in the ____ of the color wheel
Gray
Result form the mixtures of the various pairs of complementary colors
Grays
Drainage instruments:
Groove director, drain tubes, angular spring forceps, trocar
Study of changes in structure of the body as a result of disease that are readily seen with the unaided eye
Gross pathology
If the deceased was positioned face down for a long period of time prior to embalming causing the nose to be misaligned, How could you restore the nose?
Hairpins or similar objects may be forced into the inferior nasal concha. Insert the hairpin deeply into the nostril. The head of the pin should rest against the septum with enough pressure to maintain proper alignment. If necessary, two hairpins (one in each nostril) may be inserted. The pin(s) may be removed after embalming
High intensity light source that produces a clean bright light approximating natural daylight.
Halogen
What is the most common method of preventing bloodborne pathogens?
Hand washing
Types of mustaches
Handlebar Pencil-line Large, Prominent Curled Fu Manchu
What compounds contain water absorbing agents?
Hardening compounds
Requires that employers communicate to employees the dangers that exist in the workplace as a result of hazardous substances or materials, and directs employers to train employees in the safe use and handling of hazardous substances or materials
Hazard Communication Rule
Treatment for embalmers grey
Head and shoulder elevation, thorough drainage, large amounts of arterial fluid, heart aspiration
The elevations of the ear are considered to be what?
Helix Antihelix Tragus Antitragus Lobe
benign connective tissue neoplasm of blood vessels.
Hemangioma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of blood vessels.
Hemangiosarcoma
Pertaining to blood.
Hemato-
A swelling consisting of a mass of *extravascular* blood (usually clotted) *confined* to an organ, tissue or space and *caused by a break in a blood vessel*. (bruise)
Hematoma
Swollen blood-filled area within the skin
Hematoma
Red pigment; the protein coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles, which serves to convey oxygen to the tissues forming oxyhemoglobin.
Hemoglobin
A *hereditary* blood disorder *of the X chromosome* marked by a *deficiency of blood clotting proteins which requires a prolonged clotting time*.
Hemophilia
An escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse.
Hemorrhage
An exudation which contains blood.
Hemorrhagic
Pertaining to the liver.
Hepato-
A disease that passes from parent to offspring.
Hereditary
What is created when ammonia and formaldehyde mix and formaldehyde is neutralized?
Hexamethylene/urotropin (and water)
Where should all hypodermic injections be?
Hidden points of entry
What kind of arterial *fluid* should be used to treat an edematous case?
High index arterial fluid.
These are used to accentuate certain features and de-emphasize others. They may be necessary in cases of trauma where a restoration has been performed.
Highlights and shadows
Pertaining to tissues.
Histo-
Cellular pathology is also known as:
Histology, microscopic pathology.
Refers only to unadulterated chromatically comparable color
Hue
The characteristic of a color by which it is identified by name
Hue
The property of a color by which it is distinguished from other colors
Hue
The property of a color by which it is distinguished from others. The name of the chromatic color
Hue
Fluids that contain large amounts of chemicals that act to add and retain tissue moisture
Humectants
Colloids:
Humectants such as: Glycerine, glycols, sorbitol, lanolin - will not pass through semipermeable membranes. Humectants wrap around cells helping them retain moisture.
An increase in plasma or fluid portion of the blood.
Hydremic plethora
Instruments for aspiration:
Hydroaspirator Electric aspirator Hand pump Air pressure machine Trocar Tubing Nasal tube aspirator Autopsy aspirator *NOT HYPOVALVE TROCAR* which is used for injection
Edema of the scrotum:
Hydrocele
Edema of the head:
Hydrocephalus
A condition which does *not* require cranial aspiration (unless it is causing the eyes to protrude or cranial purge):
Hydrocephalus - A build-up of fluid in the cavities deep within the brain.
Body fats are broken down by
Hydrolysis
Edema of the sack surrounding the heart:
Hydropericardium
Edema of the chest:
Hydrothorax
What type of *solution* would you use for an edematous case?
Hyp*er*tonic
What kind of embalming solution is used for edematous cases?
Hyp*er*tonic solutions
Excessive, above or beyond.
Hyper-
An increase in blood flow to an organ or part of the body.
Hyperemia
Working out causing an increase in the blood flow to muscles is an example of
Hyperemia
Increased size of an organ or part due to excessive but regulated increase in number of its cells.
Hyperplasia
High blood pressure based on 3 readings spread out over several weeks in which blood pressure is higher than 140 mL of mercury systolic or 90 mL of mercury diastolic.
Hypertension
Increase in size of a body part.
Hypertrophy
Below, underneath, deficient or, in chemistry, lacking oxygen.
Hypo-
In the 9 region method, where would you find the urinary bladder?
Hypogastric region
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body.
Hypoplasia
Order of progression of discolorations:
Hypostasis, livor mortis, postmortem stain, formaldehyde grey.
A solution contains less of a dissolved substance than is found in blood
Hypotonic
Disease caused by diagnosis or treatment of another disease. (Is also a complication)
Iatrogenic
Another name for jaundice:
Icterus.
Of unknown cause. Ex: SIDS
Idiopathic
Conditions that may require re-aspiration:
If gas escapes from the trocar puncture during cavity injection; If there is evident decomposition.
Treatments for fractures pre-embalming
If in a viewable area, reset (straighten) broken bones. An incision through the skin surface may be required.
Why would you need to re-aspirate before dressing?
If purge continues during arterial embalming.
Cranial aspiration is only necessary in certain instances such as:
If the eyes are projecting due to pressure.
Dehydration:
If tissue needs the preservation they will not dehydrate.
Secondary injection
If you can not get good distribution, than you must raise additional arteries. You should start closest to the center of circulation and work distal if necessary.
Color in Light
Illumination
Giving or casting of light
Illumination
Body of supercilium (eyeborws)
Located between the superciliary arch and the line of the temple, within the lateral plane of the forehead. The abundance of hair is usually less dense than the head portion of the eyebrows. The inclination of the hairs becomes more oblique as they are located closer to the tail of the brow
Tail of supercilium (eyebrow)
Located on part of the line of the temple and sometimes overlaps onto the temple within the lateral plane of the face. Its abundance of hair is usually sparse. The inclination of the hair frequently approaches a horizontal appearance
Where is the ear passage (external auditory meatus) located?
Located on the temporal bone
Where is the concha located in correspondence to the ear passage?
Located superiorly and posteriorly to the ear passage
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone mass that occurs throughout the skeleton, resulting in predisposition to bone fracture. (A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.)
Yellow superimposed on magenta transmits a
Low brilliance
Magenta superimposed upon blue-green transmits
Low brilliance blue
Yellow is superimposed upon cyan transmits a
Low brilliance green
Silicosis
Lung fibrosis caused by the inhalation of dust containing *silica*.
A chronic kin disease characterized by scaling, red, macular rash
Lupus erythematosus
Instantaneous rigor
Immediate stiffening of the muscles of a dead human body.
Where are all non-sharp biomedical waste disposed
In a biohazard container with a red bag
Moribund (agonal state)
In a dying state. In the agonal period.
benign connective tissue neoplasm of lymph vessels.
Lymphangioma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of lymph vessels.
Lymphangiosarcoma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of the lymph nodes.
Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
When present, it is known as an infestation. (bed bugs, cockroaches)
Macroscopic organisms
Double intradermal (hidden) suture:
Made with 2 needles that are threaded at opposite ends of the same thread. This process is similar to lacing a shoe.
Red + Blue =
Magenta
What are some reasons for drainage?
Make room for arterial solution (#1) Remove intravascular blood discolorations Remove element that speed decomposition Prevent discoloration of blood and HCHO (formaldehyde gray) Reduce swollen tissue (remove pitting edema) Remove bacteria present in the blood Reduce secondary dilution of arterial solution
In the 9 region method, where is the starting point of the trocar guide?
In the umbilical region
The illumination resulting from the glowing of a heated filament. This type of light provides a less brilliant illumination when compared to daylight. It lacks certain wavelengths and the illumination appears more yellow. As a result, object can take on a warm yellow appearance
Incandescent
Agonal fever
Increase in body temperature immediately **before** death.
Methods of improving distribution:
Increase rate of flow Increase pressure Use pulsation Restrict drainage Massage the body Relieve extreme abdominal extravascular pressure - ascites (via trocar & drainage)
For a larger body, does the rate of algor mortis increase, decrease, or stay the same?
Increase. A larger body will have more surface area to lose heat more rapidly.
Will the rate of algor mortis in an infant be increased or decreased?
Increased because, among other factors, they have a higher ratio of surface area as compared to their body mass.
Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma - lymphangiosarcoma - hemangiosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
Malignant Neoplasms (connective tissue)
Glioma
Malignant Neoplasms (of nervous tissue)
What helps form the socket portion of the mandibular articulation?
Mandibular fossa
Reflected illumination on an object. This can provide ambient lighting to an area
Indirect lighting
Necrosis that results from a lack of blood supply to a body part is known as:
Infarction
Cholangitis
Infection (inflammation) of the *livers bile duct* that is already partially obstructed by gallstones.
Endometritis
Infection (inflammation) of the endometrium, which is the (*inner*) lining of the uterus.
Pneumonia
Infection of the lungs.
Any disease caused by a pathogen.
Infectious
A microorganism that invades tissue and causes disease.
Infectious agent
The process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present.
Infiltration
Pneumoconiosis
Infiltration and discoloration of the lungs due to prolonged *inhalation of dust*.
Pyelitis
Inflammation of (only) the *renal pelvis* of the kidney.
Ureteritis
Inflammation of a ureter.
Neuritis
Inflammation of nerve cells.
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain.
Bronchitits
Inflammation of the bronchi, which are the main air passages to the lungs.
Colonitis
Inflammation of the colon, or *large intestine*.
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus; The tube that carries food from your throat to your stomach.
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum.
Enteritis
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the *small intestine* caused by the bacterium *Escherichia coli* (E. coli).
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys.
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx (voice box).
Bronchopneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs, *beginning in the bronchi* or bronchioles.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges (brain and spinal cord membranes), typically caused by an infection.
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth.
Oophoritis
Inflammation of the ovaries.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Mumps
Inflammation of the parotid glands (one of three pairs of saliva-producing (salivary) glands); also called *epidemic parotitis*.
Proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum.
Myelitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord.
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra.
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often caused by infection and is usually accompanied by frequent, painful urination.
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
The part of the visible spectrum adjacent to the red end of the visible spectrum
Infrared
If the embalmer was using the femoral artery as a primary injection point, s/he should:
Inject down the leg first.
When using restricted cervical injection method, this should be your first injection site
Inject the right common carotid inferior first
Tissue builder treatment for Emaciated fingers
Inject tissue builder at the sides of the joints. Emaciated pads of the fingertips may also be filled from the same points of entry.
Treatment for sunken eyes
Inject tissue builder behind the eyeball. Only small amount is required. Insert needle between the lips of the inner canthus at the medial end of the eyelids. The point of the needle is held against the medial wall of the eye socket to avoid piercing the eyeball.
Treatment for postmortem bruising
Inject using a lower and slower pressure, hypodermic injection of a phenol solution.
Mortuary Putty
Injected into the mouth between the lips and teeth can aid in achieving a natural form
Chronological order of intravascular distribution:
Injection Machine Delivery hose Arterial tube Injection artery *Aortic semilunar valve* *Arch of Aorta* Arterial system Arteriole Capillaries (fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules)
Concurrent/continuous (method of drainage)
Injection and drainage at same time throughout embalming.
One-point injection
Injection and drainage occur at the same site. Ex: Common carotid artery & jugular vein.
Multipoint injection
Injection at two or more sites.
Split injection
Injection from one site and drainage from another site. Ex: common carotid artery & femoral vein.
Multi-point injection
Injection from two or more arteries. Used when the arterial solution does not evenly distribute to the entire body.
Restricted cervical injection
Injection of both common carotid arteries.
Split injection
Injection of solution from one site and drainage from another.
Intermittent (method of drainage)
Injection of the embalming solution continues throughout the embalming and the drainage is shut off for selected short periods of time.
Six point injection
Injection of the right and left common carotid, axillary (subclavian/brachial) and femoral (common/external iliac) arteries.
Six-point injection
Injection of the right and left common carotids, right and left subclavian (axillary or brachial), and the right and left femoral (common, external iliac) arteries. Used in the preparation of most autopsied bodies. Drainage is most likely from the jugulars.
Tretment for sunken temples
Injection should be made through any of the 5 hidden areas
What rate of flow should be used to embalm a body with arteriosclerosis?
Injection should start with a slow rate of flow then can be increased when distribution has been established.
What 4 processes are going on at the same time during the normal embalming procedure?
Injection, distribution, diffusion & drainage.
Antihelix
Inner rim of the ear
Consideration for injecting a collapsed eyeball
Insert the needle directly into the eyeball, avoiding the iris
What would help the anterior projection of the eyeballs?
Inserting eye caps.
Asphyxia
Insufficient intake of oxygen.
To become more brilliant or more vivid in color.
Intensify
Equivalent to its brightness or dullness
Intensity
The amount of strength of a color especially to its degree of freedom of a mixture with its complimentary color or gray
Intensity
Between, among.
Inter-
A pigmentary hue produced by mixing, in equal quantities, a primary hue with its adjacent secondary hue on the color wheel
Intermediate hue
Achieved by injecting (via circulatory system) a staining dye with embalming chemical. Red and brown are commonly used.
Internal coloring
What vein should be used in an obese case
Internal jugular vein
What are the contents to the carotid sheath
Internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and common carotid artery
What are the 3 layers of arteries?
Intima (inner) Media (middle) Adventitia (outer) Lumen (opening or cavity of the artery)
State of being intoxicated, especially of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance.
Intoxication
Inside of, within.
Intra-
This suture is used to close an incision that appears on a viewed area
Intradermal suture
Type of suture used to close incisions in such a manner that the ligature remains entirely under the epidermis
Intradermal suture
When completed, this suture style will provide a surface that is better for the application of wax to conceal the incision
Intradermal suture
Is Livor mortis considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Intravascular
Is cappillary congestion considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Intravascular
Is hypostasis considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Intravascular
Is the cherry red coloring resulting from CO poisoning considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Intravascular
How would you stimulate fluid circulation in areas that come in contact with the table and/or other positioning devices?
Massage of the pressure points.
How can short circuiting of arterial solution be overcome?
Massage, manipulation, & restriction of drainage.
What is the goal of instant tissue fixation?
Maximum preservation with minimum tissue distention.
What types of conditions would increase algor mortis the most?
Intrinsic factors: 1) The ratio of surface area of the body to the body mass, 2) body temperature at the time of death, 3) combinations of the effects of the ratio of surface area to body mass and body temperature at the time of death. Extrinsic factors: 1) Body coverings such as clothing and, 2) the surrounding environment.
Death
Irreversible cessation of all vital functions (nonlegal definition).
Coma
Irreversible cessation of brain activity and loss of consciousness. Death beginning at the brain.
What is an example of a functional disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Reduction in arterial blood supply.
Ischemia
Dry gangrene is also known as:
Ischemic necrosis
How do nephrotoxic changes affect the body?
It enhances the nitrogenous waste products (ammonia) which neutralizes formaldehyde and turns it into hexamethylene (urotropin) which promotes decomposition.
Horizontal wrinkles of the mucous membranes should tell you what about that body?
It is dehydrated
The mandibular fossa is located where in correspondence with the ear?
It is located anterior to the ear passage
What margin is least defined?
Medial Margin
What is a major disadvantage of using the popliteal artery?
It is located behind the knee, making it hard to reach. More possibility for leakage.
Where is the mastoid process located in correspondence with the ear?
