Neurobiology Part 4

Hair cells are located between what two structures? a. Tectorial membrane and basilar membrane b. Tectorial membrane and scala tympani c. Reticular lamina and tectorial membrane d. Reticular lamina and basilar membrane e. None of the above

D

Who conducted groundbreaking studies on eye dominance? a. Cajal b. Brodmann c. Golgi d. Hubel and Wiesel

d. Hubel and Wiesel

Temporal axons cross at optic chiasm a. True b. False

B

The auditory receptors in the organ of Corti are called a. Hair Cells b. Reticula Lamina c. Basilar Cells d. rods of Corti

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The retinofungal projection does NOT contain the a. optic nerve b. retina c. optic chiasm d. optic tract

****

ALS is caused by high levels of what neurotransmitter? a. Glutamate b. Glutamine c. Glycine d. GABA e. Ach

A

Each muscle fiber is innervated by a single axon. a. True b. False

A

One neuron is used in the IT area to recognize your grandmother's face. a. True b. False

B

Merkel's disk a. Small receptive field; slow adaptation b. Small receptive field; rapid adaptation c. Large receptive field; rapid adaptation d. Large receptive field; slow adaptation

A

Motor neurons controlling flexors lie ______ to extensors. a. Dorsal b. Ventral c. Anterior d. Posterior e. Superior

A

We perceive sounds as loud when many neurons are active at once. a. True b. False

A

What affect does calcium influx have on the sarcomere? a. Z lines come towards one another b. Z lines expand away from each other c. Z lines overlap d. Calcium has no effect on the sarcomere

A

Which of the following does not accurately describe nociceptors? a. Located in every organ and tissue in the body b. Unmyelinated c. Branching nerve endings d. Can respond to chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimulation e. All of the above are true

A

Which of the following is false concerning spiral ganglion? a. Axons enter a branch of cranial nerve VII b. Neurites synapse with base and sides of hair cells c. The cranial nerve projects to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla d. Spiral ganglia are bipolar e. None of the above

A

Which of the following is false of a cortical module? a. A small spot of light in a cortical module can activate hundreds of V1 neurons b. A cortical module is formed from a 2x2 mm chunk of cortex c. Each module can analyze every aspect of visual field d. Modules are necessary because a blind spot would be left behind upon their removal e. None of the above

A

Which of the following is not a method used to localize sound in the horizontal plane? a. Sound differences based on reflections from the pinna b. Interaural time delay c. Interaural intensity differences d. Summation in olivary neurons e. All of the above are methods used in horizontal localization of sound

A

Which of the following is the correct order of the retinofungal projection? a. Retina, Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract b. Retina, optic chiasm, optic nerve, optic tract c. Retina, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm d. Retina, optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasm e. Optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, retina

A

What is the difference between a motor unit and a motor neuron pool?

A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers in supplies, whereas a motor neuron pool encompasses all alpha motor neurons that supple a single muscle.

Damage at the apex of the basilar membrane would cause what? a. Loss of hearing of high pitch sounds b. Loss of hearing of low pitch sounds c. Complete loss of hearing d. No effect

B

Mach each of the following with their description. Meissner's corpuscle a. Small receptive field; slow adaptation b. Small receptive field; rapid adaptation c. Large receptive field; rapid adaptation d. Large receptive field; slow adaptation

B

The monosynaptic stretch reflex arc contains a Ia axon that synapses on what type of neuron? a. IB sensory neuron b. Alpha motor neuron c. Beta motor neuron d. Interneuron e. None of the above

B

The retina is the main source of synaptic input to the LGN. a. True b. False

B

What diagnosis would you give a patient who cannot recognize a pencil when it is placed in her hand but can upon visualizing it? a. Agnosia b. Astereognosia c. Neglect syndrome d. None of the above

B

Which of the following correctly describes the auditory pathway? a. Vibration of tympanic membrane, then oval window, then ossicles, then cochlear fluid b. Vibration of tympanic membrane, then ossicles, then oval window, then cochlear fluid c. Vibration of the tympanic membrane, then cochlear fluid, then ossicles, then oval window d. Vibration of the oval window, then ossicles, then cochlear fluid, then tympanic membrane e. Vibration of the oval window, then cochlear fluid, then ossicles, then tympanic membrane

B

Which of the following is a difference between simple and complex cells? a. Simple cells are monocular, complex cells are binocular b. Simple cells have distinct ON and OFF regions while complex cells do not c. Complex cells are orientation selective, simple cells are not d. All of the above are correct e. None of the above are correct

