NEP 2340 , Chp 6
Infants and children younger than 2 years need to get how much of their total calories from fat to obtain enough fat for normal brain development?
50% (look at side note on page 205)
Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length
6
A medium-chain fatty acid is _____ carbons in length
6 to 10
One gram of fat has how many kilocalories?
9
Triglycerides provide about _______ calories per gram.
9
Structure of phospholipid is
A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid and nitrogen-containing base
Oxidized LDL is removed from circulation by the
Scavenger Pathway for cholesterol uptake
Most fat digestion occurs in the _______ _______ where the presence of fat triggers the release of cholecystokinin.
Small intestine
______ organ can absorb fat soluble vitamins
Small intestine
A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a _____
Sterol
________ fat, is the insulating layer of fat just beneath the skin and is made mostly of triglycerides.
Subcutaneous
_______ are the main fuel source for all body cells, except the nervous system and red blood cells. They provide 30-70%
Triglycerides
________, _________, and _______ are all different types/ classifications of lipids.
Triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols
Chylomicron is primarily composed of ______
Triglyclerides
the liver coast the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces what are called
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Micelles
Water-soluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic parts face outward
Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?
Whole milk
The process of ________ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
Hydrogenation
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Insoluble in water
What does phosphate allow phospholipids to do?
It lets fats (phospholipids) function in a watery environment
A ______ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol.
Lipoproteins
A ________ chain fatty acid has 12 or more carbon atoms
Long
Main food sources for saturated fatty acids (Pg. 197)
Long chain: Lard, fat in beef, pork, and lamb Medium and short chain: Milk fat (butter), coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range table
Look at your notes
Health issues related to excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake
May impair the function of immune system, allow uncontrolled bleeding and cause hemorrhagic stroke.
Which gender has a greater chance of having a heart attack?
Men
Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called______ fatty acids
Monounsaturated
Recommendations for intake of saturated according to AHA (American Heart Association)
No more than 7% of total calories
Which type of oil is a staple in most mediterranean diets?
Olive oil
Good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids
Olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
What are some common fat substitutes used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?
Salatrim, Olestra, and Gums
_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Saturated
LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) are composed primarily of
cholesterol
________ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones, bile and to form cell membranes.
cholesterol
The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogen is attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
Diets high in fat, especially saturated fat, may increase the risk of _______, ______, and _________ _______
colon, prostate and breast cancer
The release of fatty acids from glycerol is called
hydrolysis
Following food contain significant amount of fat
i) Bakery items ii) Snack foods iii) Dairy desserts
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
i) Phosphorus-containing molecule ii) Glycerol backbone
The enzyme ________ plays an important role in fat digestion.
lingual lipase
Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to their ________ -________ stucture
multi-ringed
An imbalance between ______ and _____ fatty acid is suspected to be a contributing factor to cause of arthritis
omega-6 and omega-3
Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids
unsaturated
Following are the preventable/modified risk factors of CVD
1) Blood cholesterol levels 2) Blood triglyceride levels
________ and ______ are digested mostly in the small intestine.
1) Cholesterol 2) Phospholipids
Which foods are good source of phospholipids?
1) Egg yolks 2) Peanuts 3) Wheat germ
Which of these foods contain little or no fat?
1) Fat-free milk and fat-free yogurt 2) Breakfast cereal 3) Yeast bread
What are some foods that
1) Foods such as animal fat and vegetable oils 2) Bakery items, snack foods and dairy desserts
What are some risk associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?
1) High cholesterol 2) Impaired immune system
Following are function of cholesterol
1) Incorporation into cell structures 2) Synthesis of certain hormones 3) Synthesis of certain bile acids
Steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins
1) LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells 2) VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system. 3) VLDLs become denser as triglycerides are released
Steps regarding the absorption of triglycerides
1) Large fat droplets enter small intestine after meal 2) Bile (mostly) and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles 3) Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides 4) Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles through the brush border and then re-formed into triglycerides 5) Short and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream (cardiovascular system) 6) Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons, which enters the lymphatic system
Different types of fatty acids distinguished as
1) Length of the carbon skeleton 2) Number of carbon-carbon bonds along the skeleton 3) Position of carbon-carbon bonds along the skeleton
Consuming a diet high in trans fats can lead to the development of which health problems?