It is located immediately behind and below the ear passage
How does rigor mortis effect diffusion?
It makes the body more acidic which means that buffers will have to be employed because formaldehyde likes a more alkaline environment.
How does the superior margin project?
It projects anteriorly farther than any other rim, affording protection to the eyeball. Tissues covering the bone are relatively thin, thus the surface contour resembles that of the frontal bone
What is a benefit of split injection?
It reduces the possibility of short circuiting
What should be done with potentially radioactive laundry?
It should be set aside in a bag for several weeks and then laundered.
What will happen to a puncture hole when exposed to air?
It will turn dark
Caused by diseases of the liver, bile problem, or blood problems
Jaundice
Fluids compounded to cover or remove the discoloration of jaundice
Jaundice fluids
Mandibular prognathism
Jaw protrusion of the inferior jaw
The ability of one color to influence the appearance of an adjacent color
Juxtaposition
When two hues are placed adjacent to one another, and viewed simultaneously, each influences the appearance of the other in the direction of their complements
Juxtaposition
Where does the helix originate?
Medial wall of the concha
The basilic vein is located ____ and _____ to the brachial artery
Medial, superficial
What is renal calculi?
Kidney stones
Which conditions would require special care when positioning the body?
Kyphosis, gigantism, osteoporosis.
A very bright energy efficient light source
LED
Vessels lie along an imaginary line drawn on the surface of the skin from the center of the base of the axillary space to the center of the forearm just below the bend of the elbow
LG for Brachial artery
Visualize a line on the skin from the sternoclavicular articulation to the anterior surface of the base of the earlobe
LG for Common Carotid
Visualize a line on the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament to the center of the medial prominence of the knee(medial condyle of the femur)
LG for Femoral artery
Along an imaginary line drawn on the surface of the skin of the forearm from the center of the antecubital fossa to the center of the base of the second digit
LG for Radial artery
From the sternoclavicular articulation to the center of the anterior surface of the shoulder joint
LG for Subclavian artery
Visualize a line on the skin from the center of the antecubital fossa on the forearm to a point between the 4th and 5th finger
LG for Ulnar artery
a downy type hair that is common and can be problematic when cream cosmetics are applied.
Lanugo
What would a large hypodermic needle be used for?
Large diameter used for cream fillers
What is the order of decomposition for a male?
Larynx, stomach, intestines, brain
Wings of the nose
Lateral lobes of the nose
Lateral margin
Lateral rim of the eye socket and made from the zygomaticofrontal process
The axillary artery is located ____ and ____ to the axillary vein
Lateral, Deep
Mentum
Latin for chin
Branch off the arch of the aorta
Left common carotid artery
(benign neoplasm) of smooth muscle tissue.
Leiomyoma
(malignant neoplasm) of smooth muscle tissue.
Leiomyosarcoma
What can vary from individual to individual regarding the scapha?
Length, width, and depth
A condition marked by small brown patches on the skin, typically in elderly people.
Lentigo
Racial classification of the nose includes:
Leptorrhine Mesorrhine Platyrrhine
A circumcised area of pathologically altered tissue, a single patch in a skin disease.
Lesion
Petechiae can be a result of this pathological disorder
Leukemia
White blood cells.
Leuko-
An idiopathic disorder in which the melanocytes stop producing pigment and are destroyed.
Leukoderma
To tie or bind using cord, wire, or thread
Ligate
Thread, cord, or wire used for tying vessels, tissues, or bones
Ligature
To shine, a form of electromagnetic radiation that acts upon the retina of the eye to make sight possible
Light
What does LED stand for
Light emitting diode
As compared to the base colorant, a highlighting cosmetic is slightly
Lighter
With Law of Simultaneous Contrast, a color appears ___ when the colors around it is darker
Lighter
Unionalls:
Like a onsie, offers full body (except for hands) coverage.
Embalming considerations for those dead from Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD):
Like mad cow disease, is caused by a prion which can not be killed by normal means and must be incinerated. Care should be taken as to not come into contact with the brain or spinal cord.
When it comes to suturing, what kind of thread is strongest, cotton or linen?
Linen
a small, flat brush having soft hairs of uniform length. It can be used to apply lip colorant.
Lip Brushes
To treat lip separations, damage, and dehydration issue what could you use?
Lip wax applied to the mucous membranes
Fat, fatty, lipid.
Lipo-
benign connective tissue neoplasm of fat.
Lipoma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of fat.
Liposarcoma
Black, extreme darkness of hue.
Melano-
malignant neoplasm epithelial tissue of melanocytes (skin darkening pigment, melanin, skin cancer)
Melanoma
Malignant Neoplasms (epithelial tissue)
Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma
Most benign neoplasms end in -oma except:
Melanoma, lymphoma, and glioma
A condition of abnormal or excessive production of melanin in the skin or other tissue.
Melanosis
Breakdown of tissues and/or microorganisms, forming liquid/semiliquid material or pus
Liquefaction
According to the textbook, what process is only recommended in special cases to hide the incision in viewable areas
Liquid adhesives
Discolorations can include cyanosis
Meningitis
The anterior chin projection can be called what?
Mental eminence
What influences the prominence of the chin?
Mentalis muscle
Middle.
Meso-
What nose classification is common to individuals of Asian Descent?
Mesorrhine
Replacement of one type of tissue by a form that is not normally found there.
Metaplasia
What is another name for oil of wintergreen?
Methyl salicylate
What organisms cause infections
Microscopic organisms
Which of the following cases would you might consider using a pre-injection solution prior to arterial injection
Mild jaundice
A*d*sorbtion
Molecules adhere like surface tension (accumulates on the surface). Like humectants, that can not pass through membranes.
What is another name for downsyndrome?
Mongolism
A color scheme that uses one color with individual tints, shades, and tones of that color
Monochrome scheme
Color of head hair
More melanin creates darker hair. Varying shades combine with a specific amount of melanin to produce wide color range. During aging, less pigment is produced and hair begins to turn gray. White hair lacks pigment.
Number of deaths in a given time or place or proportion of deaths to a population.
Mortality rate
The study of the materials and techniques of applying colorants to simulate a natural appearance for the deceased.
Mortuary cosmetology
Subcutaneous emphysema
Most frequently encountered, caused by antemortem SCE. -Result of lung puncture/CPR - breaking of ribs/ puncture the lungs. -Best to remove trapped air *after* embalming. -*Can be removed by channeling*. -*No odor, skin-slip or blebs*. -This condition is *not* caused by a microbe & does not continue to intensify after death. -Moves to dependent areas such as the neck and face.
What kind of person is likely to be affected by arteriosclerosis?
Most likely after 30 years of age.
What is the importance of injecting several gallons of solution?
To maintain moisture levels and because up to 50% of drainage is arterial fluid.
What is the number one purpose for drainage?
To make room for arterial solution. Otherwise distention would result.
What are the purposes of long term preservation?
To prepare for final disposition and/or anatomical donation/study.
What are surfactants in embalming fluid used for?
To reduce surface tension to allow for better **penetration** of embalming fluids.
Excise
To remove as by cutting
What is the main purpose of a closed suture
To return the skin to a natural position and prevent moisture leakage
Abut
To touch or contact, as with the tarsal plates of the closed eyelids.
Wax can be used for what on the nose?
To treat tissue erosion or damage
What is the purpose of cavity treatment?
To treats the contents of the hollow and solid organs.
A hue mixed with either a small quantity of gray or the complement of the hue, resulting in dulling the hue
Tone
Fourth degree burns
Total evacuation (absence) of tissue. Normally, these cases are not candidates for restoration unless only an unviewed part is burned.
malignant neoplasm of urinary tract epithelium.
Transitional cell carcinoma
light may pass through but diffusion of distinct images occurs; only somewhat transparent.
Translucent
light rays pass through and anything behind and beyond can be distinctly seen.
Transparent
Basic premise of universal precautions for embalmers
Treat all human remains as if they were infected with HIV, HBV, or other pathogens
The bacterium that causes syphilis:
Treponema pallidum
A color scheme that uses 3 hues. Those hues have spacing of 3 hues between each of them
Triad color scheme
The triangular fossa takes what form?
Triangular form
Characterized by caseation of the lung tissue forming a cheese-like appearance:
Tuberculosis
Scientific name for swelling.
Tumor
What are the names of the 3 layers of an artery? (Superficial to deep)
Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna.
Consideration when treating sunken cheeks
Two opposite points of entry are usually necessary due to the extent of this area and the transverse curvature
An open sore or lesion of skin on a mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing off of inflamed/necrotic tissue.
Ulcer
Treatment of ulcerations:
Ulcerations need to be redressed after embalming to assure preservation. Treatment can be both: hypodermic & surface pack
Invisible rays of the spectrum lying outside the violet and of the visible spectrum
Ultraviolet
How long should an embalmed body last?
Until the time of disposition.
Causes inflammation of the joints, also known as gouty arthritis.
Uric acid
Hexamethylene is also known as:
Urotropin
What would you use if eyelashes are missing on the deceased?
Use false eyelashes when eyelashes are missing. These often times need to be trimmed. The disadvantage of using false eyelashes is that some tend to look too symmetrical.
Individual (bridge) suture:
Used to align tissues prior to, during or after embalming. They are temporary and are later replaced by more permanent sutures.
Solvent
Used to clean syringe and needles when colloidal type material is used.
One point injection
Using the same site for both injection and drainage, requiring only one incision to be made. Most commonly R.C.C and the accompanying I.J.V then femorals.
Pertaining to the uterus.
Utero-
Black and white pigments are mixed with hues to change their color ___
Value
The lightness or darkness of a hue that causes it to differ from the standard hue observed in the spectrum
Value
The lightness or darkness of a hue.
Value
What is another name for arterial fluid?
Vascular fluid
Any of various reddish swellings or patches on the skin due to hypertrophy of capillaries.
Vascular nevus
What are the two small veins that lie on either side of the radial artery
Vena comitantes
What are the two small veins that lie on either side of the ulnar artery
Venae comitantes
Pertaining to the veins.
Veno-
Chronological order of drainage:
Venule Veins Venous system Drainage instrument Drainage
Septum
Vertical cartilage dividing the nasal cavity into two chamber, responsible for asymmetry
Infranasal Prognathism
a form of prognathism in which the base of the nasal cavity protrudes abnormally
The mixture of the 3 primary hues, in equal proportion, produces
a gray
Puncture
a hole or wound resulting from piercing. For hidden punctures, consider the purse-string suture to close the opening. Consider disinfecting and sealing protocols.
What are the signs of death?
1) Cessation of respiration 2) Cessation of circulation 3) muscular flaccidity 4) Changes in the eye, including: - Clouding of the cornea - Loss of luster in the conjunctiva - Flattening of the eyeball - Dilated and unresponsive pupils 5) Postmortem rigidity 6) Rigor mortis 7) Algor mortis 8) Decomposition
The loss of fullness of the anterior cheek at the nasolabial fold may be corrected with:
1. A cylinder of cotton placed internally, high against the cheekbone 2. Mortuary putty (Injected or placed in the same area) 3. Hypodermic tissue building in the cheek beside the nasolabial folds
Restorations for separated eyelids
1. Adhesives 2. Stretching eyelids with aneurysm needle 3. Incising Levator paleprae superioris in extreme cases (Requires authorization) 4. Extreme cases, perforated eyecap 5. Total excision and rebuilding with wax
General hair preparation
1. Any hair that as been uncut should be trimmed. 2. Hair should be cleansed. 3. At the family's direction, hair may be colored. 4. If needed, hair may be styled to match style worn during life.
Treatment for dehydrated lips
1. Application of massage cream before and during embalming 2. Hypodermic tissue building of both mucous membranes 3. Liquid adhesive applied behind weather line 4. Lip wax applied to mucous membrane surfaces 5. Apply cosmetics
Restorations for the eyebrow
1. Apply hair on thin film of flesh colored wax. (The area is too conspicuous for adhesive.) However, some embalmers prefer to use liquid adhesive. 2. Start at either end of the eyebrow. 3. Cuts tufts of hair from the head, hold with forceps, trim, and apply to wax (or adhesive) 4. Place tufts of hair at an angle, as described above. 5. Start application superiorly...and work in an inferior direction. 6. The attached end of hair may be covered with a thin slip of wax. This wax will locate along the entire inferior margin of the supercilium
Treatment of swollen lips
1. Arterial injection of edema corrective chemicals; during embalming. 2. External pressure with fingertips or cotton compress; post embalming. 3. Application of heat with the electric spatula. 4. Channeling 5. Hypodermically inject a constricting or cauterizing chemical into the lips 6. Surgical reductions (Last Resort)
Treatments for skin slips
1. Puncture blister and apply cotton compress. Cover area with plastic wrap 2. Requires stronger solutions with higher volume 3. Hypodermically inject cauterant or preservative into adjacent under-embalmed areas 4. Areas must be dried and sealed Non-viewed areas, cotton and plastic wrap 5. Viewed areas, liquid sealer after area is dried. Apply wax and restore skin texture 6. Apply cosmetics
Considerations for second degree burns
1. Puncture blister to remove fluid PRIOR to embalming 2. Strong arterial solution 3. Surface compress saturated with cauterizing agent during and after embalming 4. Excise Loose skin 5. Chemically dry and seal area with liquid sealer 6. Apply wax, Skin texture, facial and other markings for viewable areas, and cosmetics 7. For non-viewable areas apply liquid sealer topped with cotton and cover with plastic to prevent leakage. Dress area with plastic garments
What are the two classifications for the nose?
1. Racial 2. Profile
A swollen orbital pouch can be reduced via the following methods:
1. Reduction by external pressure 2. Aspiration followed by compress saturated with a constricting fluid 3. Electric spatula
Restorations for eye enucleation treatment
1. Be very gentle with the tissue 2. Three problems facing the embalming - Distention - Discoloration - Leakage 3. Seal optic foramen 4. Restore natural surface contour 5. Close eyelids 6. Arterial injection of preservative solution 7. After arterial injection remove contents from orbits, check for leakage, re-seal and re-pack the area. close the eye 8. If necessary, Reduce swelling caused by injection
Restorations for discolored eyelids:
1. Bleaching agent hypodermically injected beneath skin surface 2. Saturated cotton compress on skin surface 3. Opaque cream cosmetics
Classifications of edema:
1. Cellular (Solid) Edema- moisture inside the cell 2. Int*er*cellular (Pitting/Skeletal)- moisture in the skeletal tissue
Restorations for lacerated eyelids
1. Cementing 2. Removal of eyelids and wax restoration 3. Partial excision and retaining the eyelashes
Restorations for Dehydrated and Open Inner Canthus Following Embalming
1. Cementing 2. Waxing 3. Cream in the opening and closing margins of the medial canthus prior to embalming to hold margins in a closed position during embalming
Characteristics of eyelashes
1. Cilia extend from the free rims of the eyelids. The individual hairs are relatively thick when compared to those on the scalp. 2. Eyelash hairs are irregular in length, abundance, and spacing. Also, they tend to curve (slight curl). 3. Cilia are arranged in clusters (which form inverted triangles). 4. There are no eyelash hairs at either end of the line of closure and it is not unusual to find small intervals which lack hair
Treatment for Cementing the lips:
1. Clean and dry the lips with appropriate products 2. Apply liquid adhesive on mucous membrane surfaces behind the weather line. 3. Place and hold the lips together until the adhesive dries. 4. Apply solvent to remove excess visible adhesive.
