Neuro/Psych 277 Inside the Disorderd Brain Duke Final

Connections between neurons with cortical laminae __________ support intra-cortical communication

1- 3

The _____ supplies sensory information to the VS.

BLA

GAD: activity of the _____ increases with anticipation of getting a shock only in individuals with high _____ .

BNST, trait anxiety

Decreased amygdala activity to signals of distress like fearful or sad facial expression is associated with_____ traits in conduct and antisocial persoanilty disorder

C/U

tej dopmaine transfer defieciet hypotheise posits that individuals with ______ show a defieci tin the normal shift go ______ release from a reward to a cue prediction the reward

ADHD DA

_______ facial expression represent conditioned stimuli that reliably predict, interpersonal, direct threat

Angry

Primary reinforcers trigger release of ______ from the _______ in the midbrain

DA VTA

in ADHS there is hyperactivity of the _____ during anctipation of delayed rewards which is correlated with symptoms of hyperacityi/impulsivity

DS

women with AN show hyperconnecity between the ____ and ______ when choosing low calorie food over high calorie food, which subsequently predicts how much food they eat the day after scanning

DS DLPFC

The VS indirectly increase general comical responsiveness by driving the acitivy of _______ neurons in the VP

Cholinergic

the _______ relays contextual information to the VS

HF

The _________ provides contextual encoding of the specific environment in which we encounter threat

HF/Hippocampus

Input to the cortex from subcortical structures occurs within cortical lamina_______

IV

___________ facil expression represent implicit environmental or indirect threat

Fearful

The CeA can trigger the HPA axis by driving activity of the ______ in the hypothalamus

PVN

Output from the cortex to subcortical structures occurs within laminae_______

V, VI

Reciprocated trust during the investing game was associated with increased activity in the ______, which subsqueneyly response to the faces of trustworthy partners

VS

increased activity in the _____ when hearing new music precuts hoe much you will pay to add it to your library

VS

in the shopping study, activity in both the ______ and _______ increase in response to items that were subsequently purchased

VS vmPFC

A stronger response to sexually provocative images in men relative to eon occurs in the __________ which regulate sexual behavior like copultaion

medial prepotic area, hypothalamus

The core functions of the corticohippocampal circuit are_____ and _________

memory executive control

A fearful facial expression with ________ eye gaze and an angry facial expression with _______ eye gaze trigger a maximal response from the amygdala.

direct indirect

two core functions of corticostriatal circuit ate

motiavtion action

the _______ prefrontal correct supports the higher cognitive processes of planning and execution

dl

TMS delivered to the _____ disrupts working memory for both faces and object locations.

dlPFC

The _____________________ plays a critical role in selecting what information is encoded in declarative memory and subsequently recalled in service of goal-directed behavior

dlPFC

the inability of depressed individuals to maintain positivity emotion is associated with decreased functional connectivity between the ____________ and ______________ overtime

dlPFC VS

the magnitude of _______________ activity when regulation negative emotion is inversely correlated with the severity of anxiety symptoms in GAD and PD

dlPFC/dmPFC

Using TMS to disrupt activity of the _________________ when a ciggerrete is available decreases smoking by impairing the ability to plan goal-directed behavior

dlpfc

Successful suppression of craving in smokers is associated with increased activity of the ______ and decreased activity of the ________________

dlpfc vs

both the __________ and ____________ components of the addiction cycle are associated with the downregualtion of __________ signaling in the striatum

bingeing/tolerance withdrawl DA

Release of _____________ from the midbrain VTA following activity of pyramidal neurons in the dlPFC helps maintain their selective tuning of information

dopamine

in____________ condition a response is required to receive a reward

operant

the dlpfc is necearry for _______ conditioning but not __________ conditioning

operant classical

Hedonic tone or how pleasurable we find an experience felts acitivtyof neurons in the VS and VP that rleaelse

opioids

The CeA is the principal _____ structure. The BLA is the principal _____ structure of the _______

output, input amygdala

The expression of receptors for _______ in the lateral division of the CeA contributes to prosocial behaviors

oxytocin

the ______ and _______ totters form the dorsal striatum

caudate putamen

In _________ conditioning, a response is not required to receive a reward

classical/pavlovian

impulsive-antisocial traits are associated with _______ vs activity during the MID

greater

Trait-like hyperactivity of the _____ is one proposed mechanism through which the experience of stress increases risk for depression

amygdala

the combination of _______ hyperactivity to threat and ______ hypoactity to reWRD IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GREATEST RISK FOR PTSD- LIKE YMPOTONS IN ISARELI MILITARY MEDIcs

amygdala VS

Pharmacotherapy is associated with a decrease _____ activity, and also increase its functional connectivity with the _____ and _____

amygdala, amygdala VmPFC/mPFC

Activity in _____ decreases while activity in _____ increases after exposure therapy in specific phobia

amygdala, vmPFC

Amygdala hyperactivity to _____ facial expressions is associated with reactive or impulsive aggression

angry

dysfunction of the octiciostrialat circuit is primarily associated with the core symptom of ______ in individuals experiencing depression

anhedonia

Decreased _____ of amygdala activity to repeated presentations of facial expressions predicts the severity of social impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorders

habituation

During the MID, VS activity is most prominent during the ________ of winning money

anticipation

_______________________ is the component process of executive control that entails selectively concentration on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others

attention

in Freshmen at Dartmouth, relatively ________ VS activity to pictures of food predicted increased body mass index over time

higher

in health yindicvuals increased behavioral impulsivity is associated with relatively ______ vs activity

higher

Relatively_______ amygdala activity to threat and _________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress-related problem drinking in Duke students as a means to cope with higher negative affect and lower positive affect

higher lower

HM's temporarily graded retrograde amnesia may have reflected remaining functional tissue in his

hippocampus

In Capgras syndrome, damage to the ________________ likely produces that delusion that an imposter has replaced a familiar individual

hippocampus

The _________________ is critical for the encoding and recall of declarative memory

hippocampus

Decreased gray matter volume of the _____ in MCI is associated with relatively _____ activity in effort to maintain normal memory.