B

Which of the following is false of mechanosensitive ion channels? a. Convert mechanical force into ionic current b. Use Ach as neurotransmitter c. Can be triggered by stretching of lipid membrane d. Mechanoreceptors have unmyelinated axon terminals e. All of the above are true

B

Which of the following is not a proposed function of the dorsal stream? a. Navigation b. Recognizing faces c. Directing eye movements d. Motion perception e. All of the above are functions of the dorsal stream

B

Which portion of the spinal cord sends projections to the brain? a. Dorsal horn b. Dorsal column c. Ventral horn d. Ventral column e. Intermediate zone

B

What are the properties of the basilar membrane and how does create tonotopy?

Basilar membrane is flexible and bends to sound, the flexibility stems from stiffness decreasing from base to apex. Our place code comes from the basilar membrane. Depending on the frequency of sound, the lower frequency will vibrate the apex and the higher frequency will vibrate the base.

Why doesn't peripheral nerve regeneration to the muscle fully restore the stretch reflex?

Because stretch reflex requires both sensory and motor fibers, in peripheral nerve regeneration, when you damage a nerve, you are potentially damaging both sensory and motor fibers. In peripheral regeneration, only 40% of la axons will reconnect with muscle spindles."

Why do you feel dizzy after you stop spinning?

Because you are still but your endolymph is still rotating, which sends the cupula to bend in the opposite direction.

Write out the path of sound, starting with the sound waves entering the ear and ending with the cortex. b. Compare the auditory pathway to the visual system.

Both auditory and visual pathway to cortex is very similar, we have auditory receptors in our cochlea just like we have photoreceptors in our eye. Both receptors are then sent to its own set of neurons, retinal for visual and brain stem neurons for auditory. In the visual system it goes to LGN and finally makes it way to the visual cortex. In the auditory pathway, the next steps are MGN and then the primary auditory cortex.

How do mechanoreceptor ion channels transduce sensation?

By stretching of the lipid membrane, this directly makes the channel open and allows cation to flow. Others can be triggered extracellular force by proteins or by mechanical stimuli.

Action potentials in muscles release what ion as part of the excitation-contraction coupling process? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca2+ d. Cl- e. None of the above

C

Loss of ___% of Ia synapses in the spinal cord leads to loss of the stretch reflex. a. 50 b. 90 c. 70 d. 20 e. None of the above

C

Lower motor neurons synapse in what portion of the spinal cord? a. Ventral column b. Dorsal column c. Ventral horn d. Dorsal horn e. Intermediate zone

C

Pacinian corpuscle a. Small receptive field; slow adaptation b. Small receptive field; rapid adaptation c. Large receptive field; rapid adaptation d. Large receptive field; slow adaptation

C

Place the following auditory pathway in the correct order: 1. MGN 2. Auditory Cortex 3. Superior Olive 4. Inferior Colliculus 5. Spiral ganglion 6. Ventral cochlear nucleus a. 5, 4, 6, 1, 3, 2 b. 5, 6, 3, 1, 4, 2 c. 5, 6, 3, 4, 1, 2 d. 5, 1, 3, 6, 4, 2 e. 5, 3, 6, 4, 1, 2

C

Which of the following is false of neurons in the striate cortex? a. Layer III neurons are binocular b. Layer II, III, and IVB cells project to other cortical areas c. Layer V cells project to the inferior colliculus and pons d. Layer VI cells project back to the LGN e. All of the above are true

C

Which of the following is not a characteristic of magnocellular LGN neurons? a. Almost identical to M-type ganglion cells b. Activated by only one eye c. Small center-surround receptive field d. Responds to stimulation with transient bursts of action potentials e. All of the above are characteristics of magnocellular LGN neurons

C

Which of the following is not a consequence of depolarization of hair cells? a. Activation of spiral ganglion b. Opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels c. Glutamine release d. All of the above are consequences

C

Which of the following is not a function of the attenuation reflex? a. Adaptation of ear to loud sounds b. Better understanding of speech in noisy environment c. Protects middle ear d. Shields the cochlea from damage e. All of the above are functions

C

Which of the following lobes of the brain does not contain higher-order visual areas? a. Occipital b. Temporal c. Frontal d. Parietal e. All of the above contain higher-order visual areas