General process of hair attachment
1. Clip desired amount of hair from the back of the head as needed. Do not cut full volume of hair needed in advance. 2. Cut hair patches a little longer and thicker (abundance in a hair tuft) than needed. Later, they can be trimmed and shaped. The width of each hair patch may vary. 3. Those measuring more than one inch can be difficult to manage. 4. Prepare the surface (e.g., use dry wash or solvent to clean area.) 5. Apply small amount of wax or adhesive to skin. Or apply the wax or adhesive directly to the ends (one free end of a tuft of hair that will be attached) of the hair. 6. Apply the hair to the wax or adhesive (or, attach the hair to the skin if previously applying adhesive or wax to hair end). One free end of the hair tuft is attached. 7. Use an "overlapping method" - each hair patch should overlap the attachment of the previous. 8. If using wax, do not flatten the entire hair shaft hair into the underlying wax. 9. To secure hair in wax, apply another ribbon of wax over one margin of the hairline 10. Trim and shape the hair only AFTER the adhesive has completely dried.
Treatments for fractures Post-Embalming
1. Crushed bones may be attached to one another using wire, or mortuary putty may be used to replace missing or crushed facial or cranial bones 2. Wire bridging 3. Packing materials like cotton are removed. Un-embalmed tissues are treated with chemical compress, Replace packing 4. Suture together any skin openings 5. Splints may be used to hold long bones in position 6. Seal incision, Plastic wrap, garments, skin texture 7. Apply Cosmetics
Hair Restoration for partial hair loss
1. Determine the hair source. The hair should be the correct color and texture before starting the restoration. At this time, color correction the hair is done (if necessary). 2. Clean and dry the scalp. 3. Apply "adhesive" for the hair attachment. Hair may be attached to glue (or other type of chemical adhesive) or wax. The glue or wax can be applied to either the scalp or attached end of hair (before placing on the head). 4. Apply the hair to the scalp in small sections. 5. Start at the most inferior location (edges) and work in a superior direction (toward the crown). 6. Overlay each subsequent section over the previous one. 7. Trim the hair as needed.
Steps for hair restoration
1. Determine the hair source. The hair should be the correct color and texture before starting the restoration. At this time, color correction the hair is done (if necessary). 2. Clean and dry the scalp. 3. Apply "adhesive" for the hair attachment. Hair may be attached to glue (or other type of chemical adhesive) or wax. The glue or wax can be applied to either the scalp or attached end of hair (before placing on the head). 4. Apply the hair to the scalp in small sections. 5. Start at the most inferior location (edges) and work in a superior direction (toward the crown). The reverse is true if the hairstyle is pulled back or combed back. 6. Overlay each subsequent section over the previous one. 7. Focus on the edges (forehead hairline, temples, sideburns and around ears), as they are likely to be visible. 8. Trim the hair as needed.
What are three problems the embalmer faces when doing eye enucleation treatment?
1. Distention 2. Discoloration 3. Leakage
Treatment of abscess
1. Drain prior to embalming; lance area with scalpel 2. Excise loose skin. Clean, Disinfect and re-drain 3. Surface compressed saturated with cauterant 4. Apply liquid sealer to tissue 5. Non-viewed area, apply cotton and plastic wrap 6. in viewed areas, restore with wax. Restore skin texture, facial or other markings 7. Apply cosmetics
What are the organs and tissues that can be recovered for dontation?
1. Epithelium (Skin and cornea) 2. Connective tissue (blood, bone, tendons, and cartilage) 3. Muscle tissue 3. Nerve tissue 5. Organs (kidney, heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, and eyes)
Cosmetics are applied to the visible parts of the deceased to achieve
1. Replace the coloring lost in death and disease.2. Replace any color lost through embalming.3. Compensate for the effect of lighting.4. Present a well-groomed appearance.5. Create a memory picture for the family and friends.6. Accent or de-emphasize parts of the face, if needed.7. Conceal discolorations.
Treatment of tumors after embalming:
1. Excise the tumor using the undercut method 2. Cauterize the exposed tissue and seal with appropriate sealing chemical 3. Consider hypodermic injection of cauterant of cavity chemical into tissue area 4. For deeper excisions, fill the area with firm wound filler wax 5. Use basket-weave suture to secure skin margins 6. Consider liquid sealer over sutured area 7. Apply medium to firm wax to area and shape to achieve normal contour 8. Apply cosmetics
Restorations for protruding eye caused by projection of eyeball
1. External pressure 2. Cranial aspiration by puncturing the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone 3. Aspirations behind eyeball 4. Aspiration inside eyeball 5. Removal of Vitreous humor of eyeball 6. Severe cases only: total removal of eye
What are methods of reduction for swollen areas?
1. External pressure 2. Electric spatula 3. Chemical compress 4. Constricting or astringent chemical injection 5. Aspiration 6. Channeling 7. Surgical reduction 9. Elevation of affected area
Restorations for treating the swelling of eyelids or orbital pouch:
1. External pressure 2. chemical or astringent compress 3. Constricting chemical injection (dehydrating agents) 4. Lancing / Aspiration of blood and serum 5. Surgical reduction 6. Electric spatula 7. Channeling
Eye restoration for sunken eyes:
1. Eye caps 2. Mortuary putty 3. Cotton 4. Hypodermic tissue building injected behind the eyeball to lift the sunken eye
Sources of hair for restoration
1. Hair from the back of the head of the deceased. 2. Wigs, toupees, hairpieces, extensions, etc. 3. Hair from barbershops or salons. Hair must be washed, dried, combed and sorted. 4. Cosmetic brushes - A camel-hair brush may be used for short hair restorations. (e.g. eyelashes). Hair may be trimmed and colored.
Restoration for sideburns
1. Hair growth of the anterior margin of the sideburn is vertical. Above this, the temple hair moves slightly forward to create a sharp angle with the recessive part of the hairline 2. Begin at the inferior margin and work in a superior direction. Each attached patch overlaps the previous one.
How could Lip contact be achieved after embalming?
1. Hypodermically injecting tissue filler into mucous membranes to expand the red lip shape. 2. Apply adhesive to areas behind the weather line. Clean and dry surfaces are required for the glue to adhere to surfaces. 3. Apply wax to and between lips surfaces in an effort to fill the gap.
The crus of the helix may originate in what 3 areas?
1. In the anterior area of the medial wall of the concha. (at the top of the ear passage, over the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch). 2. In the middle area of the medial wall of the concha and extends anterior to the top of the ear passage 3. At the posterior wall of the concha, dividing its vertical dimension into two parts as it extends anteriorly.
Treatments for complete decapitation
1. Inject head and torso separately 2. Use PVC or wooden Dowel with sharp ends to connect head and torso. Insert one end into spinal column of neck vertebrae and other end through the foramen magnum of the skull's occipital bone 3. Two addition dowels may be inserted to anterior neck 4. Suture together deep muscular tissue around neck area 5. apply cauterizing agents, surface compresses, or hypodermic injection 6. Apply filler materials to achieve natural surface contour 7. Suture together skin surfaces around neck 8. Apply wax to area and restore skin texture, facial or other markings 9. Apply cosmetics
Restorative treatments for abrasion
1. apply cream to unaffected areas 2. clean and dry wound; embalming and surface application of dehydrating agent 3. Following embalming, remove scabs or dehydrating tissue 4. Apply surface compress 5. Address and tissue openings with adhesives or sutures 6. Apply wax to surface 7. Reproduce skin texture and facial or other markings as needed 8. Apply cosmetics
When viewing the prile Silhouette, what should you look for?
1. curvature of each eyelid 2. relative size of each eyelid 3. projection of the superior palpebral when compared to the root of the nose
Post-mortem tissue changes prior to embalming or other treatments
1. decomposition 2. emaciation 3. dehydration 4. edema
Post-Mortem tissue changes after embalming include:
1. deocmposition 2. tissue gas 3. gas in cavities 4. distension 5. discoloration associated with purge 6. dehydration
What are the five hidden areas for sunken temples?
1. eyebrow 2. sideburns 3. hair of temple 4. behind the top of the ear 5. behind the anterior part of the helix
Swelling results from excessive accumulation of what?
1. liquids - excessive arterial solution/body fluids 2. Gasses - tissue gas 3. Solids - goiter, tumors 4. Semi-solids - clotted blood
What are the 5 external signs of decomposition
1. odor 2. desquamination 3. gas 4. purge 5. marbling color changes
Components of arterial fluid:
1. preservatives 2. disinfectants 3. anticoagulants 4. dyes 5. deodorants 6. vehicles 7. surfactants 8. modifying agents (water conditioners, humectants, buffers, inorganic salts)
Restorative treatments for lacerations and incisions:
1. temporary sutures to hold skin flaps in desired position 2. Apply cream around adjacent unaffected tissue 3. Dry wound interior with cauterizing agent 4. Fill opening with powder incision sealer or mortuary putty 5. Remove dehydrating tissue 6. Determine appropriate suturing method 7. Apply wax; if necessary reintroduce skin texture 8. Apply cosmetics
How long does it usually take for rigor mortis to leave the body?
10-72 hours
For a single table room, how many times should the air change
12 to 20
How many air changes per hour should there be in the prep room
15
How is the head positioned in the casket?
15 degrees to the right and it should be elevated above the level of the chest.
How long is STEL
15 minutes
What is considered a medium strength index
16-25
How much arterial solution *should be retained* in a 200lb case?
2 gallons because half will come out as drainage.
The injection site for cavity treatment is..?
2 inches above and 2 inches to the left of the umbilicus (belly button).
What is considered a strong index fluid
26-36
What is OSHAs STEL
2ppm
How long are employee training records to be kept by the employer?
3 years
When can standard embalming procedures be performed on a radioactive case? (*un*autopsied)
30 mCi or below
If formalin is saturated, what is the percentage of formaldehyde by weight? (by volume?)
37% by weight (40% by volume) formaldehyde is in formalin.
How many grams of formaldehyde is needed per every 100 grams of protein?
4.4
When can standard embalming procedures be performed on a radioactive case? (autopsied)
5 mCi or below
An embalmer would like to make a 2% solution for two quarts of embalming solution for a still born baby. How much 24 index arterial fluid should be added to the embalming machine
5 ounces
What is considered a low strength index
5-15
The average (adult) human body is what percent water?
55-65%
At birth, a eight-pounds baby would be made of how much water
6 pounds
How long does it usually take for rigor mortis to appear?
6-10 hours
What is the normal pH of circulating blood?
7.4
Restorative treatments for severed limbs:
1. Inject limbs and body separately 2. Apply cauterizing agents, surface compresses or hypodermic injection to damage tissue 3. Observe length of severed limb to the other. Use wooden dowel, metal rod, or PCV to achieve natural length and appearance 4. Suture together muscular tissue 5. Apply additional filler materials (putty or cotton) 6. Suture together skin surfaces around the area 7. If viewable areas, apply wax and restore skin texture, facial or other markings 8. Apply cosmetics
Accepted methods of mouth closure
1. Needle injector 2. Muscular suture 3. Mandibular suture 4. Dental tie 5. Drill & wire 6. Chin rest (historical) 7. Gluing the lips
What are the hidden points of entry for sunken cheeks?
1. Nostril behind nasal wing 2. corners of the mouth 3. Behind lobe of ear 4. Behind tragus of ear 5. Behind upper part of jaw line and angle of jaw
The anterior margin of the ear is most often parallel to an assumed line on what?
1. On the bony profile, from the glabella to the maxilla 2. On the facial profile, from the median line of the brow to the median line of the upper lip
How could nasal alignment be established by packing?
1. Packing nostrils with cotton 2. Injection mortuary putty into nostrils 3. If the nasal bones are broken (with undamaged skin), the embalmer may reposition the bones with an instrument small rod or cosmetic brush handle) before inserting the packing material
What is alcohol used in embalming as?
1. Preservative, 2. disinfectant, 3. vehicle 4. stabilizes formaldehyde
Restorative treatments for twisted limbs:
1. Prior to embalming attempt to position the limb appropriate for viewing 2. Last Resort most embalmers would not try would be severing ligaments and tendons which required prior authorization
Sources of purge- Stomach:
"Coffee grounds" appearance with a foul odor.
How to avoid extreme absorption and conversion
"The simplest way to minimize the extremes is by use of color-media of pale, unsaturated hues. E.g., light pink (flesh), rose, flame, orchid, warm light bulbs, color neck bulbs with a frosted or clear glass top."
*Hypo*adrenalism
(*Adrenal insufficiency*) Underactivity of the adrenal gland, as in *Addison's disease*.
Puerperal sepsis
(*Child bed fever*) caused by the bacterium *streptococcus pyogenes*; an infection that occurs when bacteria infect the uterus and surrounding areas after a woman gives birth. Also known as a *postpartum infection*.
INexpert tests for death:
- **Ligature test**- a finger is ligated with string or rubber band. If swelling or discoloration occurs, it indicates the circulation of blood. - **Ammonia injection test**- a small amount of ammonia is injected subcutaneously. If there is a reddish reaction to the skin, it indicates that life is still present. - **Pulse**- digital pressure to check for heartbeat. - **Listening for respiration or heartbeat**- placing your ear over the chest of the individual.
Expert tests for death:
- **Stethoscope**- listens to sounds of respiration or cardiac activity - **Ophthalmoscope**- examines the retina - **Electroencephalogram** (EEG- examines electrical brain activity) - **Electrocardiogram** (ECG, EKG- examines electrical heart activity) - **Evoked response**- method of testing the function of certain sense organs, even if the subject is unconscious or uncooperative.
Characteristics of benign neoplasms:
- Grow by expansion - Encapsulated - Do not migrate (do not metastasize/spread) - Do not cause extensive tissue damage - Resemble tissue from which they originated - Generally do not return after surgical removal - Generally are not fatal
Characteristics of malignant neoplasms:
- Grow by infiltration - Non-encapsulated making them harder for the body to fight - Metastasize (spread) creating secondary foci (malignant cells) - Cause extensive tissue damage - Tumor does not resemble tissue surrounding it - Can reoccur when surgically removed - Lethal unless treated
Other terms for Bridge stitch
- Interrupted suture - temporary suture
Alternate terms for Worm suture
- Inversion suture - Draw stitch
A written Hazard Communication Plan should include
- Labeling of hazardous chemicals - Use of Safety Data Sheets - Methods of employee information and training - list of hazardous chemicals
Pigments of the skin
- Melanin - Carotene - Hemoglobin
Dark brown results from a mixture composed of
- Mostly red - less yellow - Very little blue
What colors are secondary hues
- Orange - Green - Purple
For the donor case in which the heart and lungs have been removed the embalmer should
- Paint the walls of the chest cavity with embalming gel - hypodermiclly inject the flaps of the chest wall - aspirate the abdominal cavity than inject cavity fluid
What influences how a person receives color
- Past experience or association - Color blindness
What are items within the funeral services department that are considered to be biomedical waste
- Personal Protective Equipment i.e. growns, masks, shoe covers and surgical caps - Laundry which has not be disinfected. - Sundry items which have been in contact with the body
If the TWA sampling reveals an exposure that exceeds the STEL or the PEL, what is the employer required to do
- Place formaldehyde warning signs on areas where the concentration of formaldehyde has exceeded these levels - Begin medical surveillance of employees who work in areas where the concentration of formaldehyde has exceeded the STEL or the PEL
If the TWA sampling is at or above 0.75, what is the employer required to do
- Post formaldehyde warning signs - Medical surveillance - Provide respirators for employees who are assigned to work in the posted area
What treatment should be used for a hematoma of the eye
- Raise and inject the carotid arteries with strong fluid - place cotton soaked with cavity fluid into the eye
What are the primary colors of the visible light spectrum
- Red - Blue - Green
What are the primary colors in pigment theory
- Red - Blue - Yellow
Complexion variables
- Skin pigments - Age - Environmental conditions - Health
Alternate terms for intradermal suture
- Subcutaneous - Hidden stitch
How is color appearance influenced
- Type and amount of illumination - Juxtaposition
When embalming a body with sever rigor mortis present, the embalmer should
- Use firm massage to encourage fluid distribution - try and break down rigor before injection
Process of receiving color
- Wave lengths of radiant energy strokes the retina of the eye - the impulse is transmitted to the brain
What are other suture purposes
- Wax anchor - Securing deep wound margins - Encircle margins of a hole - Attach a severed limb or body part
What are the secondary colors of the visible light spectrum
- Yellow - Cyan - Magenta
When embalming a body with decomposition, the embalmer can or should
- add dye to the embalming solution - use high index - aspirate trunk
What is the order of decomposition
- carbohydrates - soft proteins - fats - hard proteins - Bones
The injection of a 2% embalming solution with dye added should correct which of the following discolorations
- carbon monoxide poisoning - livor mortis
For donor cases who have dontated skin by a dermatome, the embalmer would expect which types of problems when preparing the body for viewing
- drying the tissue areas affected by donation - controlling leakage after embalming
The three dimensions is which a chromatic pigment can be evaluated are called
- hue - Value - intensity
Examples of pigmentary discolorations
- jaundice - bronze of addisons disease - cherry color of carbon monoxide
Light brown results from a mixture composed of
- mostly yellow - less red - very little blue
Components of cavity fluid:
- preservatives - disinfectants - vehicles - surfactants
If the TWA is between .5 and .75 ppm, what action is required
- repeat monitoring within 6 months - place formaldehyde warning on door - Conduct medical surveillance - plan to reduce exposure levels
What can be used to replace the calvarium
- suture temporalis muscle - use the needle injector
Different types of ligature
- waxed - non-waxed - linen - nylon - Dental floss
Gas Gangrene
-*Ante-mortem* condition which allows the bacteria to migrate after death. -Caused most commonly by the bacterium *clostridium perfringens*. -Foul odor -Usually found with wounds from outside activities -May spread after embalming
Treatments for edematous cases:
-*Continuous drainage* -High-index special drying fluid -*Adding* epsom salts to the arterial solution to make it hyp*er*tonic -High concentration of Vegetable humectant -Channeling the neck to drain
Responsibilities of the *receiving* funeral home when receiving a ship in:
-*Inspect remains* and report to shipping funeral home -Restorative and cosmetic treatments, dressing
Effects of antibiotics:
-*Membrane permeability is reduced* -Chelating of metallic ions of calcium and magnesium on the outside of cell membranes, thus *reducing ability of fluid able to enter/exit the cell*. *This combination increases the build up of nitrogenous wastes in the body*. To overcome that, you should increase the index, *add supplemental chemicals: surfactants, buffers*.