1) Lowers HDL levels 2) Obesity 3) Type 2 diabetes
Process of fat digestion in correct order
1) Mouth 2) Stomach 3) Liver 4) Pancreas 5) Small intestine 6) Large intestine
1) Saturated fatty acid 2) Monounsaturated fatty acids 3) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1) No carbon-carbon double bond 2) One carbon-carbon double bond 3) Two or more carbon-carbon bond
A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?
1) Phospholipids 2) Cholesterol 3) Lipoprotein
What events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake?
1) Scavenger white blood cells leave the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels 2) Cholesterol can build up in scavenger cells and eventually kill them. 3) Oxidized LDL is removed from circulation
Major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body
1) To provide energy 2) To ais in transport of fat-soluble vitamins 3) to insulate and protect the body (look at pg. 200 6.3)
Warning signs of heart attack
1) jaw, neck, shoulder pain 2) chest pain 3) shortness of breath 4) dizziness 5) Nausea and vomiting
Good food source for omega-3 fatty acids
1) walnuts 2) Flaxseeds 3) chia seeds 4) canola, soybean and flaxseed oil 5) 2 portion of cold water fish each week
Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids is
2-4 tbsp
______ and _____ acid are essential fatty acids because we must get them from foods since our bodies are unable to synthesize essential fatty acids with a double bond before the 9th carbon in the chain.
Alpha-linoleic acid and linoleic
An ______ is a compound that protects other compounds, such as unsaturated fats, and body tissues from the damaging effects of oxygen
Antioxidant
A diet rich in _____ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome
Antioxidants
An _________ is a protein attached to the surface of a lipoprotein or embedded in its outer shell. It can turn on a lipid transfer enzyme, assist in building a lipoprotein to a receptor on cell surfaces, or assist enzymes.
Apolipoprotein
________ (salt) emulsifies fats and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles and forms a shell around the micelles that keeps the fat droplets suspended in the water-based intestinal contents
Bile
What are some examples of added fats?
Butter, shortenings and margarine.
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated or polyunsaturated, they all provide the same number of
Calories
In the receptor pathway for ______ uptake, LDL is removed from the body by cells with the LDL receptors called B-100
Cholesterol
Low- density lipoproteins are composed primarily of
Cholestrol
A ________ is a lipoprotein made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein.
Chylomicron
_______ helps carry dietary fat from the small intestine to cell.
Chylomicron
A triglyceride that loses a fatty acid is called a _______
Diglyceride
________ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.
Eicosanoids
An ________ is a compound that forms a shell around fat droplets so that the droplets can be suspended in water and not clump together.
Emulsifier
Egg yolks are a good example of an ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to say suspended in the other ingredients
Emulsifier
While fat digestion in stomach fat
Fat floats on top of the watery contents. Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides.
A "reduced fat" food product is also reduced in full calories??
Flase
Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure. True or False
Flase
Some sources of cholesterol?
Foods of animal origin such as i) Meats ii) Fish iii) Poultry iv) Eggs v) Dairy products
A ______ fatty acid is released from the glycerol backbone.
Free fatty acids
Some example of medium-chain fatty acids
Palm kernel oil, coconut oil
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?
Pancreas, salivary glands and stomach
Diets rich in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol most commonly lead to development of
Plaque build up in arteries
Which type of fat becomes rancid because of their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?
Polyunsaturated fats
A _______ fatty acid has 2 locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
______ are potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body.
Prostaglandins
HDL has a high proportion of _______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.
Protein
Which type of fat can be reduced in the diet by avoiding foods like flaky bread products, cookies, and pie crusts?
Trans fat
About 95% of the fats we eat and 95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of ________.
Triglycerides
______, a type of lipids, are the body's main storage form of energy because they are stable and calorie dense.
Triglycerides