C

Which of the following structures detects angular acceleration and is filled with endolymph? a. Cochlea b. Saccule c. Semicircular canals d. Utricle e. None of the above

C

Ruffini ending a. Small receptive field; slow adaptation b. Small receptive field; rapid adaptation c. Large receptive field; rapid adaptation d. Large receptive field; slow adaptation

D

What would occur if the optic chiasm is transected? a. Vision would be lost in the left eye b. Vision would be lost in the right eye c. Vision would be completely lost d. Peripheral vision would be lost e. Central vision would be lost

D

Which components comprise a motor unit? a. Alpha motor neuron b. Ia axon c. Muscle fibers innervated by these neurons d. A and C e. All of the above

D

Which cranial nerve innervates the pharynx? a. V b. VII c. IX d. X e. VIII

D

Which of the following does not describe perilymph? a. Present in the scala vestibuli b. Similar in composition to CSF c. Present in the scala tympani d. Low in Na+ e. All of the above describe perilymph

D

Which of the following symptoms would not occur if the vestibular system was damaged? a. Nausea b. Disequilibrium c. Uncontrollable eye movements d. Tinnitus e. Vertigo

D

Which type of primary afferent axons mediate temperature sensitivity? a. A-alpha b. A-beta c. A-delta d. C

D

Damage to the posterior parietal cortex could harm all of the following except? a. Somatic sensation b. Visual stimuli c. Movement planning d. Attentiveness e. All of the above processes could be harmed

E

Striated muscle can be found: a. In the arteries b. In the heart c. In skeletal muscle d. Both A and B e. Both B and C

E

What would occur if the V4 area of the brain is lesioned? a. Achromatopsia b. Complete or partial loss of color vision c. Deficits in form perception d. Loss of A and B e. A, B, and C

E

Which of the following input information to alpha motor neurons? a. Spinal interneurons b. Sensory input from muscle spindles c. Upper motor neurons d. Both A and C e. All of the above

E

Which spinal segments contain enlarged ventral horns? a. Cervical b. Thoracic c. Lumbar d. All of the above e. Both A and C

E

Which type of muscle is responsible for movement of the elbow? a. Axial muscles b. Proximal muscles c. Distal muscles d. None of the above

E

Explain what anatomically allows sounds from different ears to reach the superior olive at the same time.

The sound must come from directly in front of us.

True or false: Taste receptor cells are neurons

False

Draw the ear and label the following parts. You may draw on paper and insert a picture here or use a computer to draw. A simple sketch is all that is needed. a. Outer ear b. Pinna c. Auditory canal d. Tympanic membrane e. Middle ear f. Ossicles g. Oval window h. Inner ear i. Cochlea

Go look at your picture bitch

What cortical change would you expect if a pianist suffered a tragic accident and lost a finger but continued to play?

He could develop phantom limb which is when sensations are evoked by the stimulation of regions who somatotopic represents similar to his finger.

There's a picture bitch

I told you there was a picture.....

Guess what? There's another freaking picture

I told you to go look at the picture (insert eye roll)

How is our somatic sensory system different from other sensory systems?

It is not localized in one are but spread throughout out body and it responds to different types of stimuli, the book groups these stimuli into 4 categories: touch, temperature, pain, and body position.

What causes the cervical and lumbar enlargements in the spinal cord?

It is to make up for the increased number of neurons in the grey matter.

Describe retinotopy.

Mapping between receptor cells and certain point on the surface of the visual cortex. The map begins in the retina and ends in striate cortex.

How does somatic sensation help us survive?

Somatic sensation allows us to feel things such as pain and temperature. It allows us to know when something is pressing against us, when our bladder is full and when something itches.

Describe Hubel and Wiesel's experiment using radioactivity.

They injected radioactive aa into the eye of a monkey, because it one done to only one eye, when an x-ray was taken and showed alternating bands for left and right eye, it showed that pathway through LGN neurons transported to axon terminals in striate cortex.

True or False: THe dorsal stream sends information about the visual control of action

True

True or false: Olfactory receptors are neurons

True

Explain mechanoreceptors' receptive fields and how that relates to two-point discrimination.

Two-point discrimination is determined by receptive fields density, size and computing power. Mechanoreceptors help in two-point discrimination because they are sensitive to gentle pressure on the skin, it is mechanically sensitive.

Explain the process of muscle contraction.