Diabetes considerations:
-*Poor peripheral circulation* = intermittent drainage + high pressures to promote distribution -Arteriosclerosis -Increase *bacterial and mycotic infections* = *thorough* cavity treatment especially of the lungs -Abnormal pH values = strong solution strength + co-injection fluid + dyes -(Dry) Gangrenous areas = hypodermic injection of cavity fluid -Decubitus ulcers (bed sores) -Strong/high index solutions -Possible multisite injection on distal areas
Tissue gas
-*Post-mortem* condition which may have started out as gas gangrene. -Caused by *C. Perfringens*. -*Blebs* on the surface areas of the dependent parts of the body. -May be spread by instruments because they are very resistant to disinfectants.
Sources of *extra*vascular resistances:
-*Rigor mortis* - should be broken before embalming -*Ascites* - relieved with a trocar during embalming -*Gas in intestines* - relieved with a trocar -*Bandages* - removed before embalming -*Tumors* - remove (with permission) only if it affects distribution -*Visceral weight* - may need to inject above and below the site of visceral weight
Shipping a *casketed* body:
-*Secure* in casket with padding (there are no straps) -Lower bed to lowest position -Place plastics as to prevent leakage -Cover head and hands to prevent make-up damage -Do *NOT completely* tighten the lid (the body will expand at 30 thousand feet if the casket is pressurized) -Place casket in air tray
Factors that increase moisture content (edema):
-Alcoholism -Burns -Cirrhosis of liver -Carbon monoxide poisoning -Congestive heart failure -Allergic reactions -Drug Therapy -Renal failure -Trauma -Lymphatic obstruction -Steroid therapy -Phlebitis -Hepatic failure -Transplant procedures
Preventing postembalming purge:
-Aspirate and inject 3 bottles of cavity fluid -Inject additional bottles in obese -Re-aspirate!! -Remove moist cotton if used -Pack throat and nose -Aspirate cranium -Tie off the trachea
Embalming procedures to maintain a good balance of moisture:
-Avoid hyp*er*tonic solutions -Avoid concurrent drainage -Avoid rapid injection -Delay aspiration -Avoid old or fast acting fluids -Use non-absorbent cotton -Avoid warm water -Use massage cream -Pack the throat and nose -Cover the body after embalming
Decomposition gas
-Caused by bacterial and autolytic enzymes (normal flora) -Gas ceases when the tissues are properly embalmed -These gases are responsible for the odor of decomposition -Can be removed with cavity aspiration and postembalming channeling of the tissues
Problems associated with dehydration:
-Darkening of tissues -Flaking or peeling of skin -Desiccated lips, eyelids and finger tips -Thickened blood
Postmortem conditions associated with the respiratory system:
-Edema (hydrothorax) -Cyanosis -Dehydration
The pressure responsible for purge can develop from (4):
-Gas -Visceral expansion -Arterial solution -Ascites and hydrothorax
When senile purpura is present in the body, the embalmer would
-Handle the affected areas with extreme care not to tear the tissue - use a lower rate of flow when embalming the affected areas
Embalming considerations for cases diagnosed with a Urinary Tract Disorder (UTI):
-Increased nitrogenous waste -Increased formaldehyde demand
Anatomical Embalming:
-Large volume of solution (4-9 gal) -NO ASPIRATION! -Some permit drainage others do not- anatomical board provides instructions -*Major problems*: 1. Mold 2. Desiccation
Storage for Delayed Viewing:
-Lay on plastic with body blocks- reduce contact points -Chemical wetting agent of mold retardant and humectants -Store in cool area -Check on remains regularly
Embalming precautions for radioactive cases:
-Less exposure = *distance* from body whenever practical -Continuous flow of water -Proper terminal disinfection -PPE's plus use of rubber gloves and apron
Functions of inflammation:
-Limit the extension of injurious agents in the body. -Repair the tissue of the body which may be harmed by injurious agents. -Destroy injurious agents in the body.
Chemotherapy concerns:
-Liver problems - filters toxins -Kidney problems - filters toxins -Skin problems -Circulatory system
Effects of tranquilizers and recreational drugs:
-Loss of weight and protein -Liver problems -Kidney problems -Low firming expected *A higher index solution and buffers should be used*.
Conditions which require the use of stronger index arterial solutions:
-Nephritis -Generalized passive hyperemia
Responsibilities of the *shipping* funeral home when preparing for ship out:
-Removal -Embalm *for extended period of time* -Legal documents including embalming report -*Communication of Problems w/ receiving FH*: 1. Leakage 2. Poor embalming
Embalming considerations for *delayed* viewing:
-Restricted cervical injection -Intermittent or restricted drainage -Delayed aspiration and cavity treatment after arterial injection -Reduce body surface contact (body blocks) -Hypodermically treat areas of blood discoloration -Apply massage cream -Spray mold inhibitor -Do not store in closed environment (have good air flow) -Inspect remains regularly
Re-Embalming:
-Six point if needed (can use same injection site as first injection) -Waterless (arterial fluid + humectant if they are dehydrated) -May also include hypodermic injection -Supplemental chemicals 1. Humectants 2. Mold retardant
Types of gases that may be found in the tissues of the dead human body:
-Subcutaneous emphysema -Tissue gas -Gas gangrene -Decomposition -Air from embalming machine (rare)
Causes of ischemia:
-Thickening of vessel wall. -Obstruction (thrombus or embolus) -External pressure by a tumor
Considerations for cases dead from renal failure:
-Toxic wastes in blood = increases formaldehyde demand. -Sallow color of the skin (yellowish bronze) -Acidosis (excess sugar in the blood) -Gastric ulcerations -Ecchymoses
Complications resulting from stricture of the ureters:
-Toxins may not be excreted from the body. -Sepsis (bacterial infection) -Uremia (waste in the blood) -Increased formaldehyde demand
Considerations for wet gangrene:
-Use a higher index fluid -Use an edema eliminator to decrease moisture -Use an additional disinfectant to make sure microbial activity is neutralized.
Embalming treatments for dehydration:
-Use moderate arterial solution 1.5-2.0% -Use an equal amount of co-injection fluids -Use a humectant -Use a large volume of solution (at a slow rate of injection) -Use alternate drainage or intermittent -Avoid *excessive* massage of visual areas -*Apply massage cream*
Pain, a painful condition
-algia
Relating to a hernia or swelling.
-cele
Excision, surgical removal of an anatomical structure, a cutting out.
-ectomy
Blood.
-emia
Inflammation of a specified organ.
-itis
The study of the subject noted in the body of a word.
-logy
Breaking down or detachment.
-lysis
Enlargement of a specified body part.
-magaly
Swelling, tumor.
-oma
Deficiency.
-penia
Formation (especially of cells) development.
-plasia
The colorless fluid part of blood.
-plasm
"rupture," "profuse discharge," "abnormal flow," of blood.
-rrhage
An abnormal hardening of the tissue
-sclerosis
Presence of a substance in the urine
-uria
What is OSHAs action level
0.5 ppm
What is OSHAs TWA(PEL) limit
0.75 ppm
Type of burns that can be corrected with a normal injection and application of cosmetics applied
1 degree burn
What is the rule for injecting X gallons of arterial solution for X amount of pounds per body?
1 gallon of arterial solution should be injected for every 50lbs of body weight.
What is the approximate diameter of the eyeball
1 inch
Where is the brachial artery raised
1 inch above and parallel to the linear guide, upper 1/3
Cavity treatment 2 step process:
1) Aspiration of the cavities and contents. 2) Injection of strong preservative and disinfectant chemical - may include re-aspiration.
Embalming fluid
A **general term** for the solution used for preservation, disinfection and restoration of the dead human body.
Embalming solution
A **mixture** of embalming fluid typically containing a mixture of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, methanol, and other solvents.
What should be done with radioactive waste materials?
A *certified* radioactive wastes specialist should be contacted for disposal.
Kyphosis
A *forward* rounding of the back. (hunchback)
Cretinism
A *hypo*thyroid condition *of infants and children* in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient quantities of thyroid hormones, resulting in *severely stunted physical and mental growth*.
Acute renal failure
A *pathological* condition where the kidneys *suddenly* stop working.
Volvulus
A *twisting of the bowel* on itself due to a prolapsed mesentery, causing obstruction.
Rabies
A *viral infection of the nervous system* characterized by malfunction of the glands of the body.
Tracheitis
A bacterial infection (inflammation) of the trachea that is capable of producing airway obstruction, commonly caused by *Staphylococcus aureus*; a rare complication of influenza infection.
Dermoid cyst
A benign tumor of an ovary.
Will absorb all of the light rays of the spectrum and reflect none (or very little)
A black object
What intrinsic factor will make a body decompose faster?
A body holding more water.
Which would weigh more, a body that is embalmed or a body that is unembalmed?
A body that is embalmed because every gallon of water retained is an additional 8lbs.
What is an example of a furuncle
A boil
Compound fracture
A broken bone that pierces the skin
Contusion
A bruise, often accompanied by swelling.
Cauterizing agent
A chemical capable of drying tissues by searing; caustic
Bleach
A chemical, which lightens or blanches skin discolorations
Emphysema
A chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system, characterized by the presence of air pockets at the terminal ends of the bronchioles.
Epilepsy
A chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and frequently by convulsions. A recurrent degenerative disorder of the nervous system marked by repetitive, abnormal electrical discharges within the brain, known as seizures.
Bronchial asthma
A condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swollen, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.
Inguinal hernia
A condition in which part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the muscles in the inguinal canal (abdominal wall/muscles), which is located in the groin.
Hiatal hernia
A condition in which part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm muscle.
Sinusitis
A condition in which the cavities around the nasal (paranasal) passages become inflamed. Also called a sinus infection.
Uremia
A condition involving *abnormally high levels of waste products* in the blood.
Diverticulosis
A condition that develops when pouches (diverticula) form in the wall of the colon (large intestine).
Endometriosis
A condition, in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus, *the endometrium, grows in other areas of the body*, such as the pelvic area, the surface of the uterus, the ovaries, the intestines, the rectum or the bladder.
Albinism
A congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. (A noncosmetic (inactive dye) fluid would be used.)
Cerebral palsy
A congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture.
Corrective Shaping
A cosmetic technique consisting of highlighting those parts of the face or individual features to enlarge or bring them forward or shadowing them to reduce the appearance of size or deepen a depression
Concave nasal profile (infantine, retroussé)
A depressed profile form, which may dip concavely from root to tip
Diverticulitis
A digestive disease in which the pouches within the large bowel (diverticula) wall become inflamed.
Diabetes
A disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone, insulin, is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.
Diabetes mellitus
A disease that results in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose), characterized by *hyper*glycemia.
Diabetes insipidus
A disorder of salt and water metabolism *marked by intense thirst and heavy urination*.
Grave's disease
A distinct type of *hyper*thyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland.
If a deceased has had their toes amputated, which indicates poor peripheral circulation, the embalmer should use what to help overcome the problem
A draintube to create intermittent drainage
Grand Mal
A form of epilepsy characterized by convulsions, loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions.
Gingivitis
A form of gum disease that causes inflamed gums.
Function of the *para*thyroid gland:
A gland next to the thyroid that secretes a hormone (parathyroid hormone) that *regulates calcium levels* in a person's body.
What kind of arterial fluid would you used for a body which exhibits second degree burns?
A high(er) index fluid.
Severed limb
A limb that has been disjoined
Linear Guide
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper lying structure. Ex: "A line drawn from ________ to ________"
Parkinson's disease
A long-term *degenerative disorder* of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The most obvious symptoms are shaking, rigidity, *tremors, impaired speech*, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Also called *shaking palsy*.
Asbestosis
A lung disease resulting from inhalation of *asbestos* particles.
Chalcosis
A lung disease resulting from the inhalation of *copper* dust.
Siderosis
A lung disease resulting from the inhalation of *iron* dust.
Chal*i*cosis
A lung disease resulting from the inhalation of *marble or lime stone*.
Catalepsy
A medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body.
Anatomical Guide
A method of locating a structure, such as an artery or vein, by reference to an adjacent known or prominent structure. Ex: "Along the.."
Chin rest
A method of mouth closure which consists of 2 small prongs that are inserted into the nostrils. Attached to the two prongs is a sliding support which can be placed under the chin to hold the chin in the desired position. This method of mouth closure is very old and depended on the harsh, very firm reaction obtained with early embalming fluids. After the tissues of the face and jaw are firmed, the device is removed.
If a preinjection fluid is not used for livor mortis, what else can be used
A mild arterial fluid
That amount of radioactive material in which 37 million atoms disintegrate each second is known as:
A millicurie (mCi)
Mesorrhine
A nasal classification, which is medium broad and medium low bridges; common to individuals of Asian descent
Platyrrhine
A nasal classification, which is short and broad and has the minimum of projection, common to individuals of African Descent
Leptorrhine
A nasal index common to individuals of Western European descent having a long, narrow, and high bridge
Straight nasal profile (Grecian)
A nasal profile in which the dorsum exhibits a straight line from the root to the tip; most common nasal profile
Convex Nasal Profile (Roman, Aquiline)
A nasal profile which exhibits a hump in its linear form
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
A nervous system disease that affects your brain and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects your nerve cells. This damage slows down or blocks messages between your brain and your body.
