nervous system

What the function of the myelin sheath? What cells produce in it in the CNS? What cells in PNS?

Myelin sheath - electrically insulates the axon of a neuron and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction -Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes

What are the responsibilities of each subdivision of the PNS -Somatic Nervous system -Autonomic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic -enteric nervous system

Somatic- -sensory neurons that convey info from somatic receptors in head, body wall, and limbs -convey info for special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to CNS Autonomic - Consists of: sensory neurons that convey info from autonomic sensory receptors located mostly in visceral (stomach and lungs) to CNS Motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Motor responses not under consciously control, action of ANS is involuntary Sympathetic division - primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of energy Parasympathetic division - primarily concerned with activities that conserve body energy 2 branches that basically oppose actions Enteric Nervous system - Brain of the gut Operation is involuntary sensory neurons monitor chemical changes within GI tract Motor neurons control contractions of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of GI tract organs

What side of the body does the right brain hemisphere control? Left?

The left side of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics. On the other hand, the right hemisphere coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts.

What is a stroke

blood clot in the brain

What are the parts of the CNS

brain and spinal cord

What are the 4 major parts of the brain

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

What is cerebrospinal fluid CSF? Where is it made? What type of neuroglial cells produce it

clear colorless liquid that protects brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia continuously circulated through cavities in brain and spinal cord

Describe the difference between depolarization and repolarization. Include what is happening in the cell during each one.

depolarization- negative membrane potential decreases toward zero and eventually becomes positive depolarization - restores the membrane potential to the resting state of -70 mV allowing K+ to flow out of the cell

What is membrane potential

electrical voltage difference across the membrane

Draw a neuron and label its parts. List the functions of each part below -Cell body, axon, dendrites, Myelin Sheath

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What are the parts of the PNS

includes all nervous tissue outside the CNS

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

integrative function, sensory function, motor function

What are the components of brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What are mixed nerves

nerves with afferent/efferent/myelinated/unmyelinated axons

Where is the cerebellum located, and what is its function

posterior to medulla and pond and inferior to posterior portion of cerebrum functions evaluate how well movements initiated by motor area in cerebrum are actually being carried out and send feedback signals to correct any errors or smooth movements

Describe the difference between sensory, integrative, and motor functions

sensory function - detects internal and external Integrative function - process sensory info by analyzing and storing some of it and making decisions for appropriate responses Motor functions- responding to integrative decisions

Describe the characteristics of spinal nerves

spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column

Describe these structures in the brain -Ventricles, fissure, gyri, sulci

ventricles - cavities within the brain fissures- A small tear in the lining of the anus. sulci- shallower grooves between folds gyri- folds of brain

What is resting membrane potential

voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not responding to a stimulus

Describe the difference between white matter and gray matter

white matter- contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons of many neurons gray matter-contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and nueroglia

What is the function of the meninges? List the 3 layers in order from superficial to deep

3 connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain -dura mater -arachnoid matter -pia mater

Describe what is happening during each part of the reflex arc

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain.

list the functions of the neuroglial cells. -Astrocytes, Obligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Schwann cells, Satellite cells

Astrocytes - help maintain appropriate chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses, provide nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocytes - form supporting network around CNS neurons, produce myelin sheath around several adjacent axons of CNS neurons Microglia - protects CNS cells from disease by engulfing invading microbes Ependymal - line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord, form Cerebrospinal fluid and assist in its circulation Schwann cells - cell surrounds multiple unmyelinated axons with a single layer of its plasma membrane or produces part of the myelin sheath around a single axon of a PNS neuron, participate in regeneration of PNS axons Satellite - support neurons in PNS ganglia

Describe the functions of each specific part of the cerebrum

Broca's area: lies in the left frontal lobe (Fig 3). If this area is damaged, one may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the sounds of speech. The person can still read and understand spoken language but has difficulty in speaking and writing (i.e. forming letters and words, doesn't write within lines) - called Broca's aphasia. Wernicke's area: lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig 3). Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech and are therefore unaware of their mistakes. The primary motor cortex, or M1, is one of the principal brain areas involved in motor function. M1 is located in the frontal lobe of the brain, along a bump called the precentral gyrus (figure 1a). The role of the primary motor cortex is to generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

Maintenance of a constant internal environment, central control of CNS, implementation of behavioral patterns, visceral and somatic responses, effectual responses, hormone synthesis, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, feeding responses, physical expression of emotion, sexual behavior, pleasure punishment centers, level or arousal or wakefulness.

What is the function of Neuroglia

"glue" insulate, support, and protect delicate neurons

Describe the key functions of each of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

I Olfactory (Smell) II Optic (Sight) III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye) IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs) V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. ... VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs) VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions)

Describe the function of the following transmitters -Acetylcholine, Amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA), biogenic amines (Norepinephrine, epinephrine, Dopamine) , neuropeptides (endorphins)

acetylcholine - stimulates nerve impulses amino acids - glutamate and aspartame stimulate nerve impulses biochemical amines- norepinephrine awakes you from deep sleep, dreaming, regulating mood, hormone neuropeptides- stimulate and inhibit nerve impulses

Describe the difference between action potentials and graded potentials

action- allows communication over both short and long distances in the body graded - are used for short distance communication only

Describe each of the brain waves- what do they mean? when are they present?

alpha - rhythmic waves that occur frequency of 8-14 cycles per second present in most normal individuals when wake or resting beta - frequency of 14-30 hz, generally appear when nervous system is active theta waves - frequency of 4-7 hz, normally occur in children and adults expressing stress delta- frequency of 1-5hz occur in sleep in most adults

Describe the differences between concussions, contusions, and lacerations

concussion - a blow to the head which leads to loss of consciousness contusion - bruising of brain due to trauma and includes leakage of blood from microscopic vessels lacerations- tear of the brain, usually from skull fracture or gunshot wound

Describe the types of reflexes -Cranial, spinal, somatic, autonomic, stretch, ipsilateral, contralateral

cranial - integration takes place in the brain stem spinal- integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter somatic reflex- involves contraction of skeletal muscle autonomic reflex - involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands stretch - caused contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle ipsilatersl- sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which motor nerve impulses leave it contralateral- sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the oppposite side