Within our muscle fiber there are many different structures that help with muscle contraction. During muscle contraction the α motor neurons will release ACh , ACh will be picked up by nicotinic receptors which in turn creates excitatory postsynaptic potential in the muscle fibers. The EPSP triggers action potential which evokes Calcium to be released. This release causes fibers to contract, once the Calcium is reabsorbed, the fibers relax.

What has to happen neurologically in order for muscles to generate a larger force?

You have to fire the motor neurons faster as well as recruit motor units in order to accommodate increased force.

V1 receptive fields can have________, responding to a bar of light at the optimal orientation moving perpendicular to the orientation one direction but not the other a. direction selectivity b. simple receptive fields c. orientation selectivity d. blob receptive fields

a. direction selectivity

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) a. What is the pathology of ALS? b. What are possible causes of ALS? c. What is the treatment for ALS?

a. The degradation of α motor neurons and motor cortex, believed to be caused by excitotoxicity, an impaired glutamate uptake. b. Only ten percent of ALS cases are genetic, some causes are mutations of two different genes, ATP production, mRNA binding protein TDP-43, SOD1 and vesicle tracking. c. There is no cure but there is a medication that blocks glutamate release and can temporarily slow disease. This medication is called Riluzole.

a. Define attenuation reflex b. What is the difference between conduction deafness and nerve deafness? c. How do their treatments differ? d. What can you do to protect yourself from nerve deafness?

a. A persons response to a loud sound will cause tiny muscles that are attached to ossicles to contract which triggers attenuation reflex. This is when the ossicles become more ridged in an attempt to protect inner ear. b. A persons response to a loud sound will cause tiny muscles that are attached to ossicles to contract which triggers attenuation reflex. This is when the ossicles become more ridged in an attempt to protect inner ear. c. Conduction deafness is when there is a disturbance or blockage in conduction of sound from the outer ear to cochlea. Nerve deafness occurs when there is a loss of neurons or hair cells in auditory pathway. d. Conduction deafness requires surgery and nerve deafness due to the fact that we cannot grow more hair cells in the cochlea, can only be treated by hearing aids or cochlear implants. e. Limit exposure to loud sounds and certain drugs that can kill hair cells.

After sustaining a focal stroke (small, confined area), the patient reports that they now see part of the world in black and white instead of color. There was no damage to the eye. a. What area of the brain was likely damaged? b. What condition does the patient have?

a. Area V4, occipital and temporal damage without any damage to V1, LGN and the retina. b. Achromatopsia.

Somatic Musculature a. Axial muscles are responsible for what type of movement? b. Proximal/girdle muscles are responsible for what type of movement? c. Distal muscles are responsible for what type of movement?

a. Core muscle movement, trunk movement. b. Movement nearest to axial muscles such as shoulder, elbow, pelvis and knee movement c. Farthest away from axial muscles responsible for movement in hands, feet, fingers and toes.

After waking up from surgery, a stroke patients can no longer recognize their loved ones' faces, but can still recognize their voices. a. What area of the brain was likely damaged? b. What condition does the patient have?

a. Extrastriate visual cortex, possibly involving FFA. b. Prosopagnosia.

a. Where are the first cells in the visual pathway that are binocular? b. What is the anatomical layer just before those cells called?

a. First binocular neurons found in striate cortex—most layer III neurons are binocular (but not layer IV). b. Layer IVC.

The gustatory cranial nerves all project to the _____, located in the medulla a. Gustatory Nucleus b. VPM c. Primary Gustatory Cortex d. Olfactory Bulb

a. Gustatory Nucleus

A tree falls on a hiker and damages the C3-T1 region of the hiker's spinal cord. a. What types of movement could the hiker no longer perform? b. What sensory deficits would you expect?

a. Limited mobility with flexion and extension movement, loss of diaphragm function. C3 covers the lower part of the neck to the, this would cause limited head movement. b. Loss of feeling in the chest and depending on the extent of injury, may need ventilator.

Describe the behavior of someone with a. Agnosia b. Astereognosia c. Neglect syndrome d. Hyperalgesia e. Analgesia

a. Not having the ability to recognize objects, voices or faces due to the inability to interpret sensations. b. Not having the ability to recognize an object by touch sensation without visual input. c. Ignoring a either part of your body or complete hemispheres, if a person has left side neglect syndrome, they might only eat from the right side of their plate or try to dress only the right side of their body. d. Person has nerve damage creating extreme sensitivity to pain. e. This person will not have the ability to feel pain while they are conscious.