Neoplasm
A new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth
Mastitis
A painful infection (inflammation) of the breast tissue.
Postmortem hypostasis
A process by which blood settles, as a result of gravitational movement, within the vessels, to the dependent or lower parts of the body.
The linear outline of the helix looks something like what?
A question mark
What is a visible spectrum in nature called
A rainbow
Addisons Disease
A rare endocrine disorder, occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. (Gives the body a bronze discoloration which will need to be corrected with cosmetic application and/or dyes in the arterial solution.)
Syringe
A receptacle that holds the tissue building solution. A needle attaches to the syringe.
Palpebral Fold
A sagging fold of tissue found on the superior palpebra
Common transverse sulcus
A single transverse furrow slightly above the eyelashes.
How is a skin slip different from a skin tear
A skin tear is NOT caused by decomposition and can occur antemortem or postmortem
Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)
A slow degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia, systemic shut down and death. Also called *spongiform encephalopathy*.
Massage Cream
A soft, white, oily preparation used as a protective coating for external tissues; a base for cream cosmetics and a wax softener; an emollient
Cartilage
A specialized type of dense connective tissue; attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as the nasal septum and the framework of the ear
Distention
A state of stretching out or becoming inflated
Restorative tip for superior margin:
A straight instrument placed along the supraorbital margin and the cheek can serve as a guide for the anterior projection of the eye. The upper eyelid does not quite touch the instrument when looking at the profile view
What kind of solution should you use for a person with severe arteriosclerosis and why?
A stronger solution (high index fluid) with co-injection fluids (surfactants) and dye, because there may be little distribution, so what little bit does get distributed should be enough to meet the formaldehyde demand.
Tissue Builder
A substance used to elevate sunken (emaciated) tissues to normal level by hypodermic injection
Burn
A tissue reaction or injury resulting from the application of heat, extreme cold, caustic material, radiation, friction, or electricity
Concussion
A traumatic head injury of sufficient force to bruise the brain, which often involves the surface of the brain and can cause an extravasation (leakage) of blood without ruptures to the meninges which can result in temporary loss of consciousness, paralysis, vomiting and seizures.
Surface stains
A type of foreign matter that rests upon the skin surface (e.g. paint, nicotine, adhesive tape, etc.)
Function of the thyroid gland:
A vitally important hormonal gland that plays a major role in the *metabolism, growth and maturation of the human body*. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of hormones into the bloodstream.
Reflects all the colors in white light equally; there is only a small quantity of absorption
A white object
Arterial hyperemia.
Active hyperemia:
A disease with a more or less rapid onset and short duration
Acute
Orchitis
Acute inflammation of the testicle.
To, toward, addition to.
Ad-
A bronze discoloration produced in the skin
Addisons disease
Secondary dilution:
Additional dilution of embalming solution that occurs within the tissue spaces, where interstitial fluid is present.
When dealing with pathological conditions, what should be done with the embalming solution?
Additional embalming fluid should be added to the embalming solution.
A process of mixing colored lights on a surface on which the wavelengths of each are combined
Additive method
A process of mixing colored lights on a surface on which the wavelengths of each are combined; adding two or more colored lights together to create another color of light.
Additive method
Adding two or more colored lights together to create another color of light
Additive method
Process of mixing colored lights on a surface whereby the wavelengths of each are combined.
Additive method
Which adductor muscle is part of the femoral triangle?
Adductor *longus*
Pertaining to a gland.
Adeno-
malignant neoplasm of epithelial lining of glands or ducts.
Adenocarcinoma
Benign neoplasms (epithelial tissue)
Adenoma Papilloma Nevus Polyp
(benign neoplasm) epithelial lining of glands or ducts.
Adenomas
What are two primary areas of considerations for engineering controls
Adequate ventilation and proper plumbing
Fat, fatty.
Adipo-
Fatty acids which appear in bodies that have been dead for an extended period of time
Adipocere
In the advance decomposition case, the formation of a soapy waxy substance on the skin is known as
Adipocere
The Spherical chin shape is most influenced by what?
Adipose tissue
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal glands, commonly caused by severe bacterial infection. (Adrenal hormone imbalance characterized by overwhelming bacteremia.)
solutions dispensed as a mist directly from a pressurized container. An example would be an opaque spray paint cosmetic used as an undercoat applied over a skin discoloration.
Aerosol
For treatment of purge, do you pack before or after embalming?
After
Small spots of increased melanin pigmentation in older adults; found on areas most exposed to the sun like hands, forearms, shoulders, face, etc.
Age/Liver Spot
Modifying agent
Agents that modify and effect the rate/manner of fixation. Examples include: water conditioners, humectants, buffers, surfactants.
Preservatives
Agents used to change proteins so autolytic processes do not destroy it.
Supplemental/accessory fluid
Agents used to enhance the effects of other agents.
Natural age progression
Aging leads to muscle mass loss, changed skin tones, acquired facial markings, and hair color changes.
Denoting sudden onslaught of acute pain; attack, seizure.
Agra-
a pressured atomizer utilized for spraying liquid paint or cosmetic upon a surface. Often, a small electric motor supplies the needed pressure. The cosmetics are mixed in a reservoir and delivered as a mist before being released through the nozzle. This device requires cleaning and maintenance after each use.
Airbrush
A complete absence of melanin due to heredity; affect he skin, hair, and eyes.
Albinism
A congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.
Albinism
Post mortem *physical* changes:
Algor mortis Dehydration Hypostasis Livor mortis Increase in blood viscosity Endogenous invasion of microorganisms
.According to Virchow: (Doctrine of Cellular Pathology)
All disease originates at the cellular level
State of hypersensitivity to a foreign protein.
Allergy
Where is an incision made for the axillary vessel
Along the anterior margin of the hairline of the axilla with the arm abducted
Where would you make an incision to raise a facial artery
Along the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the angle of the jaw
What is the approach to an incision in the axilla
Along the midaxillary line
What is an example of an organic disease?
Alzheimer's
Around, on all (both) sides, both, double.
Ambi-
Congenital absence of one or more limbs.
Amelia
What causes the foul odor in decomposition
Amines, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide
4NH3 +6CH2O = (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O
Ammonia + formaldehyde = hexamethylene (urotropin) + water
A waxy, translucent, complex protein that resembles starch
Amyloid Disease
Discoloration
An abnormal color in or on the human body
Alveolar prognathism
An abnormal protrusion of the Alveolar Process(es).
*Hyper*PARAthyroidism
An abnormally high concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood, resulting in weakening of the bones through loss of calcium.
Lobar pneumonia
An acute exudative inflammation of an entire pulmonary lobe, produced in 95 % of cases by *Streptococcus pneumoniae* (pneumococci).
Electric Spatula
An electrically heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form
Instant tissue fixation
An embalming technique that makes use of the restricted cervical injection. The embalming technique is used for the injection of the head with a limited amount of *very strong* arterial solution with a *high, pulsating pressure*.
Splenomegaly
An enlargement of the spleen beyond its normal size.
*Hyper*glycemia
An excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.
Cushing's disease (syndrome)
An iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy. An excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), commonly referred to as the stress hormone, that *occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time*.
Anterior margin of the ear
An imaginary line formed by the attachment of the upper portion of the ear at the temple, the tragus, and the lobe
Pleuritis (pleurisy)
An inflammatory condition of the pleurae (lining) that surround the lungs.
Hepatitis
An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus, commonly hepatitis A, B, & C. Hepatitis B is spread through body fluid contact, and it can lead to either chronic liver disease or death.
Lymphangitis
An inflammatory disorder of the lymph vessels, characterized by local and systemic pain.
First degree burn
An injury caused by heat, which produces redness of the skin
Laceration
An irregularly torn or jagged wound, ranging from superficial scratches to deep tears in the tissues
Upward; again; backward; excessively. (or without, absent, not (ex: anaerobic)
Ana-
Bacteria thats able to live without oxygen
Anaerobic
A color scheme making use of adjacent hues in which there is an identifiable common hue
Analogous scheme
Scheme where color combinations may be primary or secondary and 2 intermediate hues
Analogous scheme
Generalized edema
Anasarca
Generalized edema:
Anasarca
What kind of edema would be treated with a hyp*er*tonic solution (verses a trocar)?
Anasarca (generalized edema of the skeletal tissues) Edema in the cavities can be treated with a trocar.
Continuous (whip) suture:
Anchor the thread and pass the needle through both sides of the incision, starting on the outside of the tissue on one side of the incision and passing directly through and out the tissues of the opposite side of the incision. Pass the thread over the top of the incision and begin the next stitch 1/2 an inch to 1 inch beyond the previous stitch.
A decrease in the number of erythrocytes (RBC's), hemoglobin or both.
Anemia
The abnormal enlargement or bulging of an artery caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall.
Aneurysm
Blood or lymph vessels; covering, an enclosure. Greek meaning 'vessel'
Angio-
benign connective tissue neoplasm tumors derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls.
Angiomas
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of vessels.
Angiosarcoma
A condition of subnormal oxygenation of the arterial blood as a result of prolonged hyperemia
Anoxemia
A discoloration which appears on the body during life
Antemortem
Abrasion
Antemortem and/or post-mortem injuries resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object resulting in the removal of the epidermis
Necrobiosis
Antemortem, physiological death of the cells of the body, followed by their replacement. Ex: epithelial cells.
The three lines which runs along the midline of the neck between the tip of the mandible and the sternum, extends superiorly along the anterior border of the SCM and anteriorly along the lower margin of the body of the mandible
Anterior triangle
What agents dissolve clots?
Anticoagulant
What factors can increase the intensity/appearance of rigor?
Any activity that reduces ATP prior to death will speed the onset of rigor. It rapidly occurs in bodies that have **high temperatures and where exertion and exercise have preceded death. Bodies with well developed musculature develop very intense rigor mortis**, whereas thin bodies, bodies that demonstrate the effects of wasting disease, and bodies in which musculature is not well developed may demonstrate less intense rigor.
Nephrosis
Any kidney disease, especially one marked by purely degenerative lesions of the renal tubules.
Gastritis
Any of a group of conditions in which the stomach lining is inflamed.
Ptomaine
Any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins. Ex: **indole, skatole, cadaverine, and putrescine**.
Stain removers
Any substances or agents that will cause an external discoloration to be removed or lessened
*Ideally*, which is the best artery to inject in a non-autopsy case?
Aorta
___ will highlight merchandie and enhance any unique qualities various products offer
Appropriate lighting
What is the center of arterial solution distribution
Arch of the aorta
Where is the center of circulation?
Arch of the aorta (& the ascending aorta but primarily the arch)
Linear form of the eyebrow
Arched Angular Straight Sinuous
Chronological order of embalming treatments for BEST preservation:
Arterial --> hypodermic --> surface
Concentrated, preservative embalming chemical that will be diluted with water to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial system during vascular embalming
Arterial fluid
What problems could you expect to encounter when embalming a person who died from diphtheria/rheumatic fever?
Arterial fluid lung purge during injection.
Intravascular blood discolorations respond best to
Arterial injection and blood drainage
How can intravascular discolorations be removed?
Arterial injection of embalming solution
In-use solution composed of the concentrated embalming fluid diluted with water and other additive chemicals for injection into the body
Arterial solution
What fluid is injected into the masseter for hypodermic injection mouth closure?
Arterial solution
Pertaining to arteries.
Arterio-
Joint or articulation.
Arthro-
How would superficial pressure restore the nose?
As a less invasive option, the embalmer may hold the nose (with his/her fingers) to maintain proper positioning during embalming. (No pins are required with this method.)
What artery originates at the left ventricle
Ascending aorta
Abdominal edema:
Ascites
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
Freedom from infection and from any form of life; Sterility
Asepsis
Methods of gas removal:
Aspiration with a trocar or needle.
A wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue.
Atrophy
How does the lob attache anteriorly?
Attaches to the face and part of the intertragic notch
How does the lob attach superiorly?
Attaches to the intertragic notch, the antitragus, antihelix, and helix
Apparatus used for sterilization by steam pressure
Autoclaving
What causes TB?
Bacteria, (*Mycobacterium avium*) that is spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air.
Destructive to bacteria
Bactericidal
Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Orbital Pouch
Bags under the eyes; the fullness between the inferior palpebra and the oblique palpebral sulcus
malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue of basal cells of skin.
Basal cell carcinoma
in cosmetology, the vehicle in a cosmetic (oil base); the initial application of cream or liquid cosmetic. This is the basic complexion colorant applied first to the face and hands.
Base/foundation
A suture commonly used for closing autopsy incisions as well as other incisions.
Baseball suture
Suture that provides a very tight and secure suture for strength and sealing qualities
Baseball suture
What kind of suture offers the greatest closure and prevention of leakage?
Baseball suture
A network of stitches, which cross the borders of a cavity or excision to anchor fillers and to sustain tissues in their proper position
Basket weave suture
How would you wax the nose?
Be certain to ensure the area is firm, clean and dry before applying wax (treat like an abrasion). Chemical cauterants can be used to dry the surface. Cosmetics are applied to complete the restoration.
Where is cartilage located?
Beneath the skin
Neuroma
Benign neoplasms (nervous tissue)
Relating to life, living.
Bio-
Any solid or liquid waste which may present a threat of infection to humans. The term includes , but is not limited to, non-liquid human tissue and body parts, discarded sharps, human blood or blood products, laboratory waste which contain human disease causing agents, and body fluids
Biomedical waste
An achromatic color; the absence of all color in pigmentation
Black
Devoid of any color of the spectrum
Black
If embalming is not performed, how could you treat intravascular and extravascular discolorations?
Bleaching treatment
Extradural hemorrhage
Bleeding in the space between the inside of the skull and the outer covering of the brain (called the "dura").
Subdural hemorrhage
Bleeding in the the space between the arachnoid (middle layer) and the dura (outer layer).
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Bleeding in the the space between the arachnoid (middle layer) and the pia (inner layer).
used to blend different shades of cosmetic or different types of cosmetic into one another.
Blending brushes
What are the main components of drainage?
Blood Arterial solution (up to 50%) Interstitial fluid
The circulation of blood through the heart:
Blood enters the heart via the vena cava into the right atrium --> passes through the *tricuspid valve* and into the right ventricle --> passes through the *pulmonary semilunar valve*, into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium --> passes through the *bicuspid (a.k.a mitral or atrioventricular) valve* and into the left ventricle --> passes through the *aortic valve* and into the ascending aorta.
What is the order of decomposition of tissues?
Blood, mucous lining, muscle, bone.
Administered by the United States Department of Labor through OSHA
Bloodborne Pathogen Rule
What color is the coolest color
Blue
What situations are recommended to use restricted cervical injection?
Bodies with facial trauma Facial distension is anticipated Eye enucleation Generalized edema Difficult to firm Distribution problems Purge is expected Instant tissue fixation is wanted
Body excretions such as nasal discharges, saliva, sweat, tears, urine and vomitus shall not be treated as BMW unless visibly contaminated with blood.
Body fluids
Those fluids which have the potential to harbor pathogens such as human immmunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B (HBV) and include lymph, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal synovial, pleural, pericardial and amniotic fluids.
Body fluids
The triangular chin shape is most influenced by what?
Bone
The square chin shape is most influenced by what?
Bone shape
The size and form of the chin are shaped by what?
Bone, muscle, and adipose tissue
Nasal Spine of the maxilla indicated what?
Bony anatomical limit
Orbital Cavity
Bony margins of the eye sockets
Restricted cervical injection
Both common carotids are raised so that the head can be injected separately.
The tragus projects from where?
Both laterally and posteriorly from the posterior margin of the lateral cheek
When embalming an infant case, which organ does the embalmer need to take special precaution
Brain
Which organs comprise the tripod of life?