hippocampus Increased

Increased activity in both the ____________ and ______________ during encoding predicts better subsequent memory for new information.

hippocampus dlPFC

In Israeli military medics, decreased functional connectivity between the _____ and _____ after combat predicts PTSD-like symptoms

hippocampus/HF, vmPFC

Psychopathy is associated with deficits in fear _____

conditioning

Specific phobia likely reflects a history of fear _____ without subsequent opportunities for contextually appropriate fear _____

conditioning, extinction

Brodmann based his scheme for classifying different regions of human cortex not on gross anatomical landmarks but on detailed ---

cytoarchitechtonics

During executive control tasks, activity in the _____________ functions to resister negative feedback or error and help initiate a switch in strategy.

dACC

In observational fear learning activity in the _____ like provides top-down input to the amygdala that mimics the direct experience of an aversive event

dACC

Extrapolating from rfeasrch in fans of MLB, as a conflicted Blue Devils fan your ________ is likely activated when watching Carolina beat Duke

dACC/insula

In williams syndrom, there is evidence for _______ amygdala activity to threat related facial expressions

decreeased/lower

In bipolar disorder, there is evidence of trait-like ________________ activity of the dlPFC during working memory

hypo

the _______ symptoms of ADHD are assocaietd with ______________ reduced activity pf prefrontal region during task switching and behavioral control

inattentive reduced

The APOE e4 risk allele is associated with relatively _________________ activity of the hippocampal formation during encoding

increased

in ADHD relatively ________ VS activity is associated with decreased symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity

increased

The Tea indirectly drives activity of the _______ to promote initial awareness of changes in Bodily states or interception.

insula

A spontaneous panic attack during fMRI was mapped first onto activity of the _____ followed by activity in the _____.

insula, amygdala

The ______ and______ components of the addiction cycle are associated with VS activity to primary or secondary reinforcers, respectively

intoxication craving

dopamine functions as the _____ that opens the VS_______

key gate

the _______ hypothalamus regulates thirst and hunger

lateral

in community volunteers, relatively______ VS activity when consuming food predicted larger waist circumference

lower

Relatively_______ amygdala activity to threat and _________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress-related problem drinking in Duke students as an expression of higher impulsivity

lower higher

working memory is the component process of executive control felting the ______________________ and ____________________ of information in real time in the service of achieving a goal

maintenance manipulation

reward learning involves a shift in dopamine release from a ______ reinforce to a _________ refincfer

primary secondary

Low Road visual input to the amygdala comes via the ______ nucleus of the thalamus

pulvinar

core functions of the CLC are _____ and _____

recognition and reaction

in a large study of teens, relatively_______ activity of the VS during the mID was associated with devloepin drepriion 2 years later

reduced

the larger ______ of the eye of fearful facial expression are a speech feature that trigger amgydla activity

sclera/whites

_______________________ support both the integration of multiple sources/modalities of information as well as storage of the details associated with specific memories

sensory associaation cortices

The CeA drives the nucleus reticular points caudal (NRPC) to potentiate _______

startle

Later development of the human cortex in adolescence and young adulthood is characterized by progressive___________ of grey matter

thinning

Women with AN show relatively increased VS acuity to model imaged that are ________weight

under

the ______ prefrontal cortex generates subjective evaluation of our experiments by integrating signals from the amygdala, insulation, hippocampal formations, and sensory corticies

vm

During fear extinction in PTSD, the _____ exhibits hypoactivity while the _____ exhibits hyperactivity.

vmPFC amygdala

LABEL NODES AND USE ARROWS TO SHOW FLOW OF INFO FROM THE VS IN THIS CORTICOSTRIATAL SUBCIRCUIT THAT RESULTS IN GOAL DIRECTED ACTIONS/MOVEMENT

vs, sn, ds, dp, van/vlm motor cortiices, movement

LABEL NODES AND USE ARROWS TO SHOW FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM THE VS IN THIS CORTICOSTRIATAL SUBCIRCUIT SUPPORTING ERROR MONTIORING DURING GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIORS

vs,vp,dmN dmn, to dlpfc dmN to vmPFC, dacc, dlpfc

The amygdala and VS can indirectly bias information processing the dlPFC toward threat and read, respectively, by driving the release of _________________

acetylcholine

In Williams syndrome, the specific pattern of amygdala activity to social versus non-social threat may reflect the increased use of _______

affective enhancers/language

In Duke undergrads, the interpersonal facet of self-reported psychopathic (SRP) traits is negatively correlated with amygdala activity to _____ facial expressions

fearful

The CeA can indirectly influence many downstream structure by driving the release of acetylcholine from the _______

NBM

Freezing behavior is mediated through CeA drive of the _____

PAG

_____ are pockets of inhibitory neurons "moats" meant to regulate output

ICM

In a safe contact, the hippocampal formation drives______ neurons in the BLA during recall

extinction

The magnitude of amygdala in Autism Spectrum Disorder reflects the amount of time individuals direct their gaze towards the _____ when looking at faces

eyes