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Multiple Myeloma (MM) Muscle spasm Back pain or paresthesia in the lower extremities may indicate impending spinal cord compression from a spinal tumor. This should be recognized and treated promptly as the progression of the tumor may result in paraplegia.

A hematologic neoplasm that arises in B lymphocytes, causing proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow and consequent synthesis of abnormal Igs or Ig fragments.

Flattened or inverted T waves, peaked P waves, depressed ST segments, and elevated U waves are associated with hypokalemia.

Although flattening of T waves may occur with hypomagnesemia, the ST segment may be shortened, and the PR and QRS intervals may be prolonged.

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia. Results in oliguria.

Haemophilus influenzae may cause nasopharyngitis, meningitis, or pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause urinary tract infections and meningitis. Staphylococcus aureus may cause skin infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, acute osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium infecting the gastrointestinal tract and causes peptic ulcers and gastritis.

condylomata acuminata (genital warts)

Caused by HPV Incubation period may be up to 6 months Disease may be asymptomatic Warts vary in appearance. Warts can appear wherever contact with virus has occurred. Warts can be removed by different methods. May predispose to cervical or vulvar cancer

Premenopausal women require 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Postmenopausal women require 1,500 mg per day. It's often, though not always, possible to get the recommended daily requirement in the foods we eat.

Osteoporosis doesn't show up on ordinary X-rays until 30% of the bone loss has occurred. Bone densitometry can detect bone loss of 3% or less. This test is sometimes recommended routinely for women over 35 who are at risk.

Oliguric phase of AKI

UO less than .5 ml/kg/hr N&V Increased Serum K, BUN, and creatinine Increased Ca, Na Decreased PH Anemia Pulmonary edema, CHF Hypertension Albuminuria

Hypokalemia causes abnormalities in ventricular depolarization, which could cause an irregular heart rate. Hypokalemia can present with a prolonged QT interval because of the heart struggling to finish depolarizing and repolarizing due to a lack of potassium. Due to its effect on ventricular depolarization and repolarization, abnormalities in potassium cause ventricular dysrhythmias, not atrial ones.

Wide QRS would be caused by hyperkalemia because of the overactive electrical activity in the heart. Peaked T waves would be caused by hyperkalemia because of the overactive electrical activity in the heart.

cholelithiasis

gallstones

Dumping syndrome is a systemic response caused by rapid movement of hyperosmolar food directly into the upper small intestine.

the presence of weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and pallor 30 minutes after meals; are characteristic of dumping syndrome.

Menorrhagia is menstrual bleeding that lasts more than 7 days. It can also be bleeding that is very heavy.

If you need to change your tampon or pad after less than 2 hours or you pass clots the size of a quarter or larger, that is heavy bleeding.

Hypertension, along with fever, and tenderness over the grafted kidney, reflects acute rejection.

A BMI greater than 30kg/m2 indicates obesity, which has been linked to an increased risk for infection, poor wound healing, and rejection of the donated organ.

Matilda, with hyperthyroidism, is to receive Lugol's iodine solution before a subtotal thyroidectomy is performed. The nurse is aware that this medication is given to: Decrease the size and vascularity of the thyroid gland. Lugol's solution provides iodine, which aids in decreasing the vascularity of the thyroid gland, which limits the risk of hemorrhage when surgery is performed.

Inorganic iodine used preoperatively substantially reduced the mortality rate to 1%. It causes lowering of the basal metabolic rate and heart rate and an increase in body weight.

The classic triad of meningitis consists of fever, nuchal rigidity, and altered mental status. When the body tries to fight the infection, the problem can worsen; blood vessels become leaky and allow fluid, WBCs, and other infection-fighting particles to enter the meninges and brain. This process, in turn, causes brain swelling and can eventually result in decreasing blood flow to parts of the brain, worsening the symptoms of infection.

Other symptoms include photalgia (photophobia): discomfort when the patient looks into bright lights. Depending on the severity of bacterial meningitis, the inflammatory process may remain confined to the subarachnoid space. In less severe forms, the pial barrier is not penetrated, and the underlying parenchyma remains intact. However, in more severe forms of bacterial meningitis, the pial barrier is breached, and the underlying parenchyma is invaded by the inflammatory process. Thus, bacterial meningitis may lead to widespread cortical destruction, particularly when left untreated.

Paget's disease

Paget's disease of bone is a chronic disease of the skeleton. In healthy bone, a process called remodeling removes old pieces of bone and replaces them with new, fresh bone. Paget's disease causes this process to shift out of balance, resulting in new bone that is abnormally shaped, weak, and brittle. Oral alendronate, a bisphosphonate, is the first-line treatment for Paget's disease. Clients with Paget's disease also are given 1500 mg of calcium daily as a supplement to reduce the risk for hypocalcemia. When oral medications are ineffective, pamidronate and zoledronic acid are administered intravenously.

Osteoarthritis is a localized disease, rheumatoid arthritis is systemic.

RA is gender specific ... really?

Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the drainage angle of the eye becomes too narrow or closed to allow aqueous humor to drain out of the eye. This fluid stays in the eye and increases intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve. Dilation of the pupils can push the iris forward and block off the drainage angle. Therefore, this patient should avoid anticholinergics.

Remember anticholinergics cause dilation of the pupils...therefore, patients with angle-closure glaucoma should avoid these medications unless otherwise approved by their doctor.

Sjogren's (SHOW-grins) syndrome is a disorder of your immune system identified by its two most common symptoms — dry eyes and a dry mouth. The condition often accompanies other immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder leading to progressive loss of lubrication of the skin, GI tract, ears, nose, and vagina. Moisture replacement is the mainstay of therapy.

There are four main types of enteral nutrition formulas, which are elemental, semi-elemental, polymeric, and specialized. The type of formula prescribed is based on the client's nutritional needs and whether there is pre-existing malnutrition. Polymeric formulas are typically created from regular foods that have been mixed in a blender. They contain complete nutrition.

Specialized formula This type of formula is specialized according to a specific health condition, like renal disease. Modular formula This type of formula is used as an addition to other foods. It is not nutritionally complete, and the combination of ingredients varies. Elemental formula This type of formula is nutritionally complete, and the protein and fat are broken down to their simplest form so they are easy to digest.

The client lifts the walker, moves it forward 10 inches, and then takes several small steps forward. A walker needs to be picked up, placed down on all legs.

Teach the client to lift, not push, the walker forward, and not to lean on it to avoid falls. The client should not put his weight on the walker as it may lead to incidents of falls.

Myxedema coma, severe hypothyroidism, is a life-threatening condition that may develop if thyroid replacement medication isn't taken.

Thyroid storm is life-threatening but is caused by severe hyperthyroidism. It is also referred to as thyrotoxic crisis, an acute, life-threatening hypermetabolic state induced by excessive release of thyroid hormones.