Brain, heart, lungs
A temporary suture consisting of individually cut and tied stitches employed to sustain the proper position of tissues
Bridge stitch
These suture are applied prior to embalming and are intended to be removed and replaced after embalming
Bridge stitch
Brightness; in colored illumination, the quantity of illumination passing through a color transparency
Brilliance
Brightness; in colored illumination, the quantity of illumination passing through a color transparency. Brightness can depend upon the quantity of illumination passing through the color media.
Brilliance
Will result from unequal mixtures of the three primary colors
Browns
Inflammation of the bursae (a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity) in certain joints of the body.
Bursitis
Support for the lips when some or all teeth are missing can be achieved by what?
By applying material to fill in the gaps Mortuary putty, cotton, mouth former, the deceased's dentures
Burns may be accompanied by what?
By foul odors, burnt tissue, infection, or the buildup of nitrogenous waste due to kidney failure
How would you disinfect rhinitis (coryza)?
By spraying the oral/nasal cavities with a disinfectant.
Pressure filtration:
Caused by IVP, is one of the most important passive transport systems for the *passage of embalming solution from the capillary to tissue fluid*. In this process, *both solute and solvent portions of the embalming solution pass into the interstitial fluid*. IVP places enough pressure on the embalming solution to force it through the pores between the cells of the capillary walls.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Caused from various conditions which cause long term interference with the normal respiratory process.
Cerebrovascular accident (stoke):
Causes permanent brain damage due to circulatory disruption.
What is the second major procedure in the preservation and sanitation of the dead human body.
Cavity embalming.
Concentrated embalming chemicals which are injected into the cavities of the body following the aspiration in cavity embalming
Cavity fluid
What type of fluid has the strongest preservative?
Cavity fluid
What are common bleaching agents?
Cavity fluid Phenol and Alcohol Preservative gels Special bleaching agents (Dodge Dryene)
Pertaining to the head.
Cephalo-
What transmits structures from the neck into the arm and is bounded by the clavicle, scapula, and first rib
Cervicoaxillary canal
Progressive additions of gray or small quantities of its complement will dull a hue thereby decreasing its intensity
Changing tone
What is the most effective way to remove gas?
Channeling and/or lancing of the tissues.
Supplemental germicide
Chemicals added specifically for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms (quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde are most common).
Surface embalming (supplemental embalming treatments):
Chemicals maybe liquids, gels or powders Packs should be used with cotton & covered with plastic. Phenol (carbolic acid) is harsher than cavity fluid surface packs - dryene is recommended. -Arterial fluid should *not* be used on visible areas because the dyes can stain the skin.
Humectant
Chemicals that increase the capability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture.
Deodorants
Chemicals which have either the ability to destroy odors by altering the substances that are causing the odors or they have the ability to cover or musk the unpleasant odor of putrefaction.
The addition of chemical into the body to treat a generalized cancer that may be throughout the entire body.
Chemotherapy
Too few healthy red blood cells due to too little iron in the body.
Chlorotic anemia
Pertaining to bile, gallbladder.
Chole-
Gallstone
Cholelith
Cartilage or cartilaginous
Chondro-
benign connective tissue neoplasm of cartilage.
Chondroma
(malignant neoplasm of connective tissue) of cartilage.
Chondrosarcoma
The brightness or dullness of a hue. This term is synonymous with saturation.
Chroma
A color having hue; a color of the visible spectrum (plus colors made by mixing a primary light colors)
Chromatic color
A disease with a more or less slow onset and long duration
Chronic
Another name for a scar.
Cicatrix
Incision
Clean cut into tissue or skin
Treatments for undamaged nails
Clean, Trim and apply nail polish as need
Removal of infectious agents by scrubbing and washing, as with hot water, soap, or a suitable detergent
Cleaning
Congenital malformed palate with a fissure (splitting) along the midline.
Cleft palate
What bacteria is the causative agent in tissue gas
Clostridium perfringens
What microorganism lives in soil and lives off organic matter
Clostridium perfringens/ welchii
Microorganism that causes gas gangrene/tissue gas that produces a spore which can live under adverse conditions making it difficult to eradicate.
Clostridium perfringens/welchii
Radioactive isotopes:
Cobalt 60 Iodine 131 Phosphorous 32 Radium 226 Gold 198 Strontium 89
Assists in distributing and diffusing the arterial solution and helps to control and enhance the arterial fluid
Coinjection fluid
How is restorative fluid categorized as
Coinjection fluid
What condition is commonly mistaken for rigor mortis?
Cold stiffening- solidification of body fats and tissues when the body is exposed to cold temperatures.
Which conditions hinder the formation of gas, bloating and swelling in the dead body
Cold, dry environment
A visual sensation perceived by the eye (retina) and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light
Color
Broad term used to cover any chromatic color or any of its variations
Color
An abnormal inheritance which is a lack of cones in the eye.
Color blindness
Colored glass, gelatin or other substances, which transmit light of certain, wave lengths and absorbs others. Colored lights may require the use of such a filter.
Color filter
Placing hues in close proximity of each other though they are not mixed
Color harmony
Sources of purge- Embalming solution Cavity solution
Color of embalming solution injected- as long as there is distribution and no swelling, continue injecting / color of cavity fluid- pack throat
A circle in which the primary, secondary, and intermediate hues are arranged in orderly intervals; A continuous ring of color
Color wheel
A visual sensation perceived by the eye and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light.
Colorant
Illumination of an identifiable hue
Colored light
Why does a green discoloration appear in the first signs of decomposition
Combination of hydrogen sulfide and hemoglobin
What is the best injection/drainage site for a person dead from congestive heart failure?
Common carotids, internal jugular
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.
Communicable / Contagious
As part of the Hazard Communication Standard, every chemical manufacturer has to..
Communicate the hazards of their chemicals to their consumer (via MSDS)
Increase in size of an organ/tissue to perform the work of a destroyed tissue or paired organ
Compensatory hypertrophy
Right kidney increasing its size due to the left kidneys malfunction is an example of what
Compensatory hypertrophy
To decrease intensity of a hue, mix it with its
Complement or add gray
The use of two complementary hues including their tines, shades and tones
Complementary scheme
Directly opposite hues on the color wheel; any two pigmentary hues, which, by their mixture in equal quantities, produce gray
Complements
Applies to the color and texture of the skin, especially the face.
Complexion
Disease that develops in the course of a primary disease
Complications
Hardening compounds
Composed of agent plaster of paris, disinfectant paraformaldehyde and absorber sawdust (cellulose). They are chemicals in powder form that **have the ability to absorb** and disinfect. Their purpose is to dry the viscera and provide minimal preservation in autopsied cases and can be used on mutilated cases, surface ulcers, gangrene, or cancers of the skin.
What is hair mostly composed of and how is color provided?
Composed of keratin and color is provided by the pigment melanin
What is an example of additive method
Computer image processing programs
As observed from the profile view, the lateral rims of the lateral margins dips where?
Concavely between the forehead and the cheekbone
Arterial fluid
Concentrated, preservative, embalming chemical that is diluted with water to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial system during vascular embalming. Its purpose is in inactivate saprophytic bacteria and render the body tissues less susceptible to decomposition.
The cleaning of the body and instruments at the time of embalming the body
Concurrent disinfection
Which method of drainage would help dehydrate a remains that has skeletal edema?
Concurrent. It will help drain the blood and replace it with arterial fluid which will dry out the tissues.
Jaundice
Condition characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin. *Caused by liver failure and/or an occluded hepatic duct*.
Apparent death
Condition in which the manifestations of life are feebly maintained.
What part of the eye detects color
Cones of the retina
Condition *existing at the time of birth* or shortly thereafter.
Congenital
The inflammatory process where the body brings more blood to an injured area of the body.
Congestion
On what kind of tissue do sarcomas originate?
Connective tissue
Single intradermal (hidden) suture:
Considered the "hidden stitch" because it is used on exposed areas of the body and is directed through the subcutaneous tissue only. Made with one needle and one single thread.
Uses two contrasting by non-complementary hues
Contrast non-complement scheme
Those color schemes using two or more hues with at least one warm color and at least one cool color
Contrasting color harmonies
Another name for ecchymosis
Contustion
"If the hue of an object and the illumination differ, the color of the object will either be converted into a different color or be obliterated. Colored illumination has a tendency to darken surfaces, which are complementary (or nearly so). For instance, red illumination darkens green, blue, and blue-green....and makes them seem almost black. It changes a green object to a dark yellowish gray; tints may completely be obliterated and appear gray. Hues close to the hue of illumination change appearance as they pick up and mix with the hue of the illumination. For instance, yellow is changed to a deep orange by red illumination."
Conversion
Colors that cause an object to appear to recede
Cool colors
Colors that promote the sensation of distance
Cool colors
A color of short wave lengths
Cool hue
A receding hue which creates the illusion of distance from the observer
Cool hue
Blue, green, purple, or any intermediate pigmentary hue in which they predominate
Cool hue
a cosmetic technique which consists of highlighting those parts of the face or individual features to enlarge or bring them forward or shadowing them to reduce the appearance of size or deepen a depression.
Corrective shaping definition
Another name for rhinitis:
Coryza (acute inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes)
What is the difference between cosmetic and non-cosmetic dyes?
Cosmetic dyes will impart color to tissues, non-cosmetic dyes will not.
Fluid that contains an active dye that colors the tissues
Cosmetic fluid
An illusion of a pleasant expression may be achieved by way of corrective shaping by using what?
Cosmetics
The study of beautifying and improving the complexion, skin, hair, and nails
Cosmetology
Skull, cranium, head.
Cranio-
Semi-solid cosmetics. They range in consistency from thin to very thick. Creams are a mixture of pigment powder, vehicles (oil, water, grease, or glycerin) and other ingredients. The vehicle in the cream does not evaporate.
Cream cosmetics
Interlocking (lock) suture:
Creates a tight, leakproof suture but creates an unsightly ridge on the surface of the incision. The needle is directed through the tissue so that it passes through both sides of the incision from the outside. The needle insertion should be consistent from the same side of the incision. Lock each stitch by looping the needle through the thread and pulling tight.
Alternate term for basket weave suture
Cross stitch
Cold.
Cryo-
Muscle that alters the contour of the skin of the neck
Cutaneous platysma muscle
Green + Blue =
Cyan
Pertaining to a cell.
Cyto-
When embalming a femur, tibia, and fibula donor, if the embalmer elects to use the procurement technicians suture, this needs to be done prior to placing the unionalls on?
aspirate the contents of the fluid inside the legs
What method of draining should be used to clear livor mortis
continuous drainage
A warm color must have a
cool complement
The movement of gases into the tissues
crepitation
ON the arms of the deceased, you notice the sloughing off of the epidermis layers, this separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis is known as
desquamation
What artery should be raised in an obese case
external iliac artery
jade-green and hunter green are shades of
green
High index arterial fluids are classified as
having an index of 25-36 index
Fluid that contains little or no active due and do not color the tissues
noncosmetic fluid
Ecchymosis can be treated with
hypodermic or surface embalming
which of the following would not be considered an extravascular blood discoloration
hypostatsis
Internal jugular lies ____ and ____ to the common carotid artery
lateral, superficial
On the head of a young adult, who has lost no teeth, the inclination of the ear lies where?
parallel the posterior margin of the mandible's ramus
Identify the non-post mortem discoloration
pathological
Which hypodermic solution is a better bleaching agent, formaldehyde or phenol
phenol
Discoloration on the dependent part of the body, would be most likely
postmortem stain
a soft, circular pad for applying powder.
powder puff
Preservative absorption of HCHO with the body's proteins work best during
pre-rigor
The mixture of arterial fluid with water and/or supplemental fluids is called
primary dilution
Plum, grape, and prune are shades of
purple
Some color theory books have removed indigo and violet and have replaced them with
purple
When the viscera is not returned with the body, the embalming book suggest that the empty body cavities can be filled with
sheeting saturated with cavity fluid to fill cavities
To arterially inject the tissue areas of the posterior neck, shoulder and upper extremity the embalmer should use for an autopsy case this artery
subclavian
The mixture of pigments is known as
subtractive process
The circle of color is known as
the Prang System
Burgundy, wine, maroon are all shades of
red
Newton found that each color of the spectrum could not separate by further
refraction
How is livor mortis sped up
refrigeration and blood thinners
What is the definition of suture in relation to skeletal anatomy
union or articulation of two bones of the skull
When embalming an elderly body affected with nephritis and showing signs of gangrene on extremities, it is best to
use a high index arterial solution
For a body which rigor has come and gone, the embalmer would want to
use a high index solution
To help control swelling of the eyelids during embalming on an eye encleation case, the embalmer should consider using these procedures
use a pulsation injection and a higher index solution
For cases in which the refrigeration unit has frozen the body the embalmer should
use restricted cervical injection with low volume of high index fluid
What nerve lies between the common carotid artery and the jugular vein
vagus nerve
Adding black or white to a hue changes its
value
Term for when a beam of sunlight is refracted into a prism and spread out onto a white screen
visible spectrum
An increase or decrease in illumination raises or diminishes the hue's ____
vividity
When suturing the Y incision for an autopsied case, which area is most likely to leak
the shoulders
Necrosis with conversion of damaged tissue into a soft cheesy substance.
Caseation (caseous)
Substance that influences the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
A color not found in the visible spectrum; a neutral color such as white, black, gray, and silver and gold (for decorative purposes)
Achromatic color
Lacks hues since they do not appear is the visible spectrum
Achromatic color
Effects of corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs:
(same affects as antibiotics) -*Decrease the permeability of membrane* = liquid maintained in the cell, thus, -Bodies may go bad after embalming (shell embalming)
Anthracosis
(Black lung disease) caused by inhalation of *coal* dust particles.
Byssinosis
(Brown lung disease) A lung disease resulting from inhalation of *cotton* dust.
Duodenal ulcer
(Peptic/stomach/gastric ulcer) A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Caused by the bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* and/or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
What 3 arteries branch off of the arch of aorta?
(Right) brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Cadaveric rigidity
(See rigor mortis)
Name the different types of arteriosclerosis:
*Type 1* - inner wall of artery is thickened but can be used for embalming *Type 2* - lumen is reduced but a small arterial tube can be inserted *Type 3* - total blockage and if ischemia or gangrene is not present then canalization has occurred but you cannot inject these arteries, they will have to be hypodermically or surface embalmed or both.
A color scheme without hue only includes black, white, grays, silver, and gold
Achromatic scheme
A disease that is obtained sometime after birth.
Acquired disease
Extremity, tip, end, peak, topmost.
Acro-
Cirrhosis
*When scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue in your liver*. It happens after the healthy cells are damaged over a long period of time, usually many years. (Chronic liver damage)
Postmortem stain
**Extravascular** color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues.
Bioligical death
**Irreversible** somatic death.
What is the difference between putrefaction and decay?
**Putrefaction** is caused by anaerobic bacteria which **do not require oxygen**, **decay** is caused by aerobic bacteria which **DO require oxygen**.
About how much water will an embalmed body lose each day?
*3 pounds* (*3 pints*) Therefore extra fluid should be added if the service is delayed.
Atelectasis
*A collapsed lung* or failure of the lung to expand fully. The loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of air spaces, which results in inadequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange within the lungs.
Where is the center of distribution (circulation)?
*Ascending aorta and arch of aorta* (brachiocephlic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian artery), aortic semilunar valve, biscuspid (a.k.a mitral or atrioventricular) valve.
Cholelithiasis
*Formation* of stones in the gallbladder.
Acromegaly
*Hyper*function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland *after ossification has been completed*. (A disorder in *adults* in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone.)
*Hyper*thyroidism
*Hyper*function of the thyroid gland which can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing sudden weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, nervousness or irritability.