We commonly refer to the small projections on the surface of our tongue as taste buds, but they are actually called a. papillae b. bumps c. taste receptor cells d. gustatory afferents

a. Papillae

Which neurotransmitter is released by salty taste receptor cells? a. Serotonin b. ATP c. NaCl d. GABA e. Glycine

a. Serotonin

Describe the visual deficit if you sustained damage to these areas: a. Right optic nerve b. Left optic nerve c. Right optic tract d. Left optic tract e. Optic chiasm f. Right LGN g. Left LGN h. Right striate cortex (V1) i. Left striate cortex (V1)

a. Severe loss of sight, some permanent, some temporary in either right or left visual hemifield. b. Severe loss of sight, some permanent, some temporary in either right or left visual hemifield. c. Total loss of vision in the left eye. d. Total loss of vision in the right eye. e. Loss of vision laterally in both visual fields or bitemporal hemianopsia. f. Some degree of blindness can cause a complete left monocular hemianopia. g. Some degree of blindness can cause a complete right monocular hemianopia. h. Can lead to sight without awareness known as blind sight, loss of depth perception or complete loss of awareness of visual stimuli. i. Can lead to sight without awareness known as blind sight, loss of depth perception or complete loss of awareness of visual stimuli.

A patient sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). They report the inability to see objects in motion, such as a ball tossed to them. a. What area of the brain was likely damaged? b. What condition does the patient have?

a. V5, damaged bilateral projections of extrastriate visual cortex responsive for motion. b. Akinetopsia.

An odorant binding to an odorant receptor a. activates a G-protein b. increase intracelluar Na+ c. increases intracellular Cl+ d. increases PLC

a. activates a G-protein

The spatial representation of the neurons activated by a single odorant is called a. an olfactory map b. the line hypothesis c. temporal coding d. divergence

a. an olfactory map

Facial recognition is found in a. area IT b. area 3 c. area V1 d. area V4

a. area IT

olfactory receptor axons synapse upon a. glomeruli b. the olfactory cortex c. the cribiform plate d. mucus membrane

a. glomeruli

The vestibular-occular reflex a. maintains steady vision when traveling on a bumpy road b. wakes you up when you hear a noise c. orients head to sounds d. maintains balance when spinning

a. maintains steady vision when traveling on a bumpy road

We smell with our a. Olfactory Epithelium b. Nose c. Mucus d. Brain

a. olfactory epithelium

What are the basic tastes? a. salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami b. salty, sweet, bitter, sour c. umami d. salty, sweet, bitter e. bitter, sour, umami

a. salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

What type of cell sends axons out of the striate cortex? a. spiny stellate cells b. interneurons c. retinal ganglion cells d. pyramidal cells

a. spiny stellate cells

What projects to the primary auditory cochlea a. Auditory Receptors in the cochlea b. Medial Geniculate Nucleus c. Brain Stem Neurons d. Eustachian Tube

b. Medial Geniculate Nucleus

10% of retinal ganglion cells project to_____, which controls the size of the pupil and certain types of eye movement. a. primary visual cortex b. superior colliculus

b. superior colliculus

Hair cells are depolarized by opening what type of channels on stereocilia tips? a. Ca2+ b. Cl- c. K+ d. Na+

c. K+

Which projects to the LGN? a. primary visual cortex b. retina c. All of the answers are correct d. brainstem

c. all of the answers are correct

A high pitched sounds has a. low frequency b. high amplitude c. high frequency d. low amplitude

c. high frequency

What area of the midbrain is part of the auditory pathway? a. ventral cochlear nucleus b. lateral lemniscus c. inferior colliculus d. superior olive e. dorsal cochlear nucleus

c. inferior colliculus

The otolith organs detect a. angular acceleration b. turning movements of the head c. linear acceleration of the head

c. linear acceleration of the head

The auditory nerve carries axons from? a. the MGN b. the LGN c. the spiral ganglion d. auditory cortex

c. the spiral ganglion

Objects in your left visual hemifield project a. to the right and the left optic tracts b. to the left optic tract c. to the right optic tract

c. to the right optic tract

What is responsible for the dizzy feeling when you spin around? a. Scarpa's ganglia b. saccule c. utricle d. semicircular canals

d. Semicircular canals

A high pitched sound has a. low frequency b. high amplitude c. low amplitude d. high frequency

d. high frequency

Another name for our eardrum is the a. cochlea b. pinna c. auditory canal d. ossicles e. tympanic membrane

e. tympanic membrane