Cells are hypo/hypertonic to embalming solution?
*Hyper*tonic
Embalming solution is hypo/hypertonic to body cells?
*Hypo*tonic
Poliomyelitis (polio)
*Inflammation of the grey matter in the nervous system* such as the spinal cord or brain which causes muscle wasting and paralysis.
The inner lining of the meninges:
*Pia mater* Middle layer - arachnoid mater Outer layer - dura mater
Empyema
*Pus in the pleural cavity* which creates increased care in cavity treatment during embalming.
What is the number one problem with one point embalming?
*Short circuiting of arterial solution*, (fluids follow the path of least resistance, shell embalming)
Beard and Goatee Restorations
1. Restoration follows a similar pattern as the mustache. 2. Hair growth pattern may be different. The size of the restored area may be larger. Often, only a portion of the hair is missing. 3. According to the text, "First apply a thin layer of wax. Next, embed hair into the wax in the direction of growth, and trim to the correct length. For very small patches of missing hair, adhesive can be used in lieu of wax. Make sure the restored hair is feathered into the surrounding beard or goatee." 4. Beard or goatee hair may not match that found on the head. It tends to be coarser. 5. According to the text, hair may be sourced from barbershops and salons. Also, some subjects may have larger beard growth areas and hair can be sourced from the underside of the beard. This is an option when only small areas are to be restored
Considerations for third degree burns
1. Stronger arterial solution 2. Excise loose and damaged skin 3. Pack deep tissue areas with dehydrating surface compress 4. Suture areas as needed, or use liquid sealer on visible areas 5. Viewable areas apply wax, skin texture and facial or other markings 6. Non-viewable areas use liquid sealer topped with cotton and cover with plastic wrap to prevent leaked, dress in garments
Considerations for first degree burns
1. Stronger arterial solution to fend off possibilities of skin slips 2. Apply cream to burn; before, during and after injection 3. After injection, apply cosmetics to conceal any discolorations
What are various methods for bleach application?
1. Surface compress 2. Hypodermic injection
What possibilities could happen as the helix rises from the top of the ear passage?
1. The anterior portion merges with the face at the temple 2. The superior portion separates from the temple and the side of the head. (With enough room to place a pencil behind the ear) 3. The posterior portion curves downward to the top of the lobe
Mustache Restorations
1. The general direction of hair growth is downward and outward. 2. Use dry wash or solvent to clean and dry the skin area. 3. Apply small amount of wax to lower portion of the lip. 4. Work in ¼" sections. Use hair patch less than 3/8" wide) 5. Clip desired amount of hair from the back of the head. 6. Apply hair to a ¼" section on one side of the integumentary lip. Start with the lateral end and work in a medial direction. Apply the hair in an inferior position (closest to the line of mouth closure) first. 7. Apply hair to a ¼" section on other side of the integumentary lip. Again, start laterally and work medially. Apply the hair in an inferior position (closest to the line of mouth closure) first. 8. Make certain the embedded hairs are angled in the correction direction. 9. Repeat this method across length of the mouth. 10. Repeat the procedure by moving superior. Each hair layer should slightly overlap the previous one. 11. Trim to the desired length. Pluck if necessary.
What are the different type of remains that are considered non-viewable
1. Third and fourth degree burn victims 2. Drowning cases 3. Bodied with tissues gas 4. Mutilated or crushed cases
In cases where no prosthetic is evident and the family prefers replacement of the limb, consider the following methods:
1. Tissue in affected area needs to be clean, disinfected, cauterized, sutured and sealed. Plastic wrap may be applied 2. If a hand is missing a stuffed glove can be used in replacement 3. A missing leg can be fashioned in a similar way. 4. Although uncommon, an attempt can be made to recreate a hand by using mortuary mastic and covering with wax. Appropriate skin texture and markings can be applied to the wax. Artificial fingernails can be added.
What are causes of distention
1. Trauma and pathological conditions 2. Decomposition 3. Embalming
Treatment for cornea dontation
1. Using digital pressure or aspiration, remove vitreous humor from the eyeball. 2. Clean and dry the inside of the remaining eyeball left open after corneal removal. 3. Place cotton saturated with cauterant in the area. 4. To help maintain proper convexity during embalming, place an eyecap on top of the cotton. 5. After embalming, remove the cotton and eyecap. Clean and dry the area. 6. Apply cotton, wax, or mastic into the eye opening. Cover this material with an eyecap. 7. Close the eyelids and apply liquid adhesive along the line of eye closure (if necessary).
Restoration for eyelashes
1. Using false eyelashes 2. eyelashes can be created from hair of the head 3. Use eyelash curler if necessary 4. Make slit (with spatula) between the eyelids. Insert the eyelash deep enough to hide the foundation. Tilt the eyelash in a fashion that looks natural. (15 degrees from the cheek). Then, add roll of wax on lower eyelid to complete the task.
Methods and material used to attach hair
1. Wax 2. Liquid Adhesive 3. Embedding 4. Melted wax
Restorations for wrinkled eyelids caused by the reduction of swelling:
1. Wax applied to conceal wrinkles 2. Excision of part of the eyelid (Last Resort) 3. Electric Spatula 4. Cosmetic application
How much does 1 gallon of water weigh?
8lbs
Jaundice
A yellowish discoloration caused by excessive concentrations of bilirubin, a bile pigment. It is most noticeable in skin tissue but can be seen in the white parts of the eyes and mucous membranes.
Not, no, none, or without.
A-
Posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachia muscle
AG for Brachial artery
Lies parallel to the medial border of the sternocliedomastoid muscle
AG for Common Carotid
lies laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle
AG for Femoral artery
Below the clavicle
AG for Subclavian artery
Lies lateral of the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
AG for radial artery
Lies lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and medial to the flexor digitorum superficialis
AG for ulnar artery
Vessel that begins at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle and terminates at a point just inferior of the antecubital fossa of the upper extremity
AL for Brachial artery
begins at a point behind the center of the inguinal ligament...ends at the opening of the adductors longus muscle
AL for Femoral artery
Extends about 1 inch below the antecubital fossa and terminates in the palm of the hand
AL for Radial artery
Extends about 1 inch below the antecubital fossa to a point over the pisiform bone (hypothenar)
AL for Ulnar artery
Begins 2nd costal cartilage and ends lateral border of 1st rib
AL for left Subclavian artery
Beginning at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage and ends at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
AL for left common carotid artery
Beginning at the sternoclavicular articulation and ends at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
AL for right Common Carotid artery
Begins sternoclavicular articulation and ends at lateral border of first rib
AL for right Subclavian artery
Away from, off.
Ab-
When only the heart has been removed, what artery can be used to embalmed all of the lower extremities
Abdominal aorta
Stenosis
Abnormal *constriction* of a channel or orifice.
Hydrothorax
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities
Hydrocele
Abnormal collection of in any sacculated cavity of the body, especially the scrotum.
Sclerosis
Abnormal hardening of body tissue.
Hernia
Abnormal protrusion of an organ through an opening in the wall that normally contains it.
An inflamed area of pus walled off by a membrane.
Abscess
The process of taking in, as in a colored object, which absorbs certain rays of light and reflects other rays giving the object its recognizable color
Absorption
When two values or intensities of the same hue are present (and the same hue in illumination strikes them) the larger area appears more vivid while the smaller one is washed out. For example, with the cosmetized face, the red in the complexion coloring may be augmented while the warm color areas (lips, cheeks), which are more vivid, may fade into the background coloring.
Absorption
Group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity embalming fluids; most are applied to the body surface (gels and powders)
Accessory chemicals
Characterized by pink areas of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory granules. Thickening and drying of tissue that may be accompanied by a yellowish discoloration.
Caseation
What is another interchangeable term for livor mortis?
Cadaveric lividity, postmortem hypostasis
The depositing of calcium salts, magnesium, iron, and other materials within the cells.
Calcification
Scientific name for heat.
Calor-
How can someone have a twisted limb?
Can be due to arthritis or trauma
Cellular (solid) edema (treatment of distention):
Can only be removed by excision.
Chronological order of diffusion of retained arterial fluid:
Capillary Interstitial space Interstitial fluid --> Lymph system --> Veins --> Drainage Cell Cytoplasm Embalmed tissue
Decomposition of ____ results in the carbon dioxide and water
Carbohydrates
What is the order of decomposition of biochemicals?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
A decedent with cherry red coloring is a result from
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Several accumulating boils of the skin & subcutaneous tissues that produce and discharge pus and dead tissue.
Carbuncle
Pertaining to the heart.
Cardio-
The yellow pigment of the skin
Carotene
Yellow/orange pigmentation of the skin in most cases, the condition follows prolonged and excessive consumption of carotene-rich foods, such as carrots, squash, and sweet potatoes.
Carotenemia
In the event of lower legs exhibiting gangrene, or a recent amputation, what vessel is advised to use
Carotid arteries
What artery/vein should be used to inject a remains that has extensive livor mortis in the face?
Carotid artery, jugular vein.
____________ arteries are larger than ___________ arteries. (Carotid or femoral)
Carotid, femoral
What suture is the lock suture similar to , except 1 additional step
Whip suture
Suture that may not be used by restorative artists but is used by the medical field to close autopsy incisions
Whip suture and lock suture
Associated with light, goodness, innocence, purity, and virginity. It is considered to be the color of perfection
White
Red + Green + Blue =
White
A ray of light, which contains all the hues of the visible spectrum, in such proportion that the light appears colorless or "natural"; as daylight or sunlight
White light
Ray of light that contains all the hues of the visible spectrum in such proportion that the light appears colorless or natural, such as daylight or sunlight
White light
Sources of purge- Brain:
White semisolid.
Stomach purge:
Will come from the mouth/nose- dark brown coffee ground appearance, sour odor, acid ph.
Brain purge:
Will come from the nose/ears/eyelids- creamy white sometimes semi-solid brain matter, no odor.
Lung purge:
Will come from the nose/mouth- frothy and blood present will be red in color, no odor.
How would you suture to reposition a cancerous nose?
First, anchor the ligature in firm, disease free tissue. Then, cross-stitch over the cancerous growths to the tissue located on about the nose. If the cancer is not removed until after embalming, the sutures may be considered only temporary
An abnormal or surgically made passage between 2 hollows or tubular organs.
Fistula
What could you do if any part of the mouth lacks projection after embalming?
Flat pieces of cotton may be inserted as padding
Flushed with red, when describing a complexion; not as vivid as ruddy
Florid
Pre-injection fluid
Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative (arterial) solution. This solution is injected before the preservative vascular solution is injected.
Hardening fluids:
Fluids that produce a firming effect of the tissues
Will under-embalmed tissue dehydrate faster or slower than well-embalmed tissue?
Faster
Deterioration of fat.
Fatty degeneration
*Hypo*PARAthyroidism
Decreased secretion or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to decreased blood calcium levels and increased levels of blood phosphorus.
A disease caused by lack of an essential nutrient.
Deficiency
The deterioration of tissues, change in functionality as a result of injury or disease.
Degeneration
Postmortem dehydration
Dehydration caused by injection of embalming solution or through absorption through the air.
What method of mouth closure is least invasive?
Dental tie
What areas are common areas of "paths of least resistance", and how would you fix this?
Dermis layers and the areas of injection sites. You would need to restrict drainage to increase penetration. Also massage & manipulation.
Extends from the diaphragm to the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra
Descending abdominal aorta
Third degree burns
Destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; seared or charred tissue
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin.
Mouth former
Device used in the mouth for shaping the contour of the lip
Term denoting the naming of a disease or syndrome; the recognition of the nature of a disease.
Diagnosis
Oliguria
Diminished urination, though not completely stopped.
Illumination directly shining on an object. This will highlight the color, form, and distinctive elements of an object
Direct lighting
Nasal Bones
Directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity
Any abnormal color in or on the surface of the skin of a deceased body are known as
Discoloration
The abnormal change of a structure/tissues in the human body.
Disease
An agent, usually chemical applied to inanimate objects/ surfaces for the purpose of destroying disease-causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
Disinfectant
Post-mortem tissue changes during embalming include:
Distention (swelling) of facial features
Pyosalpinx
Distention of a uterine (*fallopian*) *tube with pus*.
Hydronephrosis
Distention of the (renal) pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction.
The spectrum doe/does not contain all available hues
Does not
Scientific name for pain.
Dolor
Having or showing symptoms of a fever
Febrile
What is the recommended treatment for a person dead from a febrile disease?
Febrile (fever) diseases causes a person to become very dehydrated so a *large volume of solution will be necessary*.
Calcified fecal matter.
Fecalith
Which gender will decompose faster?
Female
Who is more likely to transmit hemophilia?
Females, but almost always, only males exhibit the disease complications because they only have 1 x chromosome and women have 2.
What artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral artery
Semi-hardening fluids:
Fluids that produce a moderate rigidity of the tissues
The back, the posterior surface of the human body.
Dorsi-
Uses 4 hues, including two adjacent hues and their respective complements
Double complementary color scheme
Employs the use of one ligature thread and two suture needles
Double intradermal suture
If a person has three #21 chromosomes, what condition does he/she have?
Downsyndrome
Characterized by a definite line of demarcation
Dry gangrene
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic
Dry gangrene
Gangrene caused by arterial insufficiency
Dry gangrene
Gangrene where tissue is a dark red-brown to black color
Dry gangrene
occurs when arteries, NOT veins, become obstructed.
Dry gangrene
Subcutaneous emphysema (treatment of distention):
Due to ruptured lungs caused by trauma, gas gets trapped in the subcutaneous tissues. Differs from true tissue gas because it has no odor, causes no skin slippage and no blebs on the skins surface. Can be removed by "channeling" after arterial injection w/ a hypodermic syringe (or by opening the lips) and pushing the air out.
Signs of distribution:
Dye in tissues Fluorescent dye using black light Distention of superficial vessels Leakage Blood drainage Clearing of intravascular blood Loss of skin elasticity Drying of skin tissue Rounding of finger tips Bleaching of skin Firming of tissue
Helps prevent the body from darkening as a result of reaction with the blood, which remains within the body after the embalming
Dyes
In what situations would you want to employ instant tissue fixation?
Early decomposition, when facial swelling is anticipated. When facial trauma is present. When facial tissues must be dried and firm for restorative treatments. When facial excisions are necessary - tumors, cancers, etc. Re-embalming of the face.
A bruise, appears dark purple
Ecchymosis
Large bruise caused by escape of the blood into the tissues
Ecchymosis
Small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood in the tissue. Scientific name for a bruise.
Ecchymosis
Outside.
Ecto-
The term used to describe the condition of having a more than 10% increase in total moisture content.
Edema
How does *localized* edema affect embalming solution?
Edema of the cavities does not affect the solution.
What are the 3 conditions associated with moisture content?
Edematous, dehydrated, & "normal" - which is the goal.
Buffer
Embalming chemical that effects the stabilization of acid-base balance within embalming solutions and in embalmed tissues.
Cavity fluid
Embalming chemical that is injected into a body cavity following aspiration in cavity embalming. Can also be used as the chemical in hypodermic and surface embalming.
Terminal disinfection includes the cleaning of:
Embalming machine Surfaces Instruments Yourself (personal hygiene)
What compounds DO NOT contain water absorbing agents?
Embalming powder
A thrombus may become an ________, and vice versa.
Embolus
Anything that travels through the arterial system until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass.
Embolus
Most often a piece of a thrombus that has broken free and is carried toward the brain by the bloodstream.
Embolus
Non-hardening fluids:
Fluids that produce very little firming of the tissues
What artery is more likely to be sclerotic
Femoral artery
Embedding hair
Employed for restoration of stray or straggler hairs. A few hairs are inserted into the skin with a needle. The eye portion of a sewing needle is cut in half (or more). The remainder of the needle serves as a device that holds the hair while embedding into the skin. A small amount of wax is used to cover the hole made by the needle.
Hypodermic (supplemental embalming treatments):
Employs the use of needles, infant trocar and hypovalve trocar. In areas that are seen need to watch for dyes in arterial fluid. Use stronger index solution.
A disease that is continuously present in a community.
Endemic
Within, inner, absorbing or containing, inward, inside.
Endo-
Having an internal cause or origin.
Endogenous
Mechanical systems and devices engineered into the architecture of a building.
Engineering controls
Goiter
Enlargement of the dysfunctional thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency and not associated with inflammation or cancer.
Pertaining to the intestines.
Entero-
Above, upon, on
Epi-
Effects a large group in a community.
Epidemic
On what kind of tissue do carcinomas originate?
Epithelial tissue
Red blood cells.
Erthyro-
An abnormally high red blood cell count.
Erythrocytosis (polycythemia vera)
Extravascular discoloration
Evident when blood degrades and staining components locate outside of the vascular system and can be seen near skin surfaces
Sudden increase in severity of disease.
Exacerbate
.What causes jaundice?
Excess bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is the break down product of hemoglobin
Pitting (skeletal) edema (treatment of distention):
Excess moisture within the cells. May be removed by mechanical aids such as gravitation, massage, channeling, application of pressure (weights, pneumatic collar, elastic bandage, etc.) to move the moisture to another area. Elevation of the head and firm digital pressure can drain pitting edema from the facial tissues.
Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
Swelling during embalming can be caused by:
Excessive amount of arterial solution Rate of flow being too high Poor drainage Break down of capillary beds Excessive massage Too weak of embalming solution
Gigantism
Excessive growth due to hormonal imbalance; unusual or abnormal largeness *in children* caused by the over production (*hyper*secretion) of *somatotropin* (Human Growth Hormone; HGH) from the pituitary gland *before the bones have ossified*.
Caused by an agent or organism outside the body
Exogenous
The ear passage is also known as what?
External auditory meatus
The hollows or cavities of the ear are considered to be what?
External auditory meatus Concha Triangular Fossa Scapha Intertragic Notch
Achieved by a surface application of the cosmetic upon the external skin surface.
External coloring
In order to minimize damage of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, what vessels prove advantageous in the preparation of thin bodies
Femoral vessels
Herpes simplex I
Fever blisters
benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue.
Fibroma
(malignant neoplasm) of fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrosarcoma
The formation of a scar.
Fibrosis
What are the categories for burns?
First degree burn Second Degree burn Third Degree burn Fourth Degree burn
What artery is a continuation of the common iliac artery
External iliac artery
What artery is best to use when embalming the lower extremities of an obese person with extreme visceral weight?
External iliacs
Is Ecchymosis considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Is a hematoma considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Is petechia considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Is postmortem stain considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Is purpura considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Is tardieu spots considered an intravascular or extravascular discoloration
Extravascular
Fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation.
Exudate
Cilia
Eyelashes
Superior and inferior palpebrae
Eyelids
Where can an intradermal suture be used
Face or hands
Mustache
Facial hair grown on the superior integumentary lip
Intrinsic factors
Factors which occur within the body itself.
Extrinsic factors
Factors which occur within the surrounding environment.
Cryptorchism (cryptorchidism)
Failure of the testis to descend from its intra-abdominal location into the scrotum.
Razor Burn
Darkened, air-dried area on the skin resulting from removal of the epidermis while shaving
As compared to the base color, a shadowing cosmetic is slightly
Darker
With Law of Simultaneous Contrast, a color appears ____ when the color around it is lighter
Darker
Cadaver
Dead human body used for medical purposes, including transplantation, anatomical dissection, and study.
Somatic death
Death of an organism as a whole.
Cellular death
Death of the individual cells of the body.
Agonal algor
Decease in body temperature immediately **after** death.
What is the only absolute sign of death?
Decomposition
Decay
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from **ae**robic bacteria.
Putrefaction
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from **an**aerobic bacteria.
The use of physical, chemical, or other means to remove, inactivate, or destroy harmful microorganisms or chemicals from a surface
Decontamination
The illumination produced by a tubular electric discharge lamp; the fluorescence of phosphors coating the inside of a tube. This type of light is economical but not as brilliant as daylight. Depending upon the type of fluorescent light, objects can take on a more green appearance.
Fluorescent
When embalming with a jaundice fluid that you have never used before, it is best to
Follow the manufacturer recommendation for dilution
Why would restoration for tissue erosion and nasal distortion be needed?
For cases that are twisted or misaligned due to cancer, external pressure, or fracture
Why would you consider the use of artificial nails?
For damaged nails
How would you treat a body exhibiting lingering effects of chemotherapy drugs?
With a *high(er)* index embalming fluid.
How would you treat a body with carotenemia?
With a bleaching agent.
How would you disinfect white patches on oral mucosa of IV drug users?
With a fungicide solution.
How would you treat a case with albinism?
With a noncosmetic (inactive dye) fluid and disinfectant.
How would you treat the remains of a person who was taking corticosteroids?
With a pre-injection and high index fluids.
How would you treat the remains of a woman taking a fertility drugs (progesterone)?
With a stronger than normal arterial solution and co-injection fluids.
How would you treat a skin slip?
With a surface pack. (Saturate cotton in embalming fluid and cover with plastic)
How would you treat a case with hemorrhage per diapedesis?
With edema embalming fluid or higher index arterial fluid
How would you treat an extremity exhibiting dry gangrene?
With hypodermic injection since vessels will be obstructed. A higher index fluid should be used to combat bacteria (clostridium perfringens)
Hw would you give the illusion of a pleasant relaxed appearance?
With raised corners, the lower mucous membrane is widened cosmetically by extending the color to each mouth corner. The width of the superior mucous membrane is slightly shortened
How would you treat a body exhibiting lingering effects of anti-inflammatory drugs?
With the use of a pre-injection fluid and co-injection of water conditioners.
How would you treat a dehydrated remains?
With the use of pre-injection fluids and a large volume of mild solution.
A method of sewing an incision along the edges without entering the opening whereby the suture becomes invisible and the line of suture becomes depressed, which lends it ease of concealment by waxing
Worm suture
This suture provides a flat surface that works well for wax restorations
Worm suture
This suture works well when excessive skin is folded under to reduce skin surface area
Worm suture
Which chromosome transmits hemophilia?
X chromosome.
Red + Green =
Yellow
Are absorbent materials like bandages, gauze, and cotton saturated with blood considered biomedical waste?
Yes
What is another name for benzalkonium chloride?
Zephiran
What divides the length of the ear into two equal halves?
Zygomatic arch
Example of physiological hypertrophy
Walls of uterus enlarging due to pregnancy
areas of the skin surface that, during life, are naturally reddened; places where cosmetics will be applied to restore the appearance of warmth that red hemoglobin will give
Warm color areas
Colors that promote the sensation of proximity
Warm colors
A color which appears in the spectral band, characterized by long wave-lengths
Warm hues
A color which makes an object appear closer and larger
Warm hues
A color which reflects warmth; i.e. red, orange, yellow, and other colors in which they are predominate
Warm hues
Can be used for removing salts and other solidified chemicals from the embalming machine
Water corrective fluid
When performing hypodermic treatments, what areas should be used?
Well hidden areas such as underneath hair, or through the mouth for facial treatments, or areas that will not be visible and can be closed with a trocar button.
Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage (due to obstruction), accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria and foul odor.
Wet (moist) gangrene
Gangrene that is caused by venous obstruction
Wet gangrene
Gangrene where infected tissues red to black in color
Wet gangrene
What is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?
Wet gangrene is able to get fluid distribution, dry gangrene does not get fluid to it and will have to be treated hypodermically or surface packed.
What are other names for surfactants?
Wetting agents, penetrating agents, surface tention reducers.
How is an embolism formed?
When a thrombus becomes fragmented
When is the dispersion of the visible spectrum visible in nature
When sunlight passes through atmosphere containing high moisture content
Common causes of respiratory tract conditions:
When the RT is invaded by airborne pathogens capable of multiplying in the warm, moist environment of the respiratory system. Pathogens may be spread through sneezing, coughing, touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the nose or mouth, and by dust particles that contain human or nonhuman wastes. Pathogenic bacterial spores may also be inhaled and enter the body through the RT. Common diseases spread through the RT include the common cold, influenza, TB, histoplasmosis and pneumonia. *Care should be taken as not to breathe in any air expelled from the deceased*.
Primary dilution:
When the embalmer dilutes the concentrated arterial fluid with water.
Hair restoration when the entire head of hair is lost
When the entirety of hair is missing, the hair may be restored or an artificial hair covering may be applied. An entire hair restoration rarely happens. Securing a recent photograph is helpful to achieve a natural appearance. 1. Scarf of bandan 2. Head bandage 3. Hair piece (wigs, hair extensions....) 4. Hat or cap
What are problems with a skin slip?
When the epidermis is removed, the exposed dermis becomes dry and dark in color. The area may weep and drain tissue fluid.
Engorgement (lungs)
When the lungs become filled with blood/fluid as a result of lobar pneumonia.
Actual pressure:
When the rate of flow valve is opened, the resultant pressure reading.
When is the only time radioactive isotopes become a problem to the embalmer?
When they are inhaled or ingested.
Goatee
a. A smaller version of a beard only encompassing the central part of the lower one-third of the face. b. Variation may or may not include a mustache. c. The direction of hair growth will depend upon the section of the goatee but is generally in a downward pointing direction.
Embalming analysis **intrinsic** factors:
a. Cause and manner of death b. Body conditions - pathological conditions - microbial influence - moisture content - thermal influences (fever) - nitrogenous waste products - weight - gas in tissues and/or cavities - age c. Presence or absence of discolorations d. postmortem physical changes e. postmortem chemical changes f. effects of pharmaceutical agents g. illegal drugs
Embalming analysis **extrinsic** factors:
a. Environmental - atmospheric conditions - thermal influences - microbial influences - vermin b. Time intervals - time between death and embalming - time between embalming and disposition c. The embalmer - firmness of the tissues of the embalmed body - personal preference for injection and drainage sites - personal preference for setting features - personal preference for positioning head/hands - time preference for cavity treatment
Vertical size of eyebrow
a. May be thin (natural or plucked) b. May be full in any one of all three parts
Transverse size of eyebrow
a. Wide, medium, or narrow b. Little or no tail c. The head may extend to the median line of the face d. The heads may be connected (to form one continuous eyebrow)
This condition in the body promotes the conversion of bilirubin to biliverdin
acidic conditions
The mixture of light to produce new color is an
additive process
The mixture of reflected light is an
additive process
Where is carotene stored in the body
adipose tissue
Color variations
adulteration
Bacteria that needs oxygen to live
aerobic bacteria
The complement of an intermediate color must be
another intermediate color
If the embalmer wanted to use the largest non-aortic artery to inject an infant of 3 months, she would select
ascending aorta
What vessel should be raised for an infant
ascending aorta or abdominal aorta
What artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery
axillary artery
If livor mortis is not correcting what is to be assumed
blockage in the right atrium of the heart or in the jugular veins
Navy blue, and midnight blue are shades of
blue
When suturing the scalp on a cranial autopsy, it is best to
begin suture on the right side of the head and end on the left side of the head
Solution contains a greater quantity of a dissolved substance than is found in the blood
hypertonic
When embalming the humerous bone donor, it is best to use this artery for injection of the left arm
brachial
A continuation of the axillary artery
brachial artery
When embalming a non-autopsy case with recent heart surgery, it is best to use
carotid artery and internal jugular
Is made of the frontal, partietal and occipital bones and is removed for a cranial autopsy, this part of the skull is known as
calvarium
What is the apex of the axilla
cervicoaxillary canal
To remove blood from the surface of the skin before embalming it is best to use
cold water and mild soap
Knowledge of selective juxtaposition of color is the basic source for pleasing
color harmony
All of the following chemical or physical reactions are accelerated except, when the body lies in a warm moist climate: - Decomposition - rigor mortis - dehydration - autolysis
dehydration
Razor burns are a form of
dehydration
A term describing the paleness of the skin
death parlor
Decomposition of proteins
decay
Sir Isaac Newtons process of breaking up a beam of sunlight into its individual colors is known as
dispersion
If hues are not complements, they ___ each other
dull
When embalming the infant case, the embalmer should
embalm with a regular index fluid
Inner Canthus
eminence at the medial corner of the closed eyelids. It forms a three-sided elevation around the tear duct
"The hue of an object appears more vivid when seen under the same hue of illumination. Red object is more vivid when illuminated by red light. Tints are proportionately enriched."
emphasis
If two hues are compliments, they ___ each other
enrich
What is a treatment for flushing in the face
establish drainage from another point such as the right internal jugular
On the color wheel, what side is the cool hues
right
Fluids buffered to firm tissues rapidly
fast-firming
Process by which glucose breaks down
fermentation
Body areas into which the embalmer has been able to distribute arterial solution but has been unable to obtain good drainage
flushing
Gray stain is a result of
formaldehyde and blood
What are some causes for dry gangrene
frostbite and diabetes
Products produced by broken down fats are
glycerol and fatty acids
Carbohydrates are stored in the body as
glycogen
What is adipocere also known as
grave wax
The amount of carotene in the complexion varies according to
health, diet, and age
The absorbed energy turns into
heat energy
The green color which forms over the right quadrant of the abdomen is caused by
hydrogen sulfide reacting with the hemoglobin in the blood
This _____ artery lies next to the medial border of the psoas major muscle and is used for arterial injection of the ____ on an autopsied body
iliac; lower extremity
If STEL is below 2ppm and TWA is below .5, the embalming room is
in compliance
Chroma is another word for
intensity
If the embalmer elected to use the restricted cervical injection method on a cranial autopsy only case, the embalmer would have to clamp off this artery during injection superior towards the head
internal carotid
When the death certificate indicated that death was caused by exsaguination from a gunshot would, the embalmer would expect the body to exhibit
lack of color ir discoloration
Where are all sharps discarded
leak-proof, puncture resistant containers
On the color wheel, what side is the warm hues
left
Hydrolysis occurs in the presence of enzymes called
lipase
Different terms for liquid cosmetics
liquid suspensions or tints
Which of the following would not be classifed as an organ donation
long bones
Cell inclusions that contain digestive enzymes
lysosomes
The brown to black-brown pigment in the epidermis and hair.
melanin
The determinative pigment of all races
melanin
For a small caliber (.22 rim fire ammunition) gunshot wound to the head which has a tendency to swell during injection, it is best to use
minimum amount of an higher index arterial solution
If the skin over the purpural areas has been torn or broken open, what should be embalmer do
remove loose skin at the beginning of embalming
For a case with Diabetes Mellitus, the book recommends the embalmer to use
restricted cervical injection
In the case of anasarca, what method of injection should be used
restricted cervical injection
The complement of each primary must be a
secondary
When the arterial solution is in the tissue spaces, this is called the
secondary dilution
Death struggle
semi-convulsive twitches that often occur before death.
An extravascular irregularly shaped blood discoloration that appears on elderly individuals' arms and hands is known as
senile purpura
Aka Juxtaposition
simultaneous contrast
The reason that a post rigor body shifts its PH from acidic to alkaline is
the presence of nitrogenous by-products of decomposition
The color of an object is identified by
the wavelengths of light it reflects
When positioning a baby, the embalmer would want to use
towel wrapped under the infant
The upper portion of the antihelix branches off to what?
two ridges call the crura
Mustard is a shade of
yellow
The conversion of biliruben to biliverdin is similar to
yellow to green
